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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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李德铢 [14]
许建初 [5]
龚洵 [4]
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周浙昆 [4]
Yang Jing [4]
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GST,p < 0.001) and low levels of seed-based gene flow. C. debaoensis (Cycadaceae) is an endangered species restricted to the border of Guangxi and Yunnan province in southwest China. This species has been classified into two types: sand and karst, according to the soil matrix they grow on. We examined chloroplast sequence variation of the cpDNA sequences from 11 populations of this species. Significant population genetic differentiation was detected (GST= 0.684 and FST = 0.74160). There was marked genetic differentiation between populations in the sand and karst regions and no expansion was detected. Climate changes during glacial periods have had significant effects on the current distribution of cycads. The molecular phylogenetic data, together with the geographic distribution of the haplotypes, suggest that C. debaoensis experienced range contraction during glacial periods, and that the current populations are still confined to the original refugia in southwest China which have favorable habitats in glacial period. These results imply that small refugia were maintained in both sand and karst regions during the LGM (last glacial maximum). This species had no postglacial recolonization and only stayed in these refugia up to now. The low within-population diversity of C. debaoensis suggests that there were strong bottleneck events or founder effects within each separate region during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. Relatively high genetic and haplotype diversities were detected in the newly discovered populations, which located at intermediate locality of sand regions and had morphological variation; this is probably the consequence of the admixture of different haplotypes colonizing the area from separate sources. C. micholitzii occurs in the Annan Highlands in central Vietnam near the Laos border. C. bifida occurs in North Vietnam; its distribution extends across the border into adjacent localities in Guangxi and Yunnan in China. For the comparability between them,theywere considered as the same species C. micholitzii by many academicians. The cpDNA sequences from 11 populations showed that these very controversial species, C. micholitzii and C. bifida, is paraphyletic and should belong to the same species C. micholitzii. AMOVA analysis showed that the component of among-population within region/species (76.46%) was unexpectedly larger than the among-species/region component (14.97%), which also indicates that there is no justification for recognizing two species as C. micholitzii and C. bifida. This hypothesis was also supported by the geological data, especially the neotectonic history of the indo-china block, which started to move south since Oligocene and cause the geographic isolation of these two groups. Therefore, the most likely explanation to the phenotypic similarities between these two groups may be the retention of ancestral polymorphisms in the paraphyletic group due to incomplete lineage sorting. Furthermore, the similarities may also be ascribed to pollen-mediated gene flow among geographically proximate populations and/or phenotypic convergence under similar selection schemes in the same region. C.micholitzi had the higest genetic diversity (HT = 0.980,) and genetic differentiation (GST = 0.830, NST = 0.915) among the C. micholitzii complex. The high genetic diversity might be attributed to its long evolutionary history, highly diverse habitats. The ineffective mode of seed dispersal and dramatic neotectonic movement in the distribution range of this species could result in the high genetic differentiation. 2. Phylogeographic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal sequences, We sequenced the nrDNA ITS in all 27 populations sampled, 7 haplotypes were identified, among which C. micholitzii had 6, while C. multipinnata, C. longipetiolula and C. debaoensis shared the remaining one. Compared to chloroplast genes, nuclear genes had higher correlation between genetic and geographical distance, but lower interspecies differentiation (54.42% vs 25.24%). Phylogeographical structure of C. micholitzii and C.bifida based on ITS Variation was consistent with the morphology differentiation. This similar in nuclear gene should be ascribed to pollen-mediated gene flow among geographically proximate populations.Long-distance gene flow over the two groups was clearly interrupted, which brought on the nrDNA genetic differenciation between the geographically isolated groups, to a certain extent affected the morphological variation. 3. Interspecies relationships among Cycas micholitzii complex, We analysed chloroplast sequence variation of the atpB-rbcL and psbA-trnH intergenic spacers in 27 populations sampled of C. micholitzii complex, AMOVA analysis showed that the component of among-species/region component (59.21%). However, phylogenic analysis showed that the haplotypes of C. micholitzii complex couldn`t grouped into four clusters closely corresponding to the narrowly defined C. micholitzi, C. multipinnata, C. debaoensis and C. longipetiolula. We concluded that the conflict may result from several factors: firstly incomplete lineage sorting of C. micholitzii; secondly hybridization/introgression of sympatrically cycads, which would be supported by evidence base on nrDNA ITS sequences; thirdly intramolecular recombination in cpDNA of cycads; eventually the neotectonic movement in the distribution range of this species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACycas%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+5%5C+species%5C%3A%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+Dyer%2C%5C+C.%5C+bifida%5C+%5C%28Dyer%5C%29%5C+K.%5C+D.%5C+Hill%2CC.%5C+longipetiolula%5C+D.%5C+Y.%5C+Wang%2C%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+Y.%5C+C.%5C+Zhong%5C+et%5C+C%5C+J.%5C+Chen%2C%5C+C.%5C+multipinnata%5C+C%5C+J.%5C+Chen%5C+et%5C+S.%5C+Y.%5C+Yang%EF%BC%8Cand%5C+distributed%5C+from%5C+southwest%5C+China%5C+to%5C+central%5C+Vietnam%5C+and%5C+eastern%5C+Laos.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+sequence%5C+data%5C+from%5C+two%5C+maternally%5C+inherited%5C+cpDNA%5C+and%5C+one%5C+biparentally%5C+nuclear%5C+DNA%5C+fragments%2C%5C+our%5C+study%5C+revealed%5C+the%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+explored%5C+the%5C+potential%5C+causes.%5C+The%5C+evolutionary%5C+and%5C+demographic%5C+histories%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+genetic%5C+relationship%5C+among%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+also%5C+clarified.The%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CWe%5C+examined%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequence%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+atpB%5C-rbcLand%5C+psbA%5C-trnHintergenic%5C+spacers%5C+in%5C+27%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%2C%5C+recovering%5C+26%5C+haplotypes.%5C+The%5C+average%5C+within%5C-population%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HS%5C+%3D%5C+0.140%5C%29%5C+was%5C+low%5C+while%5C+total%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.911%5C%29%5C+was%5C+high.%5C+Population%5C+differentiation%5C+was%5C+also%5C+high%5C%28GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.846%2C%5C+NST%5C+%3D%5C+0.919%5C%29%2C%5C+indicating%5C+significant%5C+phylogeographical%5C+structure%5C+%5C%28NST%5C+%3E%5C+GST%2Cp%5C+%3C%5C+0.001%5C%29%5C+and%5C+low%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+seed%5C-based%5C+gene%5C+flow.%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+%5C%28Cycadaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+restricted%5C+to%5C+the%5C+border%5C+of%5C+Guangxi%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+has%5C+been%5C+classified%5C+into%5C+two%5C+types%5C%3A%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%2C%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+soil%5C+matrix%5C+they%5C+grow%5C+on.%5C+We%5C+examined%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequence%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequences%5C+from%5C+11%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Significant%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+was%5C+detected%5C+%5C%28GST%3D%5C+0.684%5C+and%5C+FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.74160%5C%29.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+marked%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+between%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+the%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%5C+regions%5C+and%5C+no%5C+expansion%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+Climate%5C+changes%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods%5C+have%5C+had%5C+significant%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+the%5C+current%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+cycads.%5C+The%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+data%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+experienced%5C+range%5C+contraction%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods%2C%5C+and%5C+that%5C+the%5C+current%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+still%5C+confined%5C+to%5C+the%5C+original%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%5C+which%5C+have%5C+favorable%5C+habitats%5C+in%5C+glacial%5C+period.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+imply%5C+that%5C+small%5C+refugia%5C+were%5C+maintained%5C+in%5C+both%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%5C+regions%5C+during%5C+the%5C+LGM%5C+%5C%28last%5C+glacial%5C+maximum%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+had%5C+no%5C+postglacial%5C+recolonization%5C+and%5C+only%5C+stayed%5C+in%5C+these%5C+refugia%5C+up%5C+to%5C+now.%5C+The%5C+low%5C+within%5C-population%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+suggests%5C+that%5C+there%5C+were%5C+strong%5C+bottleneck%5C+events%5C+or%5C+founder%5C+effects%5C+within%5C+each%5C+separate%5C+region%5C+during%5C+the%5C+Quaternary%5C+climatic%5C+oscillations.%5C+Relatively%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+and%5C+haplotype%5C+diversities%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+in%5C+the%5C+newly%5C+discovered%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+located%5C+at%5C+intermediate%5C+locality%5C+of%5C+sand%5C+regions%5C+and%5C+had%5C+morphological%5C+variation%5C%3B%5C+this%5C+is%5C+probably%5C+the%5C+consequence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+admixture%5C+of%5C+different%5C+haplotypes%5C+colonizing%5C+the%5C+area%5C+from%5C+separate%5C+sources.%5C+%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Annan%5C+Highlands%5C+in%5C+central%5C+Vietnam%5C+near%5C+the%5C+Laos%5C+border.%5C+C.%5C+bifida%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+North%5C+Vietnam%5C%3B%5C+its%5C+distribution%5C+extends%5C+across%5C+the%5C+border%5C+into%5C+adjacent%5C+localities%5C+in%5C+Guangxi%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+For%5C+the%5C+comparability%5C+between%5C+them%2Ctheywere%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+species%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+by%5C+many%5C+academicia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study can reveal important biological features of plants and answers to a certain degree in phylogeny and distribution of genetic materials and so forth. By hard working of cytologists, chromosome data of plants have been increased to a great abundance, but yet disorderly distributed in different magazines, which made researches based on the whole chromosome data of one taxon rarely launched. Scientific databases have become increasingly indispensable as researching data growing daily. As Cytological studies are booming in China, in order to fill the absence of digital and statistical data of plant chromosome researches and chromosome atlas, we started to develop a Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database, aiming to construct a database and start to record published chromosome data of Chinese seed plants. Based on this database, we chose the part of gymnosperms and gave a discussion to the features of its chromosomes’ evolution and variation. Cytological experiments have been applied to some important phyto-groups for phylogeny research and germplasm identification.Part I: The Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database and Discussion on the features of Gymnosperms chromosomes，1 The Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database，The frame of database was constructed by Microsoft Access 2003. 19 items of data were included in, they are: Chinese and Latin names of family, genus and species; plant pictures, mitosis metaphase and karyotype figures; morphological characteristics and distributions of the plant; chromosome numbers and basic numbers; karyotype formula; karyotype description; origin of the plant material; literature and the source of photos. In this database, data can be checked and shared easily by extracted out in species sorted interface or family sorted interface. 120 species in 29 genera and 10 families of Gymnospers have been collected and input to the database. In Angiosperms, 61 species in 10 genera of family Magnoliaceae and 80 species in 3 genera of family Theaceae have been collected and input to the database.2 Discussion on the features of evolution and variation of Gymnosperms chromosomes，By data collection of the database, we analyzed chromosome features of the group Gymnosperm. Plants of Gymnosperm had been through a long historical evolution on earth, fossil records of which originated from the late Devonian period. Once an authoritative and major classification level in the plant kingdom, most Gymnosperms have been extinct unless conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and Getales. Three main features of Gymnosperm chromosomes are: relatively large chromosome, which can be recognized from figures in the database; constant chromosome numbers, in most families of Gymnosperm the basic chromosome number keeps a certain value; comparatively low variation, karyotype under family level differs a little. The variation of chromosomes in Gymnosperm is dominated by Robertsonian changes. Contrary to common variation type in Angiosperms, the variation from high unsymmetric karyotype to low unsymmetric karyotype was found in existence in Gymnosperm.Part II: cytology research on some important phyto-groups，3 Karyomorphology of three species in the order Huerteales and their phylogenetic implications，The karyomorphology of three species in Dipentodon (Dipentodontaceae), Perrottetia (Celastraceae), and Tapiscia (Tapisciaceae), namely Dipentodon sinicus, Perrottetia racemosa, and Tapiscia sinensis, was investigated in the study. Recent molecular research has discovered close relationships among these three genera, which has led to the establishment of the order Huerteales with Perrottetia being placed in Dipentodontaceae. Herein we report the chromosome numbers of D. sinicus and P. racemosa for the first time, and present their karyotype formulas as 2n = 34 = 22sm + 12st (D. sinicus), 2n = 20 = 11m + 9sm (P. racemosa), and 2n = 30 = 22m(2SAT) + 8sm (T. sinensis). Asymmetry of their karyotypes is categorized to be Type 3B in D. sinicus, Type 2A in P. racemosa, and Type 2A in T. sinensis. Each of the species shows special cytological features. Compared with Perrottetia, Dipentodon has a different basic chromosome number, a higher karyotype asymmetry, and different karyomorphology of its interphase nuclei, mitotic prophase, and metaphase. Thus, on the basis of these results, we have reservations regarding the suggestion of placing Dipentodon and Perrottetia together in the family Dipentodontaceae.4 Genomic analyses of intergeneric hybrids between Michelia crassipes and M. calcicola by GISH，Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is becoming the method of choice for identifying parental chromosomes in interspecific hybrids. Interspecific F1 hybrid between Michelia crassipes and M. calcicola, tow highly ornamental species in Michelia of Magnolicaceae, has been analized by double-colored GISH with its parents’ genome as the probe. Research gave the results that the chromosome number of the F1 hybrid is 2n=38 as the same of species in Michelia and other genera in Magnoliaceae, the basic chromosome is x=19, the karyotype formula is 2n=38=32m+6sm, and the asymmetry of karyotype is 1B type. Based on chromosome data of Michelia in our database, the karyotype of this genus is featured mostly by metacentric chromosomes and submetacentric chromosomes. In Mechelia, the variation range of submetacentric chromosomes is 4 to 18 and of the karyotype asymmetry is 1A to 2B type. Both the karyotype and karyotype asymmetry type of F1 hybrid is among the variation range of Michelia. The figure of GISH showed that all the 38 chromosomes of F1 hybrid have crossing parental signals, and signal on the no.1 and no.7 chromosome showed differences, which proved that both the parental genome have been transmitted to and recombinated in F1 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Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. of China (NFZX2018)","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AFinancial%5C+Fund%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Ministry%5C+of%5C+Agriculture%5C+and%5C+Rural%5C+Affairs%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+of%5C+China%5C+%5C%28NFZX2018%5C%29"},{"jsname":"Following the rapid uplift of the Himalaya, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river capture events，e.g. those of the Jinshajiang River (comprising the Upper, Middle and Lower Jinshajiang) and its tributaries (Yalongjiang, Daduhe, Jialingjiang), the Nujiang, the Lancangjiang, and the Honghe. We selected Terminalia franchetii var. franchetii and T. franchetii var. intricata in the Sino-Himalayan region to study the relationship with Honghe diversion events. The distribution of this species is predicted to have retained genetic signatures of past hydrological landscape structures. The major result as flowing:1. Chloroplast phylogeography of T. franchetii based on haplotype analysis，Based on a range-wide sampling comprising 28 populations and 258 individuals, and using chloroplast DNA sequences (trnL-trnF, petL-psbE), we detected 12 haplotypes. Terminalia franchetii was found to harbour high haplotype diversity (hT = 0.784) but low average within-population diversity (hS = 0.124). The analysis of genetic structure using SAMOVA showed that the number of population groups equaled five, and all the haplotypes can be divided into five groups. Group B and C identified exhibited a disjunctive distribution of dominant haplotypes between northern and southern valleys, corresponding to the geography of past rather than modern drainage systems.Mismatch distribution (multimodal curve) and neutral tests provided no evidence of recent demographic population growth. We suggest that the modern disjunctive distribution of T. franchetii, and associated patterns of cpDNA haplotype variation, result from vicariance caused by several historical river separation and capture events. By assuming a common mutation rate of the cpDNA-IGS regions, our inferred timings of these events (0.82-4.39 Mya) broadly agrees with both previous geological and molecular estimated time of drainage rearrangements in this region. So we conclude that there were several historical vicariance events play a major role for the distribution of T. franchetii in this region.2. Genetic diversity and structure of T. franchetii var. franchetii based on AFLP analysis，We determined the genotype of 251 individuals of T. franchetii var. franchetii from 21 populations using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), for our aim is only investigated the relationship between the modern distribution of T. franchetii and geological changes in drainage patterns. The overall estimate of genetic structure (Gst) was 0.249, indicating that clear genetic differentiation existed among the populations. Estimates of gene flow (Nm = 0.754) between populations based on the Gst value revealed that the number of migrants per generation is not frequently.Using Neighbor-Joining tree, Principal Coordinates Analysis, STRUCTURE and network methods, Analyses of AFLP markers identified two main population groups (I and II) and four subgroups (A – D) of T. franchetii. Genetic diversity was lower in Group I than in Group II. The results show that Groups I and II probably once occupied continuous areas respectively along ancient drainage systems and there were several historical separation and capture events that can account for the distribution of T. franchetii in this region. After all，these are good examples of the way in which historical events can change a species’ distribution from continuous to fragmented (Jinshajiang/ Yalongjiang and Honghe), and a disjunct distribution to a continuous one (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang). The results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in southwest China.3. Relationships between T. franchetii var. franchetii and T. franchetii var. intricata ，While T. franchetii var. Franchetii and var. intricata slightly differ in overall size and leaf hairiness, these taxa did not exhibit reciprocal monophyly. As results show, the genetic difference between the two varieties is much smaller than that within var. franchetii (Salween population vs. other populationsof this variety). It is also revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region of Combretoideae. The habitats of var. franchetii and var. intricata have obviously difference. Thus, the differences between the two varieties in overall size and leaf hairiness might reflect different phenotypic responses to environmental changes and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Based on the reasoning above, we agree with Flora of China that “T. intricata” represents a variety of T. franchetii rather than a separate 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(Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)[17F17094]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AJSPS%5C+%5C%28Japan%5C+Society%5C+for%5C+the%5C+Promotion%5C+of%5C+Science%5C%29%5C%5B17F17094%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Mae Fah Luang University","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University"},{"jsname":"Mae Fah Luang University[592010200112]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%5B592010200112%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Mae Fah Luang University[60201000201]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%5B60201000201%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Mae Fah Luang University[666713]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=Ginkgo%2BBiloba&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%5B666713%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Medicinal plant resource is one of the most important natural resources. China is well-known in the world for its richness in medicinal plant diversity and use knowledge. Some of the plant resources are developed industrially, while the others maintain the traditional use still. However, the extended resources utilization has caused the dramatic increase in demand and the exhaustion of resources. Thus, it is become one of the most important research topics that how to use medicinal resources rationally without resource depletion and those studies need to be supported by knowledge, information and data of related disciplines. On the bassis of authoritative books, literature searches and field survey, we constructed an herbal information database as an approach for data managing. Along the theme that how medicinal resources (plant species) used in various medicinal systems (traditional Chinese medicine, folk medicine), we developed a database integrating species information, herbal knowledge and usage information of about 10,000 medicinal plants, which have satisfied the data requirement of our study and analysis. In addition, we will shear data for research and decision-making by online database service. Finally, to verify the supporting function of this database in study and decision-making, and to explore new research methods of plant resources sustainable use, we applied research methods used in social statistics, such as logistic regression analysis, discriminant analysis and correspondence analysis. In addition, statistics and the analysis of typical medical systems were developed for studies on the resource usage and its sustainability factors. The data analysis showed as following: (1) Studies about plant resources sustainable utilization needs to be supported by integrated data of related subjects.(2) Applications of traditional medicines increased steadily. There was a substantial increase of Chinese patent medicines documented in each editions of pharmacopoeia, involving about 600-800 species of medicinal plant resources. But the modernization and development of medicinal plant resources have caused the resources depletion and cultivation. And there is a trend that the caltivation supplies the rescources demand (3) Whether plant resource will be depleted or not, is affected by the distribution of plant population, the rehabilitation ability of plants, the damage of human harvesting, and the advance in herb cultivation.(4) There is a considerable proportion of an unreasonable development pattern that cultivation is promoted by resource depletion. Two main reasons caused the exhaustion: lacking investigation in the supply abilities of wild plants and legging of wild species domestication. It is unwise to follow the existing developmental pattern, which will cause more resource depletion and biodiversity damage. Finally, on the basis of our study, we have proposed some reasonable strategies to avoid irrational factors in the herbal resources exploitation: Ø Develop traditional medicines furtherly for new medicinal resources. Ø Protect the plant wild resources and develop cultivation in herbal drug explotation. Ø Establish regulatory agencies and formulate policies of herbal resources development. Ø Continue to improve the database of medicinal plants with integrated 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Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for theprevention of Alzheimer’s disease (GuidAge): a randomisedplacebo-controlled trial
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 期号: 0, 页码: 1—9
Authors:
Bruno Vellas
;
Nicola Coley
;
Pierre-Jean Ousset
;
Gilles Berrut
;
Jean-François Dartigues
;
Bruno Dubois
;
Hélène Grandjean
;
Florence Pasquier
;
François Piette
;
Philippe Robert
;
Jacques Touchon
;
Philippe Garnier
;
Hélène Mathiex-Fortunet
;
Sandrine Andrieu
;
for the GuidAge Study Group
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Submit date：2017/07/21
Shifting plant phenology in responseto global change
期刊论文
TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 3111, 卷号: 22, 页码: 357-365
Authors:
Elsa E. Cleland
;
Isabelle Chuine
;
Annette Menzel
;
Harold A. Mooney
;
Mark D. Schwartz
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Submit date：2017/07/19
Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms
期刊论文
nature plants, 2021
Authors:
Gregory W. Stull
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Submit date：2021/08/23
Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms
期刊论文
NATURE PLANTS, 2021, 卷号: 7, 期号: 8, 页码: 1015+
Authors:
Stull,Gregory W.
;
Qu,Xiao-Jian
;
Parins-Fukuchi,Caroline
;
Yang,Ying-Ying
;
Yang,Jun-Bo
;
Yang,Zhi-Yun
;
Hu,Yi
;
Ma,Hong
;
Soltis,Pamela S.
;
Soltis,Douglas E.
;
Li,De-Zhu
;
Smith,Stephen A.
;
Yi,Ting-Shuang
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Submit date：2022/04/02
SEED PLANTS
R PACKAGE
POLYPLOIDY
CONIFERS
TREE
GENERATION
INFERENCE
ANCIENT
DISCORDANCE
ANGIOSPERMS
Phylogenetic patterns suggest frequent multiple origins of secondary metabolites across the seed-plant 'tree of life'
期刊论文
NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW, 2021
Authors:
Zhang,Yongzeng
;
Deng,Tao
;
Sun,Lu
;
Landis,Jacob B.
;
Moore,Michael J.
;
Wang,Hengchang
;
Wang,Yuehua
;
Hao,Xiaojiang
;
Chen,Jijun
;
Li,Shenghong
;
Xu,Maonian
;
Puno,Pema-Tenzin
;
Raven,Peter H.
;
Sun,Hang
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Submit date：2023/09/08
Adaptive innovation of green plants by horizontal gene transfer
期刊论文
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES, 2021, 卷号: 46, 页码: 107671
Authors:
Chen,Rujia
;
Huangfu,Liexiang
;
Lu,Yue
;
Fang,Huimin
;
Xu,Yang
;
Li,Pengcheng
;
Zhou,Yong
;
Xu,Chenwu
;
Huang,Jinling
;
Yang,Zefeng
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Submit date：2022/04/02
Plant evolution
adaptation
exaptation
plant-to-plant HGT
crop breeding and improvement
ICE-BINDING PROTEINS
LAND PLANTS
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
EVOLUTION
GENOME
ORIGIN
DNA
BIOSYNTHESIS
ALGA
RETROTRANSPOSONS
Delimiting species in Basidiomycota: a review
期刊论文
FUNGAL DIVERSITY, 2021, 卷号: 109, 期号: 1, 页码: 181-237
Authors:
Cao,Bin
;
Haelewaters,Danny
;
Schoutteten,Nathan
;
Begerow,Dominik
;
Boekhout,Teun
;
Giachini,Admir J.
;
Gorjon,Sergio P.
;
Gunde-Cimerman,Nina
;
Hyde,Kevin D.
;
Kemler,Martin
;
Li,Guo-Jie
;
Liu,Dong-Mei
;
Liu,Xin-Zhan
;
Nuytinck,Jorinde
;
Papp,Viktor
;
Savchenko,Anton
;
Savchenko,Kyryll
;
Tedersoo,Leho
;
Theelen,Bart
;
Thines,Marco
;
Tomsovsky,Michal
;
Toome-Heller,Merje
;
Uron,Judith P.
;
Verbeken,Annemieke
;
Vizzini,Alfredo
;
Yurkov,Andrey M.
;
Zamora,Juan Carlos
;
Zhao,Rui-Lin
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Submit date：2022/04/02
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Phylogenetic species concept
Taxonomy
INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER
FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS
FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY
RUST FUNGI PUCCINIALES
NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS
HEBELOMA-CRUSTULINIFORME COMPLEX
ASSESSING NATURAL RELATIONSHIPS
DESORPTION IONIZATION-TIME
MULTIPLE GENE GENEALOGIES
Nematicidal activity of tirotundin and parthenolide isolated from Tithonia diversifolia and Chrysanthemum parthenium
期刊论文
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES, 2021
Authors:
Lan,Mingxian
;
Gao,Xi
;
Duan,Xiuan
;
Li,Hongmei
;
Yu,Hang
;
Li,Jinliang
;
Zhao,Yueqin
;
Hao,Xiaojiang
;
Zhao,Yuhan
;
Ding,Xiao
;
Wu,Guoxing
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Submit date：2022/04/02
Parthenolide
tirotundin
acetylcholinesterase
enzyme kinetics
toxic effects
SESQUITERPENE LACTONE
ANTICANCER
FLAVONOIDS
EXTRACT
ANALOG
Roles of alternative electron flows in response to excess light in Ginkgo biloba
期刊论文
PLANT SCIENCE, 2021, 卷号: 312, 页码: 111030
Authors:
Yang,Ying-Jie
;
Sun,Hu
;
Zhang,Shi-Bao
;
Huang,Wei
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Submit date：2022/04/02
Alternative electron flows
Gymnosperms
Photoprotection
Photosynthesis
Photosystem I
Fluctuating light
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
PHOTOSYSTEM-I
FLUCTUATING LIGHT
CO2 ASSIMILATION
FLAVODIIRON PROTEINS
PLANT-GROWTH
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOINHIBITION
TRANSPORT
PHOTOPROTECTION
白及和铁皮石斛对波动光强的光合响应机制
学位论文
, 2020
Authors:
杨颖婕
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Submit date：2023/11/02
