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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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杜宁 [2]
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GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Xianfeng flora and its palaeoclimte were studied using three quantitative methods. The vegetation and climatic change in Yunnan were also discussed in this paper. The results are summarized as follows:1） 34 species belonging to 9 families, 21 genera were identified in Xianfeng flora. The dominant families are Fagaceae and Lauraceae. Most genera are tropic and subtropic distribution. Consequently, Xianfeng flora is a typical subtropic flora dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae.2）Two new coniferous species were identified, Pinus prekesiya and Tsuga miodumosa. P. prekesiya sp. nov., which belongs to subsection Pinus of subgenus Pinus shows a combination of characters of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis, but has a closer affinity with P. kesiya which distributes in the humid region of Yunnan and therefore suggests a more humid climate in central Yunnan during the late Miocene than today. The general cooling trend during the late Neogene and topographic change due to the dramatic Tibetan uplift might have cause a vicariance origin of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis from the ancestral P. prekesiya. Tsuga miodumosa shows a closest affinity with T. dumosa and might represent the ancestral stock of T. dumosa. The discovery of the Tsuga cone confirmed the presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of southwestern China and represents the earliest Tsuga megafossil record in China. The new species provides fossil evidence to support molecular phylogeny study that T. dumosa might be differentiated in the Miocene. It also support the hypothesis that diversification of the genus occurred mainly during Miocene and Pliocene time as global climate cooled and new habitats formed in response to major orogenic events.3）The MATs results from three methods (CA: 17.2-18.0°C；CLAMP3B: 15.7±1.33°C；LMA: 17.2±1.6°C) are higher than present. This indicates that the climate at late Miocene is warmer than today. The MAPs from CA and CLAMP are 1206-1537.4mm and 1297.0±184.7mm respectively, which are higher than today (1003.2mm) obviously. This indicates that the climate is more humid in late Miocene. The differences between precipitation in humid season and dry season suggest the existence of seasonality，but not so strong as today. The palaeoelevation was reconstructed using CA method; the result indicates a lower elevation (1330-1500m) of Xianfeng in late Miocene compared to today.4) The palaeoenvirmental change was discussed based on the comparisons of fossil records and paleoclimate constructions. The results show that, at late Miocene, most floras represented ever-green forests dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae etc. The climate of Yunnan in Miocene was warmer and more humid than today. At Pliocene age, the vegetation type in West Yunnan is still typical ever-green forest, while in the Sanying flora, the species adapt to cold environment like Quercus sect. Heterobalnus increased greatly.5) Two monsoon sensitivity indices were used to illustrate the change of sensitivity of monsoon climate. The results suggest lower seasonality and monsoon sensitivity, especially the winter monsoon sensitivity during late Miocene.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+and%5C+its%5C+palaeoclimte%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+using%5C+three%5C+quantitative%5C+methods.%5C+The%5C+vegetation%5C+and%5C+climatic%5C+change%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+were%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+paper.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1%EF%BC%89%5C+34%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+9%5C+families%2C%5C+21%5C+genera%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora.%5C+The%5C+dominant%5C+families%5C+are%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.%5C+Most%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+tropic%5C+and%5C+subtropic%5C+distribution.%5C+Consequently%2C%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+typical%5C+subtropic%5C+flora%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.2%EF%BC%89Two%5C+new%5C+coniferous%5C+species%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+Pinus%5C+prekesiya%5C+and%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa.%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya%5C+sp.%5C+nov.%2C%5C+which%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+subsection%5C+Pinus%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Pinus%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+but%5C+has%5C+a%5C+closer%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+which%5C+distributes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+humid%5C+region%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+therefore%5C+suggests%5C+a%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+climate%5C+in%5C+central%5C+Yunnan%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+general%5C+cooling%5C+trend%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Neogene%5C+and%5C+topographic%5C+change%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+dramatic%5C+Tibetan%5C+uplift%5C+might%5C+have%5C+cause%5C+a%5C+vicariance%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+from%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya.%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+closest%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+and%5C+might%5C+represent%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+stock%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+dumosa.%5C+The%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Tsuga%5C+cone%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+Tsuga%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene%5C+of%5C+southwestern%5C+China%5C+and%5C+represents%5C+the%5C+earliest%5C+Tsuga%5C+megafossil%5C+record%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+new%5C+species%5C+provides%5C+fossil%5C+evidence%5C+to%5C+support%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+study%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+might%5C+be%5C+differentiated%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+support%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+that%5C+diversification%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occurred%5C+mainly%5C+during%5C+Miocene%5C+and%5C+Pliocene%5C+time%5C+as%5C+global%5C+climate%5C+cooled%5C+and%5C+new%5C+habitats%5C+formed%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+major%5C+orogenic%5C+events.3%EF%BC%89The%5C+MATs%5C+results%5C+from%5C+three%5C+methods%5C+%5C%28CA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%5C-18.0%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BCLAMP3B%5C%3A%5C+15.7%C2%B11.33%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BLMA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%C2%B11.6%C2%B0C%5C%29%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+present.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+is%5C+warmer%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+MAPs%5C+from%5C+CA%5C+and%5C+CLAMP%5C+are%5C+1206%5C-1537.4mm%5C+and%5C+1297.0%C2%B1184.7mm%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+today%5C+%5C%281003.2mm%5C%29%5C+obviously.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+is%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene.%5C+The%5C+differences%5C+between%5C+precipitation%5C+in%5C+humid%5C+season%5C+and%5C+dry%5C+season%5C+suggest%5C+the%5C+existence%5C+of%5C+seasonality%EF%BC%8Cbut%5C+not%5C+so%5C+strong%5C+as%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+palaeoelevation%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+using%5C+CA%5C+method%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+a%5C+lower%5C+elevation%5C+%5C%281330%5C-1500m%5C%29%5C+of%5C+Xianfeng%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+today.4%5C%29%5C+The%5C+palaeoenvirmental%5C+change%5C+was%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+comparisons%5C+of%5C+fossil%5C+records%5C+and%5C+paleoclimate%5C+constructions.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+show%5C+that%2C%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%2C%5C+most%5C+floras%5C+represented%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forests%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae%5C+etc.%5C+The%5C+climate%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+in%5C+Miocene%5C+was%5C+warmer%5C+and%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+At%5C+Pliocene%5C+age%2C%5C+the%5C+vegetation%5C+type%5C+in%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+still%5C+typical%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forest%2C%5C+while%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Sanying%5C+flora%2C%5C+the%5C+species%5C+adapt%5C+to%5C+cold%5C+environment%5C+like%5C+Quercus%5C+sect.%5C+Heterobalnus%5C+increased%5C+greatly.5%5C%29%5C+Two%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+indices%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+illustrate%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+monsoon%5C+climate.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+lower%5C+seasonality%5C+and%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%2C%5C+especially%5C+the%5C+winter%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+during%5C+late%5C+Miocene."},{"jsname":"The genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+subgenera%5C+Quercus%5C+and%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+has%5C+approximately%5C+531%5C+species%2C%5C+making%5C+this%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+and%5C+most%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+genus%5C+within%5C+the%5C+Fagaceae%5C+family%2C%5C+occurring%5C+throughout%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+montane%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere.%5C+The%5C+occurrence%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+%5C%28desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C%29%5C+seeded%5C+plants%5C+is%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+making%5C+it%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+key%5C+genera%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+habitat%5C+loss%5C+and%5C+poor%5C+regeneration%2C%5C+some%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+are%5C+now%5C+declining.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+availability%5C+of%5C+good%5C-quality%5C+seed%5C+may%5C+lead%5C+to%5C+its%5C+natural%5C+regeneration%5C+problems.%5C+To%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+cause%5C+of%5C+the%5C+population%5C+decline%5C+and%5C+to%5C+conserve%5C+iteffectively%2C%5C+knowledge%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+is%5C+necessary.%5C+Despite%5C+this%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+Quercus%5C+species%5C+is%5C+largely%5C+overlooked%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%2Cwhich%5C+is%5C+predominately%5C+distributed%5C+across%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+Asia%2C%5C+is%5C+less%5C+well%5C+documented.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+new%5C+data%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+comprehensively%5C+for%5C+a%5C+conservation%5C+aim%2C%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+response%5C+of%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+%5C%28from%5C+S%5C+and%5C+SW%5C+China%5C%29%5C+and%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+%5C%28from%5C+both%5C+SW%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Europe%5C%29%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+on%5C+9%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+oil%5C+contents%5C+were%5C+quantified%5C+from%5C+18%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+a%5C+study%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+over%5C+4%5C+years%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+production%5C+of%5C+Q.%5C+schottkyana%5C+%5C%28subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C%29%5C+to%5C+fill%5C+the%5C+gap%5C+in%5C+knowledge.%5C+The%5C+data%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+All%5C+22%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+had%5C+desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C+%5C%28recalcitrant%5C%29%5C+fruits.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+22%5C+species%5C+which%5C+had%5C+fruit%5C+dry%5C+masses%5C+spanning%5C+0.57%5C+to%5C+6.41%5C+g%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratios%5C+spanning%5C+0.15%5C+to%5C+0.48%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+%5C%280.26%5C-4.10%5C+%25d%5C-1%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+differences%5C+were%5C+independent%5C+of%5C+fruit%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratio%2C%5C+but%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coat.2.%5C+%5C+The%5C+scar%2C%5C+composing%5C+4%25%5C+to%5C+37%25%5C+%5C%28surface%5C+area%5C%29%5C+of%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+fruit%5C+coat%2C%5C+was%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+main%5C+water%5C+passage%5C+for%5C+most%5C+species.%5C+Water%5C+transferred%5C+directly%5C+and%5C+quickly%5C+through%5C+the%5C+scar.%5C+From%5C+the%5C+scar%5C+through%5C+to%5C+the%5C+pericarp%5C+and%5C+ending%5C+at%5C+the%5C+apex%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+longitudinal%5C+passage%5C+of%5C+water%5C+flow.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+controlled%5C+the%5C+water%5C+flux%2C%5C+which%5C+furthermore%5C+introduced%5C+the%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Quercus%5C+species.3.%5C+In%5C+comparison%5C+to%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+fruits%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+germinated%5C+faster%5C+and%5C+most%5C+had%5C+maximum%5C+germination%5C+at%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+25%C2%B0C.%5C+At%5C+lower%5C+temperatures%5C+%5C%2815%C2%B0C%2C%5C+20%C2%B0C%5C%29%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+was%5C+slower%5C+and%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+most%5C+species%5C+was%5C+decreased%2C%5C+but%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+was%5C+not%5C+affected%5C+at%5C+these%5C+low%5C+temperatures.%5C+The%5C+thermal%5C+requirements%5C+for%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+these%5C+two%5C+subgenera%5C+suggested%5C+an%5C+adaptabilit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relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate is widely used to reconstruct paleoclimates of Cenozoic floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA show regional constraints. Until now, no equation has been set up directly from Chinese forests. This relationship is exhaustively studied based on 50 samples from mesic to humid forests across China. Models including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Single Linear regression for Precipitation, and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), are set up and used to quantitatively reconstruct paleoclimates of Chinese Neogene floras. Meanwhile, a paleoflora, i.e., Yangjie flora, which belongs to the Upper Pliocene Sanying formation in West Yunnan Province, is studied. The species assemblage, paleoclimate and paleoecology of Yangjie flora are discussed. Conclusions in this dissertation are as following: 1. Chinese leaf physiognomy-climate models based on regression analyses，LMA is a widely used method that applies present-day linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. The Chinese data indicate that P shows a strong linear correlation with MAT, but the actual relationship is slightly different from those recognized from other regions. Among all currently used LMA equations, the one resulting from North and Central American and Japanese data, rather than the widely used East Asian LMA equation, yields the closest values to the actual MATs of the Chinese samples (mean absolute error = 1.9°C). A new equation derived from the Chinese forests is therefore developed, where MAT = 1.038 + 27.6 × P. This study not only demonstrates the similarity of the relationship between P and MAT in the Northern Hemisphere, but also improves the reliability of LMA for paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese paleofloras. Besides, regression analyses are used to explore the relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation. In contrast to former studies, entire leaf margin shows the highest correlation with the Growing Season Precipitation (GSP). A new equation is proposed: GSP = 228.0 + 1707.0 × P. 2. The new calibrated CLAMP dataset – PHYSGCHINA，CLAMP, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis, is improved by the inclusion of 50 Chinese samples. The result indicates that, new calibrated data from 50 Chinese sample sites are situated away from the former 144 samples in the physiognomic space, which may be caused by the unique characters of leaf physiognomy under monsoon condition. Therefore, a new calibrated CLAMP dataset, i.e., PHYSGCHINA, is set up based on 50 new Chinese samples, and 144 former samples from PHYSG3BRC. This new dataset could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions for floras under the monsoon climate condition. When it is applied to Chinese Neogene floras, PHYSGCHINA could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate parameters, especially parameters related to precipitation. 3. Paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese Cenozoic floras，Paleoclimates of Chinese Cenozoic floras are reconstructed using leaf physiognomy- climate models being set up in this study. The Chinese paleoclimate history in Eocene is similar to the trend from worldwide record. That is, hot climate presented in early Eocene and early Middle Eocene, and then, climate cooled down from late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene in China. Moreover, paleoclimates of two Late Miocene floras from Yunnan province, i.e., Xiaolongtan flora and Bangmai flora, are reconstructed using different models. The results indicate that, temperature of Yunnan is slightly higher than that in nowadays, but the precipitation is much higher than that at present day, which may be caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain. 4. Late Pliocene Yangjie flora in West Yunnan Province, China，A Late Pliocene Yangjie flora form Yongping County, western Yunnan province, which belongs to Sanying formation, is studied in this dissertation. Yangjie flora is dominated by Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. (evergreen sclerophyllous oaks), and this forest type is quite common in SW China at present. The discovery of Yangjie flora provides evidence that, vegetations of Yunnan in Miocene were dominated by evergreen forests, and the dominant families were Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In Pliocene, this vegetation type changed gradually to evergreen sclerophyllous oak forests. This vegetation change may have been caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain in Neogene. A polypodiaceous fern, Drynaria callispora sp. nov., is described from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation in western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The species with well-preserved pinnae and in situ spores is the first convincing Drynaria fossil record. Detailed morphological investigation reveals that D. callispora is characterized by 1) pinnatifid fronds with entire-margined pinnae having straight or zigzag secondary veins; 2) finer venation showing void quadrangular areoles, but occasionally with one unbranched veinlet; 3) one row of circular sori on each side of the strong primary vein; and 4) in situ spores with verrucate exospores elliptical in polar view and bean-shaped in equatorial view. A morphological comparison shows that D. callispora is significantly different from all the fossil species previously identified as drynarioids. A phylogenetic analysis of D. callispora supports that the fossil is closely related to D. sinica Diels and D. mollis Bedd., two extant species distributing in the Himalayas. The discovery of the new fern indicates that the genus Drynaria became diversified in its modern distribution region no later than the late Pliocene and had retained the similar ecology to that of many modern drynarioid ferns ever since. 5. Paleoclimate reconstruction of Yangjie flora，LMA, Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA are applied to reconstruct paleoclimate of Yangjie flora. MAT calculated by LMA and CLAMP is 22.0 ± 2.4°C and 20.0 ± 1.4°C, respectively, and GSP calculated by Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA is 1521.9 ± 131.3 mm and 2084.7 ± 223.1 mm, respectively All methods agree that, both temperature and precipitation were higher in Late Pliocene than in nowadays. Meanwhile, precipitation parameters calculated by CLAMP gets high values. 6. Preliminary study of insect herbivory in Yangjie flora，Insect herbivory on leaves of Quercus preguyavaefolia Tao and Q. presenescens Zhou, two dominant species in Yangjie flora, is reported by the preliminary research. Each of these two species has a high diversity of insect damage. Among all damage types, margin feeding and surface feeding are most common, and skeletonization, piercing and sucking, and galling are less found. Most of these damage types belonge to the high host specialization (HS = 1). However, the proportion of leaves without insect damage in Q. presenescens is much higher than that in Q. preguyavaefolia. According to the log-log linear regression model, both Quercus preguyavaefolia and Q. presenescens have very high leaf mass per area (with 184.8 ± 6.7 g/m2 and 155.3 ± 10.7 g/m2, respectively). The high diversity of insect herbivory demonstrates a warm climate in the Late Pliocene of West Yunnan 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temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"The thesis has investagated on alkaloids in the fruits of three Daphniphyllum species Daphniphyllum longeracemosum, D. oldhami, and D. himalense, along with chemical compounds from leaves of Trichilia connaroides and Mitrephora maingayi. 83 compounds in total were acquired from those five plants and their structures were identified by organic spetra (NMR, MS, IR.), including two novel Daphniphyllum alkaloids, another three new ones, twelve new limonoids, a new steroids and a new acetogenin. Seventeen Daphniphyllum alkaloids were acquiered from Daphniphyllum longeracemosum, including two novel ones (Daphenylline and Longeramine) and another new alkaloid N-oxydaphnilongeranin C. Eighteen alkaloids were isolated from D. oldhamii, including two new alkaloids Daphnoldines A and B. Eleven alkaloids were afforded from D. himalense fruits.From Trichilia connaroides leaves, 22 compounds were afforded, including 12 new limonoids and a new steroid. 15 compounds were isolated from Mitrephora maingayi twigs and leaves, including a new annonaceous acetogenin.Furthermore, biological functions of Daphniphyllum alkaloids were initially seeked after based on their relation to squalene metabolism pathway. The alkaloids Longistylumphylline B and Paxdaphnine B were detected inhibtion against nAchR (a target protein for pesticide) from Drosophila. Furthermore, a phragmalin-type limonoid 30-acetyltrichagmalin F showed a moderate anti-PAF activity.In addition, squalene metabolism pathway along with its natual inhibitor and analogs were reviewed. The pathway was prospected as potential targets for antihyperlipoproteinemic drugs, pesticide, antifeedant or antifungal drugs.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+thesis%5C+has%5C+investagated%5C+on%5C+alkaloids%5C+in%5C+the%5C+fruits%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+species%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%2C%5C+D.%5C+oldhami%2C%5C+and%5C+D.%5C+himalense%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+chemical%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Trichilia%5C+connaroides%5C+and%5C+Mitrephora%5C+maingayi.%5C+83%5C+compounds%5C+in%5C+total%5C+were%5C+acquired%5C+from%5C+those%5C+five%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+by%5C+organic%5C+spetra%5C+%5C%28NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR.%5C%29%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+another%5C+three%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+twelve%5C+new%5C+limonoids%2C%5C+a%5C+new%5C+steroids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+acetogenin.%5C+Seventeen%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+acquiered%5C+from%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+ones%5C+%5C%28Daphenylline%5C+and%5C+Longeramine%5C%29%5C+and%5C+another%5C+new%5C+alkaloid%5C+N%5C-oxydaphnilongeranin%5C+C.%5C+Eighteen%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+D.%5C+oldhamii%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+new%5C+alkaloids%5C+Daphnoldines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B.%5C+Eleven%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+afforded%5C+from%5C+D.%5C+himalense%5C+fruits.From%5C+Trichilia%5C+connaroides%5C+leaves%2C%5C+22%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+afforded%2C%5C+including%5C+12%5C+new%5C+limonoids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+steroid.%5C+15%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Mitrephora%5C+maingayi%5C+twigs%5C+and%5C+leaves%2C%5C+including%5C+a%5C+new%5C+annonaceous%5C+acetogenin.Furthermore%2C%5C+biological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+initially%5C+seeked%5C+after%5C+based%5C+on%5C+their%5C+relation%5C+to%5C+squalene%5C+metabolism%5C+pathway.%5C+The%5C+alkaloids%5C+Longistylumphylline%5C+B%5C+and%5C+Paxdaphnine%5C+B%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+inhibtion%5C+against%5C+nAchR%5C+%5C%28a%5C+target%5C+protein%5C+for%5C+pesticide%5C%29%5C+from%5C+Drosophila.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+a%5C+phragmalin%5C-type%5C+limonoid%5C+30%5C-acetyltrichagmalin%5C+F%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+moderate%5C+anti%5C-PAF%5C+activity.In%5C+addition%2C%5C+squalene%5C+metabolism%5C+pathway%5C+along%5C+with%5C+its%5C+natual%5C+inhibitor%5C+and%5C+analogs%5C+were%5C+reviewed.%5C+The%5C+pathway%5C+was%5C+prospected%5C+as%5C+potential%5C+targets%5C+for%5C+antihyperlipoproteinemic%5C+drugs%2C%5C+pesticide%2C%5C+antifeedant%5C+or%5C+antifungal%5C+drugs."},{"jsname":"This dissertation consists of four chapters. First chapter presents the result of investigation on chemical constituents and cytotoxic activities of Isodon rubescens var. rubescens f. lushanensis collected in Luanchuan prefecture of Henan province. Second chapter gives the research result on chemical constituents and cytotoxic activities of I leucophyllus (Dunn)Kudo collected in Shangri-La county, Yunnan province. The third chapter describes the same theme of I. scoparius C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li(Dunn)Kudocollected in Shangri-La county, Yunnan province. Chapter 4 is a review on the research progress of bicyclic and tricyclic diterpenoids in natural products, recently.80 compounds were isolated and identified from the above mentioned plants of the genus Isodon by means of chromatograhy methods and spectroscopic analyses, including 24 new compounds. Structural style of these compounds includes diterpenoids (ent-kaurane, ent-kaurane dimer, ent-abietane, ent-labdane, ent-clerodane), triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and lignans. From ITwo diterpenoid dimmers with unique 16→17'' linkage were isolated and characterized from I leucophyllus for the first time. One ent-kaurane diterpenoids and one ent-clerodane dinorditerpenoid were isolated from Isodon scoparius. Especially, it was a powerful chemical evidence to clarify Isodon scoparius was one original species in the genus Isodon in view of biosynthetic pathway... rubescens var. rubescens f. lushanensis, two novel diterpenoids with unprecedented skeletons (one possessed a broken A ring and another with an expanded B ring) were isolated for the first time. Most diterpenoids were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against several kinds of human tumor cell lines in vitro. Some of them exhibited significant activities and deserved to be studied thoroughly. With the preservation of bioactive center (α-mythelene cyclopentanone) in the structure, the diterpenoid which possesed a broken A ring still displayed potent cytotoxicity in HL-60 cell line. It could provide a helpful clue for simplifying the chemical structure of diterpenoids with significant cytotoxicity.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+dissertation%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+four%5C+chapters.%5C+First%5C+chapter%5C+presents%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+cytotoxic%5C+activities%5C+of%5C+Isodon%5C+rubescens%5C+var.%5C+rubescens%5C+f.%5C+lushanensis%5C+collected%5C+in%5C+Luanchuan%5C+prefecture%5C+of%5C+Henan%5C+province.%5C+Second%5C+chapter%5C+gives%5C+the%5C+research%5C+result%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+cytotoxic%5C+activities%5C+of%5C+I%5C+leucophyllus%5C+%5C%28Dunn%5C%29Kudo%5C+collected%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-La%5C+county%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+province.%5C+The%5C+third%5C+chapter%5C+describes%5C+the%5C+same%5C+theme%5C+of%5C+I.%5C+scoparius%5C+C.%5C+Y.%5C+Wu%5C+et%5C+H.%5C+W.%5C+Li%5C%28Dunn%5C%29Kudocollected%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-La%5C+county%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+province.%5C+Chapter%5C+4%5C+is%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+the%5C+research%5C+progress%5C+of%5C+bicyclic%5C+and%5C+tricyclic%5C+diterpenoids%5C+in%5C+natural%5C+products%2C%5C+recently.80%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Isodon%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+chromatograhy%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analyses%2C%5C+including%5C+24%5C+new%5C+compounds.%5C+Structural%5C+style%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+includes%5C+diterpenoids%5C+%5C%28ent%5C-kaurane%2C%5C+ent%5C-kaurane%5C+dimer%2C%5C+ent%5C-abietane%2C%5C+ent%5C-labdane%2C%5C+ent%5C-clerodane%5C%29%2C%5C+triterpenoids%2C%5C+steroids%2C%5C+flavonoids%2C%5C+and%5C+lignans.%5C+From%5C+ITwo%5C+diterpenoid%5C+dimmers%5C+with%5C+unique%5C+16%E2%86%9217%27%27%5C+linkage%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+characterized%5C+from%5C+I%5C+leucophyllus%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+One%5C+ent%5C-kaurane%5C+diterpenoids%5C+and%5C+one%5C+ent%5C-clerodane%5C+dinorditerpenoid%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Isodon%5C+scoparius.%5C+Especially%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+a%5C+powerful%5C+chemical%5C+evidence%5C+to%5C+clarify%5C+Isodon%5C+scoparius%5C+was%5C+one%5C+original%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Isodon%5C+in%5C+view%5C+of%5C+biosynthetic%5C+pathway...%5C+rubescens%5C+var.%5C+rubescens%5C+f.%5C+lushanensis%2C%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+diterpenoids%5C+with%5C+unprecedented%5C+skeletons%5C+%5C%28one%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+broken%5C+A%5C+ring%5C+and%5C+another%5C+with%5C+an%5C+expanded%5C+B%5C+ring%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Most%5C+diterpenoids%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxic%5C+activity%5C+against%5C+several%5C+kinds%5C+of%5C+human%5C+tumor%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+in%5C+vitro.%5C+Some%5C+of%5C+them%5C+exhibited%5C+significant%5C+activities%5C+and%5C+deserved%5C+to%5C+be%5C+studied%5C+thoroughly.%5C+With%5C+the%5C+preservation%5C+of%5C+bioactive%5C+center%5C+%5C%28%CE%B1%5C-mythelene%5C+cyclopentanone%5C%29%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structure%2C%5C+the%5C+diterpenoid%5C+which%5C+possesed%5C+a%5C+broken%5C+A%5C+ring%5C+still%5C+displayed%5C+potent%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+in%5C+HL%5C-60%5C+cell%5C+line.%5C+It%5C+could%5C+provide%5C+a%5C+helpful%5C+clue%5C+for%5C+simplifying%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+diterpenoids%5C+with%5C+significant%5C+cytotoxicity."},{"jsname":"This dissertation is composed of five chapters, in which the chemical constituents of four medicinal plants, Hypoxis aurea Lour., Albizia mollis (Wall.) Boiv., Dobinea delavayi (Baill.) Baill. and Poria cococs (Schw.) Wolf, which are belonged to families of Hypoxidaceae, Leguminosae, Polyporaceae and Podoaceae, respectively, have been phytochemically studied. Chapter 5 reviews the chemical and bioactivities progresses of Albizia and Hypoxis genera. 79 compounds, including 12 new ones, were isolated from the above mentioned four species. All of the components were separated by column chromatography (siliga gel, sephadex LH-20, RP-18, RP-8 and half-preparation HPLC) and identified on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods. The type of all compounds include phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids (lanosterol, oleanane type), diterpenoids (ent-kaurane type), eudesmane sesquiterpenes, lignanoids, ceramides, flavones, fatty acid (ester). We put forward a proposal that Albizia and Hypoxis genera should belong to Hypoxidaceae and be independent from Amaryllidaceae. Parts of compounds have been or being texted for antineoplastic, antidepressant.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+five%5C+chapters%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+four%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%2C%5C+Hypoxis%5C+aurea%5C+Lour.%2C%5C+Albizia%5C+mollis%5C+%5C%28Wall.%5C%29%5C+Boiv.%2C%5C+Dobinea%5C+delavayi%5C+%5C%28Baill.%5C%29%5C+Baill.%5C+and%5C+Poria%5C+cococs%5C+%5C%28Schw.%5C%29%5C+Wolf%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Hypoxidaceae%2C%5C+Leguminosae%2C%5C+Polyporaceae%5C+and%5C+Podoaceae%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+phytochemically%5C+studied.%5C+Chapter%5C+5%5C+reviews%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+progresses%5C+of%5C+Albizia%5C+and%5C+Hypoxis%5C+genera.%5C+79%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+12%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+four%5C+species.%5C+All%5C+of%5C+the%5C+components%5C+were%5C+separated%5C+by%5C+column%5C+chromatography%5C+%5C%28siliga%5C+gel%2C%5C+sephadex%5C+LH%5C-20%2C%5C+RP%5C-18%2C%5C+RP%5C-8%5C+and%5C+half%5C-preparation%5C+HPLC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+all%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%2C%5C+triterpenoids%5C+%5C%28lanosterol%2C%5C+oleanane%5C+type%5C%29%2C%5C+diterpenoids%5C+%5C%28ent%5C-kaurane%5C+type%5C%29%2C%5C+eudesmane%5C+sesquiterpenes%2C%5C+lignanoids%2C%5C+ceramides%2C%5C+flavones%2C%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ester%5C%29.%5C+We%5C+put%5C+forward%5C+a%5C+proposal%5C+that%5C+Albizia%5C+and%5C+Hypoxis%5C+genera%5C+should%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+Hypoxidaceae%5C+and%5C+be%5C+independent%5C+from%5C+Amaryllidaceae.%5C+Parts%5C+of%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+or%5C+being%5C+texted%5C+for%5C+antineoplastic%2C%5C+antidepressant."},{"jsname":"This thesis is composed of five chapters.The first chapter describes chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of Elaeagnus lanceolata. Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified, incl-uding a new compound, isoamericanol B (1), and 18 known compounds, 6-hy-droxy-3, 4-dihydro-1-oxo-β-carboline (2), 2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid (3), 2α, 23-dih-ydroxy-ursolic acid (4), maslinic acid (5), vomifoliol (6), roseoside (7), syringa-resinol (8), clemaphenol A (9), japonica acid (10), lutein (11), trilobatin (12), 3-phenyl-1-(2'', 6''-dihydroxy-phenyl-4''-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-propanone (13), n-aringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), vitexin (8-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl apigeni-n) (15), 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl chrysin (16), isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyra-nosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18) a-nd kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6''''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (19). Compou-nds 2-17 were isolated from this plant for the first time.The second chapter describes chemical constituents from the leaves and twi-gs of Gardenia sootepensis. Seven compounds were isolated and identified, incl-uding oleanolic acid (1), coronalolide methyl ester (2), sootepin D (3), sootepi-n F (4), sootepin G (5), sootepin H (6) and sootepin I (7). 4-7 are new com-pounds.The third chapter describes chemical constituents from the fruits of Gardeni-a jasminoides. Eight compounds were isolated. These compounds were identifi-ed to be jasminodiol (1), syringaresinol (2), methyl α-D-fructofuranoside (3), cl-ethric acid (4), geniposide(5), diethylhexylphthalate (6), 5'', 7''-octadecadienoic acid, 2, 3-dihydroxypropyl ester (7) and ursolic acid (8).The forth chapter describes chemical constituents from the root of Iris pseu-dacorus. Four compounds were isolated and identified, including 5α, 8α-epidio-xyergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol (1), ayamenin B (2), 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (3) and β-sitosterol (4).The fifth chapter reviewed the recent progress on seco-cycloartane triterpene studies, their structure types, distribution, and biological activities were described.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E8%25B1%2586%25E7%25A7%2591&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+thesis%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+five%5C+chapters.The%5C+first%5C+chapter%5C+describes%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+twigs%5C+of%5C+Elaeagnus%5C+lanceolata.%5C+Nineteen%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%2C%5C+incl%5C-uding%5C+a%5C+new%5C+compound%2C%5C+isoamericanol%5C+B%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+18%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+6%5C-hy%5C-droxy%5C-3%2C%5C+4%5C-dihydro%5C-1%5C-oxo%5C-%CE%B2%5C-carboline%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%2C%5C+2%CE%B1%5C-hydroxy%5C-ursolic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%2C%5C+2%CE%B1%2C%5C+23%5C-dih%5C-ydroxy%5C-ursolic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%2C%5C+maslinic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%285%5C%29%2C%5C+vomifoliol%5C+%5C%286%5C%29%2C%5C+roseoside%5C+%5C%287%5C%29%2C%5C+syringa%5C-resinol%5C+%5C%288%5C%29%2C%5C+clemaphenol%5C+A%5C+%5C%289%5C%29%2C%5C+japonica%5C+acid%5C+%5C%2810%5C%29%2C%5C+lutein%5C+%5C%2811%5C%29%2C%5C+trilobatin%5C+%5C%2812%5C%29%2C%5C+3%5C-phenyl%5C-1%5C-%5C%282%27%27%2C%5C+6%27%27%5C-dihydroxy%5C-phenyl%5C-4%27%27%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranosyl%5C%29%5C-1%5C-propanone%5C+%5C%2813%5C%29%2C%5C+n%5C-aringenin%5C-7%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranoside%5C+%5C%2814%5C%29%2C%5C+vitexin%5C+%5C%288%5C-C%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranosyl%5C+apigeni%5C-n%5C%29%5C+%5C%2815%5C%29%2C%5C+7%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranosyl%5C+chrysin%5C+%5C%2816%5C%29%2C%5C+isorhamnetin%5C+3%5C-O%5C-%CE%B1%5C-L%5C-rhamnopyra%5C-nosyl%5C-7%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranoside%5C+%5C%2817%5C%29%2C%5C+kaempferol%5C-3%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-glucopyranoside%5C+%5C%2818%5C%29%5C+a%5C-nd%5C+kaempferol%5C-3%5C-O%5C-%CE%B2%5C-D%5C-%5C%286%27%27%27%27%5C-O%5C-trans%5C-p%5C-coumaroyl%5C%29%5C+glucopyranoside%5C+%5C%2819%5C%29.%5C+Compou%5C-nds%5C+2%5C-17%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+this%5C+plant%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.The%5C+second%5C+chapter%5C+describes%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+twi%5C-gs%5C+of%5C+Gardenia%5C+sootepensis.%5C+Seven%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%2C%5C+incl%5C-uding%5C+oleanolic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+coronalolide%5C+methyl%5C+ester%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%2C%5C+sootepin%5C+D%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%2C%5C+sootepi%5C-n%5C+F%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%2C%5C+sootepin%5C+G%5C+%5C%285%5C%29%2C%5C+sootepin%5C+H%5C+%5C%286%5C%29%5C+and%5C+sootepin%5C+I%5C+%5C%287%5C%29.%5C+4%5C-7%5C+are%5C+new%5C+com%5C-pounds.The%5C+third%5C+chapter%5C+describes%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruits%5C+of%5C+Gardeni%5C-a%5C+jasminoides.%5C+Eight%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated.%5C+These%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+identifi%5C-ed%5C+to%5C+be%5C+jasminodiol%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+syringaresinol%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%2C%5C+methyl%5C+%CE%B1%5C-D%5C-fructofuranoside%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%2C%5C+cl%5C-ethric%5C+acid%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%2C%5C+geniposide%5C%285%5C%29%2C%5C+diethylhexylphthalate%5C+%5C%286%5C%29%2C%5C+5%27%27%2C%5C+7%27%27%5C-octadecadienoic%5C+acid%2C%5C+2%2C%5C+3%5C-dihydroxypropyl%5C+ester%5C+%5C%287%5C%29%5C+and%5C+ursolic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%288%5C%29.The%5C+forth%5C+chapter%5C+describes%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+the%5C+root%5C+of%5C+Iris%5C+pseu%5C-dacorus.%5C+Four%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%2C%5C+including%5C+5%CE%B1%2C%5C+8%CE%B1%5C-epidio%5C-xyergosta%5C-6%2C%5C+22%5C-dien%5C-3%CE%B2%5C-ol%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+ayamenin%5C+B%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%2C%5C+2%5C-hydroxy%5C-benzoic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+and%5C+%CE%B2%5C-sitosterol%5C+%5C%284%5C%29.The%5C+fifth%5C+chapter%5C+reviewed%5C+the%5C+recent%5C+progress%5C+on%5C+seco%5C-cycloartane%5C+triterpene%5C+studies%2C%5C+their%5C+structure%5C+types%2C%5C+distribution%2C%5C+and%5C+biological%5C+activities%5C+were%5C+described."},{"jsname":"With the industrial production of human development, environmental pollution problems have become more serious. Metal ion pollution, especially pollution of heavy metal ions, through the biological processes of crop uptaking and accumulation, causing a serious threat to food security; by affecting plant growth, resulting in ecological problems. Plants response to metal ion stress has an important scientific significance and application value. In this study, we used Columbia ecotype, mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus as materials, the first part, by detecting the relationship between the changes of osmotic adjustment and the charge (or the radius) of metal ions in leaves, we explored the mechanisms of plant roots response to metal ion stress, in order to research the plants response to metal ion stress at the plant level; the second part, by detecting the changes of membrane lipid molecules in leaves and roots, we studyed the mechanism of plant cell membrane response to metal ion stress, so as to explore the plants response to metal ion stress at the cell level.The main results of the first part are as below: 1. Metal ion has effects on the surrounding molecules depends on its radius, the charge and the structure of electron shell. According to the periodic table, we selected 16 kinds of metal ions with different ionic charge, radius and electron shell structure in research. The setting of the metal ion stress was water culture system with adding metal ions, and we studyed the plants response to metal ions through the roots of and Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus.We found that as the concentration of metal ion increased, the relative leakage of the leaves also increased; and the metal ion which had bigger radius resulted in bigger 50% relative leakage, such as Ca2+ stresses resulted in the biggest 50% relative leakage, K+, Na+ and Mg2+ as follows; and heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Hg2+ resulted in the smallest 50% relative leakage of all; and the 50% relative leakage of scarce metals Ce3+ was between them. The evidence above suggested that the relationship between the stress capacity of metal ions and its radius was inverse, and the charge of metal ions was positive, respectively. Above all, the relationship between the stress capacity of metal ions and their ionic potential (ionic charge / radius) was positive. 2. Plants could accumulate Osmo regulation substances and produce lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde after stress condition. We found that after the same concentration of alkali metal Li+, Na+ and K+ stressed Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, Li+ stress induced the most free proline and MDA production, and the ion radius of which is the smallest; and after the same concentration of Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+ stress Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, Al3+ stress induced the most free proline and MDA production, and the ion charge of which was the most; and after the same concentration of Ca2+, Al3+and Fe3+ stress Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, Fe3+ stress induced the most free proline and MDA production. The evidence above suggested that the relationship between the capacity of proline accumulation and MDA and its radius was inverse, and the charge of metal ions was positive, respectively. Above all, the the relationship between the stress capacity of metal ions and their ionic potential (ionic charge/radius) was positive. Besides, the relationship between the production of MDA and metal ion was similar. 3. Detached leaves of plants with the metal ion treatment also accumulated proline. However, we found that the proline accumulation in the detached leaves had no relationship with the radius and the ionic charge of metal. This showed that the plants response to metal ions was conducted through the root system, rather than a direct result of cells responsed to osmotic stress. 4. To further verify the plant''s root system could sense the metal ions stress, we damaged the root of the plant to observe that metal ions had effects on the proline accumulation in the case of the injury. And we found that root with heat stress had no effect on the relationship between the metal ions and proline accumulation. However, mechanically cutting the root even part of the root of the plants, then exposured to hydroponic culture with the metal ions 5 day, we found that there was no significant diffierence between them. The evidence above suggested that the plants responsed to metal ions conducted through roots are complex, and how to quantify this effect required our futher experiment. 5. P5CS is the key enzyme in proline biothesis in plants. We compared wild-type and P5CS deficient mutants of Arabidopsis responsed to metal ion stress, and found that compared to Columbia ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, knockout mutations of P5CS1 resulted in less free proline production under the same stress condition. This suggested that metal ions induced proline production by increasing its synthesis rather than reducing degradation. The main results of the second part are as below: The main organs sensing the environment is cell membrane, and cells can respond to changes through the changes of membrane lipids composition in the environment. It is a common phenomenon that environmental metal ions have effects on the plants, and how to impact the changes of the lipids is a significant question, and so far, we have no idea about this. In the same stress intensity (the value of 50% relative leakage), we use of lipid genomics approaches, and comparedthe effects of 7 metal ions (Li+,Pb2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Co2+,Fe3+ and Cd2+) with different ionic radius, charge and the electron shell structure on the cell membrane lipids of aboveground and underground parts of plants. Because of the limited time, we did preliminary analysis from the mass of lipid data. We found that effects of the metal ions on the membrane lipid molecules have a variety of performances. And data analysis is working, two examples were as follows: 1. After Li+,Pb2+,Cu2+,Zn2+ and Co2+stressed Arabidopsis thaliana for 5days, there was no significant changes in Lysophosphlipids of roots, however, the lysophospholipid molecules of leaves increased in different degrees.The evidence above indicated that the mechanisms of roots and leaves responsed to metal ions maybe different, they were direct and indirect process, respectively. 2. Fe3+ and Cd2+ are two metal ions with lager ionic potential. We found that after Fe3+ and Cd2+ stressed Arabidopsis thaliana for 12 hours, the LysoPC in roots increased more than houdred times, but Cd2+ with the same stress intensity (the value of 50% relative leakage) had no effect on the LysoPC, almostly. The evidence above suggested that the mechanisms of membrane lipids responsed to different metal ions different, and this mainly had relationship with the characters of metal ions and so 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台湾北部福山地区亚热带雨林种子雨之研究
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 页码: 1-95
作者:
张杨家豪
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台湾北部福山地区亚热带雨林幼苗之研究
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 页码: 1-100
作者:
吕佳陵
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干热河谷特色生态修复物种筛选与农林复合系统构建
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
作者:
赵高卷
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干热河谷，种质资源，农林复合系统，抗旱机制，生物固氮，乔灌草立体修复模式，生态恢复
dry-hot valley, germplasm resources, agroforestry system, drought resistance mechanism, biological nitrogen fixation, three-dimensional trees-shrubs-herbs restoration model, ecological restoration
海菜花的化学成分及其生物活性研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
作者:
刘洪星
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海菜花，Ottelione，二芳基庚烷，糖尿病，抗肿瘤
Ottelia acuminata, Ottelione, Diarylheptanoids, DM, Antitumor
自养种子植物IR丢失类群叶绿体基因组进化研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
作者:
王子洵
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比较基因组学，IR丢失，叶绿体基因组，替换速率，结构变异
comparative genomics, plastid genome, inverted repeat (IR), structural variation, substitution rate
豆科系统发育基因组学
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
作者:
张荣
Adobe PDF(26213Kb)
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浏览/下载：92/0
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提交时间：2024/05/14
豆科，叶绿体基因组，线粒体基因组，转录组，深度和族级分支，冲 突，系统发育基因组学，快速辐射演化
Legumimosae, plastome, mitochondrial genome, transcriptome, deep and tribal lineages, conflict, phylogenomics, rapid radiation
缅甸孟族传统药用植物的民族植物学研究
学位论文
, 2020
作者:
YUNN MI MI KYAW
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浏览/下载：320/0
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提交时间：2023/11/02
被子植物叶绿体系统发育基因组学研究
学位论文
, 2020
作者:
甘露
Adobe PDF(11879Kb)
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浏览/下载：426/1
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提交时间：2023/11/02
异戊烯基芳香天然产物发现及其 核磁规律和生物合成研究
学位论文
, 2020
作者:
任福才
Adobe PDF(4272Kb)
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浏览/下载：342/1
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提交时间：2023/11/02
滇缅泰地区巨竹属（禾本科：竹亚科）的分类修订
学位论文
, 2020
作者:
许祖昌
Adobe PDF(15131Kb)
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浏览/下载：312/0
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提交时间：2023/11/02
