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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the mechanism.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Polarity&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+reaction%5C+of%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+is%5C+which%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%5C+catalyzes%5C+hydrolytic%5C+cleavage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+terminal%5C+phosphate%5C+diester%5C+bond%5C+of%5C+glycerophosphatides%2C%5C+transfer%5C+the%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+moiety%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phospholipids%5C+to%5C+a%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+water%2C%5C+producing%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PtdOH%5C%29.%5C+Although%5C+this%5C+reaction%5C+plays%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+physical%5C+process%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+anminals%2C%5C+the%5C+pathway%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+and%5C+detailed%5C+regulation%5C+mechanism%5C+are%5C+still%5C+unknown%5C+or%5C+not%5C+clear.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+three%5C+factors%5C+which%5C+can%5C+affect%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+substrates%2C%5C+enzymes%5C+and%5C+products.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+intended%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+in%5C+detail%5C+by%5C+changing%5C+two%5C+indispensable%5C+factors%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+substrate%5C+and%5C+the%5C+PLDs.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+consist%5C+of%C2%A0three%5C+researches%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+one%2C%5C+changing%5C+the%5C+accept%5C+substrate%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+aims%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%2C%5C+to%5C+reveal%5C+the%5C+significance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C%3B%5C+secondly%2C%5C+using%5C+genetic%5C+methods%5C+to%5C+regulate%5C+the%5C+expression%5C+of%5C+PLDs%5C+mediating%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+intends%5C+to%5C+study%5C+its%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+senescence%5C%3B%5C+thirdly%2C%5C+reducing%5C+mostly%5C+PA%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+PLDs%5C+by%5C+addition%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+try%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+PLD%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+on%5C+phosphate%5C+starvation.%5C+1.%5C+Initial%5C+research%5C+of%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+the%5C+palnt%5C+growth.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seeding%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+molecules%2C%5C+the%5C+metabolic%5C+procees%5C+and%5C+signaling%5C+pathway%5C+invoved%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+we%5C+observed%2C%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+its%5C+polarity%5C+is%5C+positively%5C+correlated%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants%5C+may%5C+be%5C+related%5C+with%5C+the%5C+butanoate%5C+and%5C+propanoate%5C+metabolic%5C+pathway%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+free%5C+IAA%5C+is%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+resistance%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+for%5C+WS%5C+ecotype%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+Futhermore%2C%5C+five%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+insensitive%5C+mutants%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+and%5C+the%5C+mutant%5C+sites%5C+has%5C+identified.%5C+Under%5C+the%5C+same%5C+concentration%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+are%5C+in%5C+better%5C+condition%5C+no%5C+matter%5C+physical%5C+and%5C+chemical%5C+level%5C+or%5C+cellular%5C+levels%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+believed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+definitely%5C+provide%5C+direct%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phytohormones%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+The%5C+reason%5C+for%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+delaying%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+senescence%5C+may%5C+be%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+are%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+ABA%5C+and%5C+ethylene%5C+sinaling%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-or%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+contributes%5C+to%5C+reactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+%5C%28ROS%5C%29%5C+accumulation%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+level%5C+of%5C+indole%5C-3%5C-acrtic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28IAA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+zeatin%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%28ZR%5C%29%5C+level%5C+but%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+abscisic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ABA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+jasmonic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28JA%5C%29%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Col%5C+and%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+WS%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+favorable%5C+to%5C+retard%5C+the%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+leaves%5C+senescence.%5C+3.%5C+Application%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+ab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Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Polarity&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AWest%5C+Light%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+The%5C+Chinese%5C+Academy%5C+of%5C+Sciences"},{"jsname":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS[2016350]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Polarity&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AYouth%5C+Innovation%5C+Promotion%5C+Association%5C+CAS%5C%5B2016350%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"foundations from Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry[S2017-ZZ11]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Polarity&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3Afoundations%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+Key%5C+Laboratory%5C+of%5C+Natural%5C+Medicinal%5C+Chemistry%5C%5BS2017%5C-ZZ11%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2025-06-04"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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PROTOCOL FOR HAZELNUT SOMATICEMBRYOGENESIS
期刊论文
Protocol for Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, 3111, 期号: 0, 页码: 413-426
作者:
Berros B.
;
Hasbún R.
;
Radojevic L.
;
Salajova T.
;
Cañal M.J.
;
R. Rodríguez
Adobe PDF(372Kb)
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浏览/下载：257/1
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提交时间：2017/07/24
The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 期号: 0, 页码: 1-37
作者:
R M de Ferrars
;
C Czank
;
Q Zhang
;
N P Botting
;
P A Kroon
;
A Cassidy
;
C D Kay
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提交时间：2017/07/24
Anthocyanins
Metabolites
Hippuric Acid
Ferulic Acid
Vanillic Acid
Novel PORCN inhibitor WHN-88 targets Wnt/?-catenin pathway and prevents the growth of Wnt-driven cancers
期刊论文
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, 2023, 卷号: 945, 页码: 175628
作者:
Yang,Qihong
;
Qin,Tong
;
An,Tao
;
Wu,Hongna
;
Xu,Gang
;
Xiang,Jin
;
Lei,Kangfan
;
Zhang,Shaohua
;
Xia,Jie
;
Su,Guifeng
;
Wang,Dan
;
Xue,Minggao
;
Kong,Lingmei
;
Zhang,Wenxuan
;
Wu,Song
;
Li,Yan
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浏览/下载：155/20
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提交时间：2024/07/30
PORCN inhibitor
WHN-88
Palmitoylation
Wnt-driven cancers
SIGNALING PATHWAY
PORCUPINE
STEM
GENE
ACYLTRANSFERASE
MUTATIONS
POLARITY
PROTEIN
RNF43
MICE
Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of extracts from Camellia fascicularis leaves
期刊论文
FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY, 2022, 卷号: 10, 页码: 1034785
作者:
Peng, Xiaowei
;
He, Xuhua
;
Tang, Junrong
;
Xiang, Jianying
;
Deng, Jia
;
Kan, Huan
;
Zhang, Yingjun
;
Zhang, Guiliang
;
Zhao, Ping
;
Liu, Yun
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提交时间：2024/08/21
Camellia fascicularis
extracts
active substances
antioxidant
antitumor
CELASTRUS-ORBICULATUS EXTRACT
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
ASSISTED EXTRACTION
VITRO ANTIOXIDANT
AQUEOUS EXTRACT
POLYSACCHARIDES
POLYPHENOLS
METASTASIS
APOPTOSIS
An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics
期刊论文
BMC BIOLOGY, 2021, 卷号: 19, 期号: 1, 页码: 2
作者:
Zhao,Fei
;
Chen,Ya-Ping
;
Salmaki,Yasaman
;
Drew,Bryan T.
;
Wilson,Trevor C.
;
Scheen,Anne-Cathrine
;
Celep,Ferhat
;
Braeuchler,Christian
;
Bendiksby,Mika
;
Wang,Qiang
;
Min,Dao-Zhang
;
Peng,Hua
;
Olmstead,Richard G.
;
Li,Bo
;
Xiang,Chun-Lei
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浏览/下载：485/94
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提交时间：2022/04/02
Lamiaceae
Lamioideae
Mints
Phylogenomics
Tribal relationships
COMPLETE CHLOROPLAST GENOME
HAWAIIAN ENDEMIC MINTS
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY
CLERODENDRUM LAMIACEAE
LAMIOIDEAE LAMIACEAE
STACHYDEAE LAMIACEAE
CHARACTER EVOLUTION
STAMINAL EVOLUTION
PERICARP STRUCTURE
Secoiridoids and triterpenoids from the traditional Tibetan medicine Gentiana veitchiorum and their immunosuppressive activity
期刊论文
PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 2021, 卷号: 192, 页码: 112961
作者:
Guo,Kai
;
Zhou,Ting-Ting
;
Ren,Xue
;
Li,Dan
;
Hu,Hong
;
Liu,Yan-Chun
;
Liu,Yan
;
Li,Sheng-Hong
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提交时间：2022/04/02
Gentiana veitchiorum
Gentianaceae
Secoiridoids
Triterpenoids
Immunosuppressive activity
CONSTITUENTS
HEMSL.
Immunostimulatory 6/6/6/6 Tetracyclic Triterpenoid Saponins with the Methyl-30 Incorporated Cyclization from the Root of Colquhounia elegans
期刊论文
ORGANIC LETTERS, 2021, 卷号: 23, 期号: 19, 页码: 7462-7466
作者:
Hua,Juan
;
Liu,Yan-Chun
;
Luo,Shi-Hong
;
Liu,Yan
;
Xiao,Chao-Jiang
;
Li,Xiao-Nian
;
Li,Sheng-Hong
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提交时间：2022/04/02
QUILLAJA-SAPONARIA
BIOSYNTHESIS
MECHANISMS
ADJUVANTS
VARIANTS
PRODUCTS
CYCLASE
Discovery and validation of quality markers of Fructus Aurantii against acetylcholinesterase using metabolomics and bioactivity assays
期刊论文
JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, 2021, 卷号: 44, 期号: 11, 页码: 2189-2205
作者:
Wang,Yi-Kun
;
Zhou,Zi-Meng
;
Dai,Man-Yun
;
Ma,Xiao-Fang
;
Xiao,Xue-Rong
;
Zhang,Shou-Wen
;
Liu,Hong-Ning
;
Li,Fei
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提交时间：2022/04/02
Fructus Aurantii
quality markers
metabolomics
serum pharmacochemistry
ultra high performance liquid chromatography
SERUM PHARMACOCHEMISTRY
RAT PLASMA
IDENTIFICATION
METABOLITES
IMMATURUS
COMPONENTS
EXTRACT
NEOHESPERIDIN
FINGERPRINT
NARINGIN
A strategy combining solid-phase extraction, multiple mass defect filtering and molecular networking for rapid structural classification and annotation of natural products: characterization of chemical diversity in Citrus aurantium as a case study
期刊论文
ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 2021, 卷号: 413, 期号: 11, 页码: 2879-2891
作者:
Wang,Yi-Kun
;
Xiao,Xue-Rong
;
Zhou,Zi-Meng
;
Xiao,Yao
;
Zhu,Wei-Feng
;
Liu,Hong-Ning
;
Li,Fei
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浏览/下载：235/34
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提交时间：2022/04/02
Solid-phase extraction
Multiple mass defect filtering
Molecular networking
Natural products annotation
Structure and substructure classifications
Mating Systems in True Morels (Morchella)
期刊论文
MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS, 2021, 卷号: 85, 期号: 3, 页码: e00220-20
作者:
Du,Xi-Hui
;
Yang,Zhu L.
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提交时间：2022/04/02
mating type
heterothallism
unisexual reproduction
pseudohomothallism
spatial competition
skewed distribution
mitospore
asexual reproduction
genome analysis
evolution
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NEUROSPORA-CRASSA
LIFE-CYCLE
HETEROKARYON INCOMPATIBILITY
VEGETATIVE INCOMPATIBILITY
SORDARIA-MACROSPORA
POPULATION-GENETICS
PODOSPORA-ANSERINA
PURE CULTURE
MODEL FUNGUS
