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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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昆明植物所硕博研究... [22]
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杨永平 [2]
李德铢 [1]
许建初 [1]
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刘爱忠 [1]
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2010 [39]
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6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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sect. Cyathophora is a distinctive group endemic to the eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. It was regarded as a ‘grex’ or section and included all four general corolla types of Pedicularis. A unique feature is that the leaf and bract bases are fused together to form a cup-like structure around the stem at each node. Our molecular phylogenetic study indicated that P. sect. Cyathophora was a monophyletic lineage, although the relationships among species were not fully resolved. P. rex C. B. Clarke ex Maxim. is the most various and wide-distributed species in P. sect. Cyathophora. It is extremely variable in wild populations, and elicits a vast quantity of morpho-variations, which qualifies the species as one of the most diverse and complex taxa of the genus Pedicularis. In this study, the phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on four chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F) and one nuclear gene, ITS, using 78 samples, with an emphasis on the P. rex complex. Also morphometric analyses were used to assess the morphological variation in P. rex complex and taxonomic revisions were presented for some taxa of this complex. Thirteen microsatellite markers were developed from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique, which could be used for further studies on the genetic diversity and population structure of this species and its congeners. Main results were summarized as follows: 1. Molecular phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora H. L. Li， The phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on chloroplast matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and one nuclear gene, ITS, involving six species and 11 outgroups with a total of 78 samples. Our study showed that the monophyly of this group was strongly supported, in which P. superba was monophyletic based on chloroplast genes. The samples of P. cyathophylloides from Sichuan nested within P. cyathophylla. Ancient hybridization may occur between the two species. P. xiangchengensis is better to treat as a synonym of P. cyathophylla. Especially, P. ser. Reges was complicated, in which the individuals from different populations in the same species were rarely monophyletic. In addition, individuals forming monophyletic groups were not geographically close. In P. ser. Reges, lineage sorting of chloroplast DNA variations following rapid divergence is likely to have caused complex phylogeny of the taxa, which was reconstructed in our study. Hybridzation, introgression, lineage sorting and adaptive radiation may play important roles in the evolution of these taxa studied. Multiple, independent data sets are needed for resolving phylogenetic relationships of rapidly diverged lineages in P. sect. Cyathophora. 2. The taxonomic revision of P. rex complex，A total of 165 specimens with about 14 vegetative and eight reproductive characters were involved in the morphometric analysis. The results of PCA did not support six taxa for it emerged considerable morphological overlap. P. rex var. rockii was promoted to subspecies level for its prominent performance in PCA. Three taxa, P. rex subsp. pseudocyathus, P. rex subsp. zayuensis and P. rex subsp. parva, were merged into P. rex subsp. rex. Then P. rex subsp. lipskyana kept still at its rank for its purple red corolla color. The result of DA led to the selection of diagnostic traits between the P. rex and P. thamnophila. P. rex has less dissected leaves than P. thamnophila. P. rex is various in leaves number in whole, but P. thamnophila has stable three leaves in whole. Itpossesses a smaller corolla than P. rex. But P. thamnophila subsp. cupuliformis is a little different from P. thamnophila subsp. thamnophila in some vegetative characters, and it has purple stripes with the lower lip, so it is kept at the subspecies level. 3. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from P. rex， We developed 13 microsatellite markers from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique. Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 22 individuals with representation of five populations of P. rex. Additionally, among the 13 identified microsatellite markers, eleven of them were successfully amplified in species P. thamnophila, and five of them showed polymorphisms. This study may provide important information for further investigation on the population genetics, introduction and acclimatization of P. rex and its congeners.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APedicularis%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+distinctive%5C+group%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+the%5C+eastern%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+region.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+regarded%5C+as%5C+a%5C+%E2%80%98grex%E2%80%99%5C+or%5C+section%5C+and%5C+included%5C+all%5C+four%5C+general%5C+corolla%5C+types%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+A%5C+unique%5C+feature%5C+is%5C+that%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+and%5C+bract%5C+bases%5C+are%5C+fused%5C+together%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+cup%5C-like%5C+structure%5C+around%5C+the%5C+stem%5C+at%5C+each%5C+node.%5C+Our%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+study%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+a%5C+monophyletic%5C+lineage%2C%5C+although%5C+the%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+species%5C+were%5C+not%5C+fully%5C+resolved.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+C.%5C+B.%5C+Clarke%5C+ex%5C+Maxim.%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+various%5C+and%5C+wide%5C-distributed%5C+species%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+extremely%5C+variable%5C+in%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+and%5C+elicits%5C+a%5C+vast%5C+quantity%5C+of%5C+morpho%5C-variations%2C%5C+which%5C+qualifies%5C+the%5C+species%5C+as%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+diverse%5C+and%5C+complex%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+four%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes%5C+%5C%28matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+and%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C%29%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+using%5C+78%5C+samples%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex.%5C+Also%5C+morphometric%5C+analyses%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+assess%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex.%5C+Thirteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+three%5C+microsatellite%5C-enriched%5C+libraries%5C+%5C%28AG%2C%5C+AC%5C+and%5C+AAG%5C%29%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+with%5C+a%5C+modified%5C+biotin%5C-streptavidin%5C+capture%5C+technique%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+used%5C+for%5C+further%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+population%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+and%5C+its%5C+congeners.%5C+Main%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+H.%5C+L.%5C+Li%EF%BC%8C%5C+The%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+involving%5C+six%5C+species%5C+and%5C+11%5C+outgroups%5C+with%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+78%5C+samples.%5C+Our%5C+study%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+this%5C+group%5C+was%5C+strongly%5C+supported%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+P.%5C+superba%5C+was%5C+monophyletic%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes.%5C+The%5C+samples%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylloides%5C+from%5C+Sichuan%5C+nested%5C+within%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Ancient%5C+hybridization%5C+may%5C+occur%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+species.%5C+P.%5C+xiangchengensis%5C+is%5C+better%5C+to%5C+treat%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Especially%2C%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%5C+was%5C+complicated%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+species%5C+were%5C+rarely%5C+monophyletic.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+individuals%5C+forming%5C+monophyletic%5C+groups%5C+were%5C+not%5C+geographically%5C+close.%5C+In%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+of%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+variations%5C+following%5C+rapid%5C+divergence%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+caused%5C+complex%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+taxa%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+in%5C+our%5C+study.%5C+Hybridzation%2C%5C+introgression%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+and%5C+adaptive%5C+radiation%5C+may%5C+play%5C+important%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+these%5C+taxa%5C+studied.%5C+Multiple%2C%5C+independent%5C+data%5C+sets%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+for%5C+resolving%5C+phylogenetic%5C+relationships%5C+of%5C+rapidly%5C+diverged%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+taxonomic%5C+revision%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%EF%BC%8CA%5C+total%5C+of%5C+165%5C+specimens%5C+with%5C+about%5C+14%5C+vegetative%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+reproductive%5C+characters%5C+were%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+the%5C+morphometric%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+PCA%5C+did%5C+not%5C+support%5C+six%5C+taxa%5C+for%5C+it%5C+emerged%5C+considerable%5C+morphological%5C+overlap.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+var.%5C+rockii%5C+was%5C+promoted%5C+to%5C+subspecies%5C+level%5C+for%5C+its%5C+prominent%5C+performance%5C+in%5C+PCA.%5C+Three%5C+taxa%2C%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secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy appears to be the most significant mode of sympatric speciation, it is a prevalent phenomenon in species. In this research to investigate the distribution pattern we analysed 27 populations over 500 individuals’ karyotypes and compared morphological characters between different populations to investigate the morphological polymorphism of different ploidy. Parsimony analysis within 2 non-coding loci from chloroplast genome and rDNA ITS, combined the karyotype and morphological results to disscussed the way and the frequency of tetraploids origin. The major results are shown as follows:1. Karyotypes of different populations in A. mairei，27 populations were studied, 13 diploid and 14 tetraploid populations have been detected. No populations have both ploidy coexist. Three karyotype formulas in diploid: 2n=16m，2n=14m+2sm and 2n=12m+4sm; Four karyotype formulas in tetraploid: 2n=30m+2sm，2n=28m+4sm，2n=26m+6sm，2n=28m+2sm+2st. The karyotypes of all populations showed great similarity. Most chromosomes types are “m” and“sm”,only one “st”found in Songming population. The As.K.% ranged from 54.70% to 57.96% .All karyotype found showed original with type 1A or 2A. Based on the evolutionary trend of karyotype is symmetry to asymmetry, A. mairei is very original in karyotype even compared with other species in the genus Allium.2 .The distribution pattern of populations with different ploidy，Both cytotypes occur across a wide range in the distribution area. But the diploid cytotype was rarely found in the east of Yunnan province, and diploid cytotype prefer higher altitude. The tetraploid is extremely common in the east of Yunnan but rarely found in the west, and tetraploid prefer lower altitudes. No correlation found between the distribution patterns and the karyotype asymmetry. Bisides few populations, the karyotype asymmetry in most tetraploid population are similar with diploid, and the smallest karyotype asymmetry found in tetraploid. So based on the karyotype couldn’t found the evolution trend between two poloidy in A. maimei. This result may implied the multiple origins of the tetraploid in A. maimei, some progenitors of tetraploid were distinct, caused no correlation found between two ploidy. Another possibility is the tetraploid spread very quickly after origins, so the change of the karyotype is not obvious. 3. Morphological Polymorphism of different ploidy，The analysis of variation and multiple comparisons with a result of all characters significantly different among /in populations.Characters using numerical taxonomic method Q cluster reveals that ploidy level has little correlation with the morphological variation. The morphological variations in A. mairei are more correlate with Climte and environment. Because the diploids in west Yunnan have more morphological variations. No obvious morphological differentiation between diploid and tetraploid，the tetraploids in A. maimei are autopolyploid from the sight of morphology.4. Autopolyploid and multiple origins of tetraploids in A. mairei，The parsimony analyses of ITS sequence based on the sampling strategy of A. mairei populations with different species of Allium. The strict consensus tree show the diploids and tetraploids of A. mairei to be monophyletic (100% bootstrap). No hybridization between A. mairei and relatives. The result indicates independent polyploidization processes in A. mairei, and support tetraploids in A. mairei are autopolyploid. Based on 27 haplotypes derived form two cpDNA fragments (rpl32-trnL and psbD-trhT), the network analyses showed tetraploids in A.mairei have arisen at least three times. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS variation types showed the reproductive isolation between diploid and teraploid may not exist.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%5C+appears%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+most%5C+significant%5C+mode%5C+of%5C+sympatric%5C+speciation%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+a%5C+prevalent%5C+phenomenon%5C+in%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+research%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+we%5C+analysed%5C+27%5C+populations%5C+over%5C+500%5C+individuals%E2%80%99%5C+karyotypes%5C+and%5C+compared%5C+morphological%5C+characters%5C+between%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+polymorphism%5C+of%5C+different%5C+ploidy.%5C+Parsimony%5C+analysis%5C+within%5C+2%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+loci%5C+from%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+rDNA%5C+ITS%2C%5C+combined%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+and%5C+morphological%5C+results%5C+to%5C+disscussed%5C+the%5C+way%5C+and%5C+the%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+origin.%5C+The%5C+major%5C+results%5C+are%5C+shown%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Karyotypes%5C+of%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%EF%BC%8C27%5C+populations%5C+were%5C+studied%2C%5C+13%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+14%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+have%5C+been%5C+detected.%5C+No%5C+populations%5C+have%5C+both%5C+ploidy%5C+coexist.%5C+Three%5C+karyotype%5C+formulas%5C+in%5C+diploid%5C%3A%5C+2n%3D16m%EF%BC%8C2n%3D14m%5C%2B2sm%5C+and%5C+2n%3D12m%5C%2B4sm%5C%3B%5C+Four%5C+karyotype%5C+formulas%5C+in%5C+tetraploid%5C%3A%5C+2n%3D30m%5C%2B2sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D28m%5C%2B4sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D26m%5C%2B6sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D28m%5C%2B2sm%5C%2B2st.%5C+The%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+all%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+great%5C+similarity.%5C+Most%5C+chromosomes%5C+types%5C+are%5C+%E2%80%9Cm%E2%80%9D%5C+and%E2%80%9Csm%E2%80%9D%2Conly%5C+one%5C+%E2%80%9Cst%E2%80%9Dfound%5C+in%5C+Songming%5C+population.%5C+The%5C+As.K.%25%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+54.70%25%5C+to%5C+57.96%25%5C+.All%5C+karyotype%5C+found%5C+showed%5C+original%5C+with%5C+type%5C+1A%5C+or%5C+2A.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+evolutionary%5C+trend%5C+of%5C+karyotype%5C+is%5C+symmetry%5C+to%5C+asymmetry%2C%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+is%5C+very%5C+original%5C+in%5C+karyotype%5C+even%5C+compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Allium.2%5C+.The%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%EF%BC%8CBoth%5C+cytotypes%5C+occur%5C+across%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+range%5C+in%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+area.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+diploid%5C+cytotype%5C+was%5C+rarely%5C+found%5C+in%5C+the%5C+east%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+and%5C+diploid%5C+cytotype%5C+prefer%5C+higher%5C+altitude.%5C+The%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+extremely%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+east%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+but%5C+rarely%5C+found%5C+in%5C+the%5C+west%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+prefer%5C+lower%5C+altitudes.%5C+No%5C+correlation%5C+found%5C+between%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+patterns%5C+and%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry.%5C+Bisides%5C+few%5C+populations%2C%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+in%5C+most%5C+tetraploid%5C+population%5C+are%5C+similar%5C+with%5C+diploid%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+smallest%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+found%5C+in%5C+tetraploid.%5C+So%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+couldn%E2%80%99t%5C+found%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+trend%5C+between%5C+two%5C+poloidy%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei.%5C+This%5C+result%5C+may%5C+implied%5C+the%5C+multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei%2C%5C+some%5C+progenitors%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+were%5C+distinct%2C%5C+caused%5C+no%5C+correlation%5C+found%5C+between%5C+two%5C+ploidy.%5C+Another%5C+possibility%5C+is%5C+the%5C+tetraploid%5C+spread%5C+very%5C+quickly%5C+after%5C+origins%2C%5C+so%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+is%5C+not%5C+obvious.%5C+3.%5C+Morphological%5C+Polymorphism%5C+of%5C+different%5C+ploidy%EF%BC%8CThe%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+variation%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+comparisons%5C+with%5C+a%5C+result%5C+of%5C+all%5C+characters%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+among%5C+%5C%2Fin%5C+populations.Characters%5C+using%5C+numerical%5C+taxonomic%5C+method%5C+Q%5C+cluster%5C+reveals%5C+that%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+has%5C+little%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+variation.%5C+The%5C+morphological%5C+variations%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+are%5C+more%5C+correlate%5C+with%5C+Climte%5C+and%5C+environment.%5C+Because%5C+the%5C+diploids%5C+in%5C+west%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+more%5C+morphological%5C+variations.%5C+No%5C+obvious%5C+morphological%5C+differentiation%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%EF%BC%8Cthe%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei%5C+are%5C+autopolyploid%5C+from%5C+the%5C+sight%5C+of%5C+morphology.4.%5C+Autopolyploid%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%EF%BC%8CThe%5C+parsimony%5C+analyses%5C+of%5C+ITS%5C+sequence%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+sampling%5C+strategy%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+different%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Allium.%5C+The%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+show%5C+the%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+to%5C+be%5C+monophyletic%5C+%5C%28100%25%5C+bootstrap%5C%29.%5C+No%5C+hybridization%5C+between%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+relatives.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+independent%5C+polyploidization%5C+processes%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%2C%5C+and%5C+support%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+are%5C+autopolyploid.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+27%5C+haplotypes%5C+derived%5C+form%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28rpl32%5C-trnL%5C+and%5C+psbD%5C-trhT%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+network%5C+analyses%5C+showed%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.mairei%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+Phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+variation%5C+types%5C+showed%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+teraploid%5C+may%5C+not%5C+exist."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy, the presence of three or more genomes in an organism, has occurred extensively in plants, and plays a major role in the evolution and speciation of angiosperm. Despite extensive study of the cytotypes distribution and origin of polyploidy, few studies have been reported in China, especially in southwest region. Allium wallichii Kunth (Alliaceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in southwest China, northen India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The multiple ploidy levels and rapid differentiation has made A. wallichii a good candidate for studying polyploidy. The cytotypes distribution and origin of A. wallichii polyploidy has been studied in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateu, a main distribution area of this plant. Root-tip squashes were used to identify the ploidy level and karyotypes of 412 plants from 17 populations sampled from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Based on nuclear ITS DNA sequences in 83 individuals from 17 populations, phylogentic analysis were performed to investigate types of A. wallichii polyloids, and determine if the reproductive isolation has been established between diploids and tetraploids. Based on two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16), haplotypes were identified , and the origination of tetraploids were analyzed. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Distribution of cytotypes, Cytotype distribution was analyzed based on 412 newly studied plants from seventeen populations and published literatures. Nine diploid populations, six diploid-tetraploid mixed populations occur in central to northwest Yunnan, while twelve tetraploid populations occur in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Furthermore, tetraploids has a wider altitude range (1400-3726 m) than diploids (2100-3638 m), which suggests the adaptative ability of tetraploid is much stronger than its diploid pregnancies. Tetraploid populations distributed in northwest Yunnan have much lower karyotype asymmetry with the asymmetry indexes (AI) ranges from 1.83 to 2.87 compared to other populations of other areas (AI, 2.03-3.02). This suggests tetraploid in northwest Yunnan is likely to have an earlier derivation. 2. Autoploidization origin of the tetraploids, Diploids are all 2A type except that Zhongdian D and Baoshan populations are 3A type, and tetraploids are all 2A type but Huize and Hezhang populations are 2B type. It shows high similarity of karyotypes of diploid and tetraploids. In addition, the undistinguishable morphology of A. wallichii with different ploidy levels in northwest Yunnan and the monophyly of A. wallichii in ITS strict consensus tree all suggest autopolyploid origins of tetraploids A. wallichii. 3. Multiple origins of tetraploids, Based on two cpDNA fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16) in 85 individuals from 17 populations across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a total of 17 haplotypes were identified, among them, 3 in diploids only, 11 in tetraploids only, and 3 found in both cytotypes. This, plus network analyses, indicated that tetraploids have arisen independently from diploids at least three times. 4. Productive isolation between diploids and teraploids, ITS phylogenetic analyses between diploid and tetraploid A. wallichii shows that diploids and tetraploids are both monophyly, with bootstrap value 100% and 88% respectively, indicating that the reproductive isolation has been established between them. Based on cpDNA haplotypes and ITS variation types analyses, extensive hybridization and gene introgression may have occurred among tetraploids.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%2C%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+three%5C+or%5C+more%5C+genomes%5C+in%5C+an%5C+organism%2C%5C+has%5C+occurred%5C+extensively%5C+in%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+plays%5C+a%5C+major%5C+role%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+angiosperm.%5C+Despite%5C+extensive%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+polyploidy%2C%5C+few%5C+studies%5C+have%5C+been%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+China%2C%5C+especially%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+region.%5C+Allium%5C+wallichii%5C+Kunth%5C+%5C%28Alliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herb%2C%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+northen%5C+India%2C%5C+Nepal%2C%5C+Sikkim%5C+and%5C+Bhutan.%5C+The%5C+multiple%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+rapid%5C+differentiation%5C+has%5C+made%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+a%5C+good%5C+candidate%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+polyploidy.%5C+The%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyploidy%5C+has%5C+been%5C+studied%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateu%2C%5C+a%5C+main%5C+distribution%5C+area%5C+of%5C+this%5C+plant.%5C+Root%5C-tip%5C+squashes%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+identify%5C+the%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+and%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+412%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+sampled%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+DNA%5C+sequences%5C+in%5C+83%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%2C%5C+phylogentic%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+types%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyloids%2C%5C+and%5C+determine%5C+if%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%2C%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+origination%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+were%5C+analyzed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Distribution%5C+of%5C+cytotypes%2C%5C+Cytotype%5C+distribution%5C+was%5C+analyzed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+412%5C+newly%5C+studied%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+seventeen%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+published%5C+literatures.%5C+Nine%5C+diploid%5C+populations%2C%5C+six%5C+diploid%5C-tetraploid%5C+mixed%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+central%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+twelve%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+tetraploids%5C+has%5C+a%5C+wider%5C+altitude%5C+range%5C+%5C%281400%5C-3726%5C+m%5C%29%5C+than%5C+diploids%5C+%5C%282100%5C-3638%5C+m%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+suggests%5C+the%5C+adaptative%5C+ability%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+much%5C+stronger%5C+than%5C+its%5C+diploid%5C+pregnancies.%5C+Tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+much%5C+lower%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+with%5C+the%5C+asymmetry%5C+indexes%5C+%5C%28AI%5C%29%5C+ranges%5C+from%5C+1.83%5C+to%5C+2.87%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+other%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+other%5C+areas%5C+%5C%28AI%2C%5C+2.03%5C-3.02%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+suggests%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+an%5C+earlier%5C+derivation.%5C+2.%5C+Autoploidization%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Diploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+except%5C+that%5C+Zhongdian%5C+D%5C+and%5C+Baoshan%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+3A%5C+type%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+but%5C+Huize%5C+and%5C+Hezhang%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+2B%5C+type.%5C+It%5C+shows%5C+high%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+undistinguishable%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+in%5C+ITS%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+all%5C+suggest%5C+autopolyploid%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+A.%5C+wallichii.%5C+3.%5C+Multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%5C+in%5C+85%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+across%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+17%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+among%5C+them%2C%5C+3%5C+in%5C+diploids%5C+only%2C%5C+11%5C+in%5C+tetraploids%5C+only%2C%5C+and%5C+3%5C+found%5C+in%5C+both%5C+cytotypes.%5C+This%2C%5C+plus%5C+network%5C+analyses%2C%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+tetraploids%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+independently%5C+from%5C+diploids%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+4.%5C+Productive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+teraploids%2C%5C+ITS%5C+phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+both%5C+monophyly%2C%5C+with%5C+bootstrap%5C+value%5C+100%25%5C+and%5C+88%25%5C+respectively%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+them.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+and%5C+ITS%5C+variation%5C+types%5C+analyses%2C%5C+extensive%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+introgression%5C+may%5C+have%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+tetraploids."},{"jsname":"Seeds contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation 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origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the mechanism.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+reaction%5C+of%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+is%5C+which%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%5C+catalyzes%5C+hydrolytic%5C+cleavage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+terminal%5C+phosphate%5C+diester%5C+bond%5C+of%5C+glycerophosphatides%2C%5C+transfer%5C+the%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+moiety%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phospholipids%5C+to%5C+a%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+water%2C%5C+producing%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PtdOH%5C%29.%5C+Although%5C+this%5C+reaction%5C+plays%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+physical%5C+process%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+anminals%2C%5C+the%5C+pathway%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+and%5C+detailed%5C+regulation%5C+mechanism%5C+are%5C+still%5C+unknown%5C+or%5C+not%5C+clear.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+three%5C+factors%5C+which%5C+can%5C+affect%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+substrates%2C%5C+enzymes%5C+and%5C+products.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+intended%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+in%5C+detail%5C+by%5C+changing%5C+two%5C+indispensable%5C+factors%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+substrate%5C+and%5C+the%5C+PLDs.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+consist%5C+of%C2%A0three%5C+researches%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+one%2C%5C+changing%5C+the%5C+accept%5C+substrate%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+aims%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%2C%5C+to%5C+reveal%5C+the%5C+significance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C%3B%5C+secondly%2C%5C+using%5C+genetic%5C+methods%5C+to%5C+regulate%5C+the%5C+expression%5C+of%5C+PLDs%5C+mediating%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+intends%5C+to%5C+study%5C+its%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+senescence%5C%3B%5C+thirdly%2C%5C+reducing%5C+mostly%5C+PA%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+PLDs%5C+by%5C+addition%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+try%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+PLD%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+on%5C+phosphate%5C+starvation.%5C+1.%5C+Initial%5C+research%5C+of%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+the%5C+palnt%5C+growth.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seeding%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+molecules%2C%5C+the%5C+metabolic%5C+procees%5C+and%5C+signaling%5C+pathway%5C+invoved%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+we%5C+observed%2C%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+its%5C+polarity%5C+is%5C+positively%5C+correlated%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants%5C+may%5C+be%5C+related%5C+with%5C+the%5C+butanoate%5C+and%5C+propanoate%5C+metabolic%5C+pathway%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+free%5C+IAA%5C+is%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+resistance%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+for%5C+WS%5C+ecotype%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+Futhermore%2C%5C+five%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+insensitive%5C+mutants%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+and%5C+the%5C+mutant%5C+sites%5C+has%5C+identified.%5C+Under%5C+the%5C+same%5C+concentration%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+are%5C+in%5C+better%5C+condition%5C+no%5C+matter%5C+physical%5C+and%5C+chemical%5C+level%5C+or%5C+cellular%5C+levels%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+believed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+definitely%5C+provide%5C+direct%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phytohormones%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+The%5C+reason%5C+for%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+delaying%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+senescence%5C+may%5C+be%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+are%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+ABA%5C+and%5C+ethylene%5C+sinaling%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-or%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+contributes%5C+to%5C+reactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+%5C%28ROS%5C%29%5C+accumulation%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+level%5C+of%5C+indole%5C-3%5C-acrtic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28IAA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+zeatin%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%28ZR%5C%29%5C+level%5C+but%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+abscisic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ABA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+jasmonic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28JA%5C%29%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Col%5C+and%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+WS%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+favorable%5C+to%5C+retard%5C+the%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+leaves%5C+senescence.%5C+3.%5C+Application%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+when%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C-limited.%5C+The%5C+seedinges%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+or%5C+not%5C+exposed%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+was%5C+subjected%5C+to%5C+lethal%5C+stress.%5C+However%2C%5C+in%5C+low%5C+phosphate%5C+condition%2C%5C+application%5C+of%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+lower%5C+anthocyanin%5C+accumulation%2C%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+the%5C+siliques%5C+number%2C%5C+in%5C+a%5C+word%2C%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+attenuates%5C+the%5C+symptom%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+induced.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+tert%5C-Butanol%5C+can%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+phosphate%2C%5C+however%2C%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+the%5C+mechanism."},{"jsname":"Through investigating sympatric distribution of Rhododendron irroratum, examing the variation of floral characters and sequencing the ITS and other chloroplast segements, we find that (1) R. irroratum might be of hybrid origin, with its maternal parent R. delavayi or R. decorum. (2) The ancestral haplotype of R. irroratum might be identical to that of R. decorum, and it is under ongoing introgression from R. delavayi. 1. The natural distribution, Seven distribution sites of R. irroratum in Guizhou and Yunnan province were investigated. The result shows that R. irroratum is sympatric with R. delavayi, R. decorum and R. agastum. R. delavayi is widespread across the above-mentioned seven sites, whereas R. agastum is scarce in DaPingDi, HuaDianBa and HeQing sites. R. irroratum and R. agastum distribute at the higher elevation compared to that of R. decorum, while R. delavayi is of widespread distribution across both regions of R. decorum and R. irroratum.2. Floral variation of R. irroratum among populations, The floral characters remain vary within and among populations except for the stamen number and the petal number. Seven floral characters correlates with each other among populations, of 28 different combinations, 26 reveal significant correlation, and 23 extremely significant correlation. The PCA analysis shows that the first two components account for 52.18% of the total variation. The dendrogram tree is divided into four main parts, roughly representing the respective populations, which is constructed using 22 R. irroratum individuals. 3. Putative Development and the transferability test of SSR makers, Fifteen microsatellite loci were developed and characterized in R. delavayi. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 4 per locus, ranging from 3 to 6. The ranges of expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities were 0.0365-0.7091 and 0.0263-0.9512, respectively. Seven loci (R-111, R-112, R-147, R-299, R-320, R-335, and R-544) deviated significantly from the HWE (P﹤0.01). No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between locus pairs except for three locus pairs: R-299 and R-544, R-166 and R-320, R-111 and R-320. Cross-species amplification in R. agastum, R. decorum, and R. irroratum showed that a subset of these markers holds promise for congeneric species study.4. ITS, matK, trnH-psbA and rbcL sequences. R. delavayi has six sites different from that of R. decorum in its ITS region, whereas R. agastum reveals double peaks at the corresponding sites and R. irroratum is identical to that of R. delavayi. The chloroplast segements show that some R. irroratum individuals share the same haplotype with R. delavayi and others share them with R. decorum.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThrough%5C+investigating%5C+sympatric%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+Rhododendron%5C+irroratum%2C%5C+examing%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+sequencing%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+and%5C+other%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%2C%5C+we%5C+find%5C+that%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%2C%5C+with%5C+its%5C+maternal%5C+parent%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+or%5C+R.%5C+decorum.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+The%5C+ancestral%5C+haplotype%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+is%5C+under%5C+ongoing%5C+introgression%5C+from%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+1.%5C+The%5C+natural%5C+distribution%2C%5C+Seven%5C+distribution%5C+sites%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+in%5C+Guizhou%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+sympatric%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+widespread%5C+across%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+seven%5C+sites%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+is%5C+scarce%5C+in%5C+DaPingDi%2C%5C+HuaDianBa%5C+and%5C+HeQing%5C+sites.%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+distribute%5C+at%5C+the%5C+higher%5C+elevation%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+while%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+of%5C+widespread%5C+distribution%5C+across%5C+both%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum.2.%5C+Floral%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+The%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+remain%5C+vary%5C+within%5C+and%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+except%5C+for%5C+the%5C+stamen%5C+number%5C+and%5C+the%5C+petal%5C+number.%5C+Seven%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+correlates%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+of%5C+28%5C+different%5C+combinations%2C%5C+26%5C+reveal%5C+significant%5C+correlation%2C%5C+and%5C+23%5C+extremely%5C+significant%5C+correlation.%5C+The%5C+PCA%5C+analysis%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+the%5C+first%5C+two%5C+components%5C+account%5C+for%5C+52.18%25%5C+of%5C+the%5C+total%5C+variation.%5C+The%5C+dendrogram%5C+tree%5C+is%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+main%5C+parts%2C%5C+roughly%5C+representing%5C+the%5C+respective%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+constructed%5C+using%5C+22%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals.%5C+3.%5C+Putative%5C+Development%5C+and%5C+the%5C+transferability%5C+test%5C+of%5C+SSR%5C+makers%2C%5C+Fifteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+and%5C+characterized%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+average%5C+allele%5C+number%5C+of%5C+these%5C+microsatellites%5C+was%5C+4%5C+per%5C+locus%2C%5C+ranging%5C+from%5C+3%5C+to%5C+6.%5C+The%5C+ranges%5C+of%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+were%5C+0.0365%5C-0.7091%5C+and%5C+0.0263%5C-0.9512%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+%5C%28R%5C-111%2C%5C+R%5C-112%2C%5C+R%5C-147%2C%5C+R%5C-299%2C%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-335%2C%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%5C%29%5C+deviated%5C+significantly%5C+from%5C+the%5C+HWE%5C+%5C%28P%EF%B9%A40.01%5C%29.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+linkage%5C+disequilibrium%5C+was%5C+detected%5C+between%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C+except%5C+for%5C+three%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C%3A%5C+R%5C-299%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%2C%5C+R%5C-166%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-111%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320.%5C+Cross%5C-species%5C+amplification%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+agastum%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+a%5C+subset%5C+of%5C+these%5C+markers%5C+holds%5C+promise%5C+for%5C+congeneric%5C+species%5C+study.4.%5C+ITS%2C%5C+matK%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%5C+and%5C+rbcL%5C+sequences.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+has%5C+six%5C+sites%5C+different%5C+from%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+in%5C+its%5C+ITS%5C+region%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+reveals%5C+double%5C+peaks%5C+at%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+sites%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%5C+show%5C+that%5C+some%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals%5C+share%5C+the%5C+same%5C+haplotype%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+and%5C+others%5C+share%5C+them%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+decorum."},{"jsname":"Transposable elements (TEs) have been found to be a significant fraction of eukaryotic genomes. Moreover, they make great contributions to the structure, function and evolution of genomes as well as genes. However, some questions such as the mechanisms of retainment of TEs in the genome and their adaptive evolution have not been fully elucidated so far. In this study, the distributions of 17 TE-gene associations among Oryza species were investigated. In addition, the nucleotide diversity was analysed and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions were performed. Based on the above-observed patterns, evolutionary relationships between species in the AA genome group were discussed. The main results are as follows: For each TE-gene association, PCR and electrophoresis were conducted for a total of 107 strains, belonging to different Oryza species. The patterns of each TE-gene association in different species were obtained. It is our finding that 2 associations distribute through all Oryza species. By contrast, other 15 associations were only observed in some Oryza species. On basis of the above-mentioned results, it is likely that insertion events under study occurred in their common ancestor, and then they dispersed with subsequent divergence of different AA genome species. Our datas strongly support that O. meridionalis is the most basal lineage of AA genome group, instead of O. longistaminata.For several TE-gene associations fixed in populations of ancestor, the nucleotide diversity was estimated and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions between populations with and without TE insertions were performed. No significant result was obtained. It is possible that the fixation of mutations with TE insetion is a random process; alternatively, this process is attributable to nature selection. Since the fixation has finished, it is difficult to detect the signature at the sequence level.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATransposable%5C+elements%5C+%5C%28TEs%5C%29%5C+have%5C+been%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+eukaryotic%5C+genomes.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+they%5C+make%5C+great%5C+contributions%5C+to%5C+the%5C+structure%2C%5C+function%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+genomes%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+genes.%5C+However%2C%5C+some%5C+questions%5C+such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+retainment%5C+of%5C+TEs%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+their%5C+adaptive%5C+evolution%5C+have%5C+not%5C+been%5C+fully%5C+elucidated%5C+so%5C+far.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+distributions%5C+of%5C+17%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+among%5C+Oryza%5C+species%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+above%5C-observed%5C+patterns%2C%5C+evolutionary%5C+relationships%5C+between%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+For%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%2C%5C+PCR%5C+and%5C+electrophoresis%5C+were%5C+conducted%5C+for%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+107%5C+strains%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+different%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+The%5C+patterns%5C+of%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%5C+in%5C+different%5C+species%5C+were%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+our%5C+finding%5C+that%5C+2%5C+associations%5C+distribute%5C+through%5C+all%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+By%5C+contrast%2C%5C+other%5C+15%5C+associations%5C+were%5C+only%5C+observed%5C+in%5C+some%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+On%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+that%5C+insertion%5C+events%5C+under%5C+study%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+their%5C+common%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+and%5C+then%5C+they%5C+dispersed%5C+with%5C+subsequent%5C+divergence%5C+of%5C+different%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+species.%5C+Our%5C+datas%5C+strongly%5C+support%5C+that%5C+O.%5C+meridionalis%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+basal%5C+lineage%5C+of%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%2C%5C+instead%5C+of%5C+O.%5C+longistaminata.For%5C+several%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+fixed%5C+in%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+estimated%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+between%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+result%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+of%5C+mutations%5C+with%5C+TE%5C+insetion%5C+is%5C+a%5C+random%5C+process%5C%3B%5C+alternatively%2C%5C+this%5C+process%5C+is%5C+attributable%5C+to%5C+nature%5C+selection.%5C+Since%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+has%5C+finished%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+difficult%5C+to%5C+detect%5C+the%5C+signature%5C+at%5C+the%5C+sequence%5C+level."},{"jsname":"Trigonobalanus doichangensis is an endangered plant. In this paper, the megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, seed morphological traits and seed germination, seed conservation, micropropagation and acclimatization of this species were studied. Combined with the published results of cytology, molecular genetics and other researches,the mechanisms of extinction, basic biology and technology of germplasm conservation and acclimatization of T. doichangensis were discussed. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte，Stamens exist under the stigma of T. doichangensis, and the pollen is aborted on the later development stage of pistil, therefore, the pistillate flower in function is hermaphrodite flower in morphology. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The primary archesporium is hypodermal and single-celled and the sporogenous cell of the nucellus functions directly as a megaspore mother cell which goes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore of the tetrad is functional. The development of embryo sac conforms to the polygonum type. There are six ovules in the ovary of T. doichangensis, and only one develops into a seed in normal fruits. In the process of megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, there are several links of abortion, and 93.3% of mature embryo sacs is aborted.2. Morphological characters and germination of seeds，Most of the variation occurred among individual trees within populations in seed morphological traits (length, width and 1000-seed weight) and germination-related indices (germination percentage, germination index and vigor index). In addition, the variation in percentage of well-developed seeds among populations and among individual trees within populations is equal, each accounting for 48%. Each of seed morphological traits has significantly positive correlation with each other (p < 0.01), but they have no significant correlation with percentage of well-developed seeds and germination-related indices. In the same batch of seeds of T. doichangensis, there are light-colored and dark-colored seed coats, and development of light-colored seeds is significantly poorer than that of dark-colored seeds.The sensitivity of seeds to high temperature varys in different stages of seed imbibition. In each stage, heat acclimatization don’t increase germination percentage, germination index and fresh weight of seedlings. If the distilled water is substituted by solution of SA during seed imbibition, seed germination and germination index after heat shock are not significantly different from control, but they are significantly higher than that of other treatments. Moreover, when the seeds are treatmented with SA, the fresh weight of seedlings is significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.3. Seed conservation，Seeds of T. doichangensis belong to orthodox seeds which can tolerate certain level of dehydration. The condition of low temperature and low water content of seeds is conducive to seed conservation.Germination of fresh seeds shows significant variation among populations, howerer, germination of the seeds after storage for one year in room temperature shows no significant variation among populations.High temperature and high relative humidity damages the seeds more severely than high temperature does. In addition, low water content of seeds enable the seeds to be more tolerant to high temperature.The electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity and germination percentage have no significant correlation with each other.4. Micropropagation and in vitro conservation，Cotyledonary nodes are a kind of efficient explants. Low salt media are conducive to shoot propagation and root induction.The maximum multiplication rate (20-25 shoots/explant within 4 months) is achieved on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/4 MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).Rooting is promoted by auxins, however, IBA alone or low concentrations of NAA are preferable due to small amount of callus induced. The research has established an efficient protocol for micropropagation of T. doichangensis, and it provides technology support for in vitro conservation of special germplasm of the species.5. Acclimatization，Quercus variabilis, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides and T. doichangensis belong to the family of Fagaceae, and the natural distribution ranges of the 3 species are decreasing in turn. The research suggests that the ranges of temperature tolerance of the 3 species are decreasing corresponding to their distribution ranges.The high and low semi-lethal temperature of one-year old T. doichangensis is 49.5℃ and -5℃ respectively. It suggests that T. doichangensis has a wide range of basic temperature tolerance. Short-term heat and cold acclimatization cannot expand the range of temperature tolerance. It can be inferred that T. doichangensis may lack induced tolerance to temperature. Under proper conditions, ABA can increase the cold tolerance, and SA can increase the heat tolerance of leaf discs of T. doichangensis.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=maize&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATrigonobalanus%5C+doichangensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+plant.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+the%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seed%5C+conservation%2C%5C+micropropagation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied.%5C+Combined%5C+with%5C+the%5C+published%5C+results%5C+of%5C+cytology%2C%5C+molecular%5C+genetics%5C+and%5C+other%5C+researches%2Cthe%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+extinction%2C%5C+basic%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+germplasm%5C+conservation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%EF%BC%8CStamens%5C+exist%5C+under%5C+the%5C+stigma%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+pollen%5C+is%5C+aborted%5C+on%5C+the%5C+later%5C+development%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+pistil%2C%5C+therefore%2C%5C+the%5C+pistillate%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+function%5C+is%5C+hermaphrodite%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+morphology.%5C+The%5C+ovule%5C+is%5C+anatropous%2C%5C+bitegmic%5C+and%5C+crassinucellate.%5C+The%5C+primary%5C+archesporium%5C+is%5C+hypodermal%5C+and%5C+single%5C-celled%5C+and%5C+the%5C+sporogenous%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+the%5C+nucellus%5C+functions%5C+directly%5C+as%5C+a%5C+megaspore%5C+mother%5C+cell%5C+which%5C+goes%5C+meiosis%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+linear%5C+tetrad.%5C+The%5C+chalazal%5C+megaspore%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetrad%5C+is%5C+functional.%5C+The%5C+development%5C+of%5C+embryo%5C+sac%5C+conforms%5C+to%5C+the%5C+polygonum%5C+type.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+six%5C+ovules%5C+in%5C+the%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+only%5C+one%5C+develops%5C+into%5C+a%5C+seed%5C+in%5C+normal%5C+fruits.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+process%5C+of%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+several%5C+links%5C+of%5C+abortion%2C%5C+and%5C+93.3%25%5C+of%5C+mature%5C+embryo%5C+sacs%5C+is%5C+aborted.2.%5C+Morphological%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+seeds%EF%BC%8CMost%5C+of%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28length%2C%5C+width%5C+and%5C+1000%5C-seed%5C+weight%5C%29%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices%5C+%5C%28germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+vigor%5C+index%5C%29.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+equal%2C%5C+each%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+48%25.%5C+Each%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+has%5C+significantly%5C+positive%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+%5C%28p%5C+%3C%5C+0.01%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+have%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+same%5C+batch%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+and%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seed%5C+coats%2C%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+poorer%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seeds.The%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+varys%5C+in%5C+different%5C+stages%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+imbibition.%5C+In%5C+each%5C+stage%2C%5C+heat%5C+acclimatization%5C+don%E2%80%99t%5C+increase%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+distilled%5C+water%5C+is%5C+substituted%5C+by%5C+solution%5C+of%5C+SA%5C+during%5C+seed%5C+imbibition%2C%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+after%5C+heat%5C+shock%5C+are%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+from%5C+control%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+are%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+other%5C+treatments.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+when%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+treatmented%5C+with%5C+SA%2C%5C+the%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+control%5C+and%5C+other%5C+treatments.3.%5C+Seed%5C+conservation%EF%BC%8CSeeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+can%5C+tolerate%5C+certain%5C+level%5C+of%5C+dehydration.%5C+The%5C+condition%5C+of%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+low%5C+water%5C+content%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+conducive%5C+to%5C+seed%5C+conservation.Germination%5C+of%5C+fresh%5C+seeds%5C+shows%5C+significant%5C+variation%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+howerer%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+storage%5C+for%5C+one%5C+year%5C+i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WOS被引频次降序
题名升序
题名降序
期刊影响因子升序
期刊影响因子降序
发表日期升序
发表日期降序
提交时间升序
提交时间降序
Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of EST-SSR markers in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)
期刊论文
BMC PLANT BIOLOGY, 2010, 卷号: 10, 页码: 278
作者:
Qiu, Lijun
;
Yang, Chun
;
Tian, Bo
;
Yang, Jun-Bo
;
Liu, Aizhong
Adobe PDF(518Kb)
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浏览/下载：364/120
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提交时间：2012/06/12
Greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use in China
期刊论文
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY, 2010, 卷号: 13, 期号: 8, 页码: 688-694
作者:
Kahrl, Fredrich
;
Li, Yunju
;
Su, Yufang
;
Tennigkeit, Timm
;
Wilkes, Andreas
;
Xu, Jianchu
Adobe PDF(205Kb)
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浏览/下载：1504/617
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提交时间：2011/12/26
Nitrogen Fertilizer
Ammonia
Urea
Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
China
植物响应冻融胁迫的机制研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
张旭东
Adobe PDF(6021Kb)
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浏览/下载：394/29
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提交时间：2013/01/28
大理茶遗传多样性和大苞茶起源机制的研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
赵东伟
Adobe PDF(3550Kb)
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浏览/下载：521/25
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提交时间：2013/01/28
基于叶绿体全基因组的竹子系统发育基因组学研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
张韵洁
Adobe PDF(10846Kb)
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浏览/下载：601/51
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提交时间：2013/01/28
水稻花发育相关的miRNA靶基因多态性和自然选择研究
学位论文
, 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
凌立贞
Adobe PDF(2785Kb)
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浏览/下载：295/10
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提交时间：2013/01/28
植物对金属离子胁迫的响应机制研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
杨慧
Adobe PDF(3018Kb)
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浏览/下载：346/8
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提交时间：2013/01/28
植物中磷脂酶D介导的转移磷脂酰基反应的功能研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
贾艳霞
Adobe PDF(14151Kb)
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浏览/下载：309/10
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提交时间：2013/01/28
灯盏乙素的植物激素效应及其作用机制
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
李艳
Adobe PDF(4549Kb)
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浏览/下载：257/12
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提交时间：2013/01/28
鹿蹄橐吾与东俄洛橐吾的谱系地理学研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院研究生院, 2010
王金凤
Adobe PDF(4373Kb)
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浏览/下载：358/29
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提交时间：2013/01/28
