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资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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yunnanensis is one of the main timber species in Yunnan province, and widely distributed in southwest of China. Forest stand growth models are built for predicting stand growth, which could provide useful quantitative information for forest management. Understanding stand growth is also important for estimating forest carbon stock and carbon sequestration. Several studies of growth model for Pinus yunnanensis have been reported, however, most of which focus on a specific part of growth model. Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to further the study of growth model for important stand factors. As a scaling-up tool for the observational data, remote sensing technique makes scaling biomass estimation from ground plot to a large scale more feasible and effective. Stand growth model was studied based on 91 sample plots data collected in the Yangliu Township, Longyang District, Baoshan Prefecture. Nonlinear fitting was used in fitting and selecting alternative growth functions, models of site index, density and stand age, average DBH, average tree height and stock volume were built in this study. Stock volume calculated from plot data was converted to aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and carbon stock according to selected equations and parameters. A total of 18 remote sensing variables were derived from SPOT 4 imagery, including reflectance of each band, normalized difference vegetation index, ration vegetation index, etc. The correlationship between aboveground biomass and remote sensing variables was analyzed, based on their significance of correlation, multiple regression, stepwise regression, nonlinear fitting were used to establish the aboveground biomass model. The effect of image processing levels on biomass estimation was compared, 3 types of images were analyzed including fusioned image without radiometric correction, radiometrically corrected to top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, and atmospherically corrected to surface reflectance. The main conclusions of this study are as follow: (1) Schumacher function fitted the stand growth better in site index, single variable average DBH, average tree height and stock volume growth model. Models fitted from Schumacher were more stable as the coefficient of variation was much lower than other alternative functions. S function was the best model in the fitting between stand density and age. (2) Comparing with the single variable average DBH growth model, fitting was improved a little after reparameterizing the model by introducing site index and stand density index variables. Stepwise regression improved the fitting significantly, the model with average tree height, density and age variables had best fitting without colinearity between variables. Repameterizing the average tree height growth model improved the fitting results a lot by introducing site index and density index variables. (3) Single age variable stock volume growth model had low coefficient of determination, but it was improved a lot by introducing site index and stand density index in reparameterization. Stand age was excluded in the stepwise regression modles, if raplace average tree height with stand age, the stepwise regression model that included age variable had higher coefficient of dertmination, but might have collinearity between variables when using a higher colinearity caritia. (4) Image analysis indicated that middle infrared was an important band for biomass estimation, and atmpspheric correction could improve fitting results of aboveground bimass model. Modified ratio vegetation index calculated from middle infrared and red band had highest correlation coefficient with aboveground biomass in pansharpened image, while modified NDVI derived from middle infrared and red band had highest coefficient in both radometrically corrected image. Comparing the fitting results of multiregression, stepwise regression and single variable nonlinear fitting, S biomass model was the most suitable model in all images. The final aboveground biomass S model was built from the atmospherically corrected image with modified NDVI as variable. Biomass estimation error of S model with surface reflectance image was evaluated, results shown estimation had high root of mean square error (RMSE), and quite small relative bias, which indicating that this method was suitable for mapping biomass spatial distribution on large scale. Finally, above ground biomass and carbon stock of Pinus yunnanensis were estimated with S model and surface reflectance 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of International Cooperation and Exchanges, NSFC[41661144001]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Soil%2BPollution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AProjects%5C+of%5C+International%5C+Cooperation%5C+and%5C+Exchanges%2C%5C+NSFC%5C%5B41661144001%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Provincial Innovation Group for Farmland Non-pollution Production, Yunnan Agricultural University[2017HC015]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Soil%2BPollution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AProvincial%5C+Innovation%5C+Group%5C+for%5C+Farmland%5C+Non%5C-pollution%5C+Production%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+Agricultural%5C+University%5C%5B2017HC015%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Science Research Foundation of Guizhou University[201309]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Soil%2BPollution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AScience%5C+Research%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+Guizhou%5C+University%5C%5B201309%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province[[2017]2511-1]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Soil%2BPollution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AScience%5C+and%5C+Technology%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+Guizhou%5C+Province%5C%5B%5C%5B2017%5C%5D2511%5C-1%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Sinopteris, a rare genus endemic to China, has two species S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca. To explore systematic position and endangerment mechanisms of Sinopteris, its sporophyte morphological characteristics, gametophyte development, cytology, molecular phologenetics, and biogeography were investigated based on the extensive investigation of its distribution, existing circumstances and ecological adaptation. The main progresses are briefly summarized as follows:1. Resource investigation, S. grevilleoides has a scattered distribution only in very few areas of Dayao, Binchuan, Qiaojia in Yunnan and Qingchuan in Sichuan; the elevation scope of its habitate is 1100-1800m. S. albofusca distributes in areas, 1700-2800 meters above sealevel in Hebei, Beijing, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. Our investigation showed that the resources of the two species were decreasing and it was very difficult to find them in wild, even in distribution areas on record. 2. Sporophyte morphological characteristics, The plants of Sinopteris are evergreen small xerophytes. Fronds are texture coriaceous, pentagon, upper surface smooth, under surface whitish-farinose; veins pinnate branching, not seen above, but very prominently raised beneath. Sori are marginal, terminal, consisting of one or two large, globose, subsessile sporangium, provided with a very broad annulus. Indusia deeply cut into triangular, toothed lobes. The form of frond epidermis of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca bring into correspondence with each other: the epidermis cells are irregular narrow strip with sinuous anticlinal walls; the stomatal apparatus exists on the lower epidermis and its types according to Dilcher’s [26] nomination are polycytic and axillocytic. Scales attaching to the base of petiole are brown, lanceolate.3. Gametophyte development, The spores of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were cultured in improved Knop’s agar medium and three kinds of soil substrata respectively. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed. The impact of four culture substrata on the gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of S. grevilleoides was compared. The results are as follows:(1) The mature spores of Sinopteris were black-brown, isospory, regular tetrahedron, trilete, blunt triangle in polar view, scoop in equatorial view. Spore germination was of Vittaria-type and gametophyte exhibited Adiantum-type development. The adult prothalli were symmetric cordate. Antheridium protruding from the surface of prothalus was nearly spherosome. Archegonium was born near the notch on the ventral face of the cordate prothalus and those near the notch matured late. Mature archegonium was tall and slender, whose neck was composed of four lines cells and three to five layerscells each line. The four cells at the top separated when the archegonium matured. (2) The gametophyte and infant sporophyte morphological development of S. grevilleoides represented very different features on different culture substrata. Mature cordate prothalli on humus soil did not bear archegonias, and thus the process of sexual reproduction ofS. grevilleoides could not be finished. The substratum composed of humus soil and original soil in ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable substratum for gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of this species. Infant sporophytes needed extra nutrient solution to sustain its growth on improved Knop''s agar medium.(3) The main contaminants were bacteria, fungi and algae during sterile cultures and algae, moss and other higher plants during soil cultures.4. Cytology, Chromosome numbers of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were investigated firstly. The result showed that the chromosome numbers of the two species both were 2n=60 and the basic choromosome number was x=30. 5. Molecular phologenetics, The phylogeny of 26 species was estimated from combined analyses of four cpDNA sequence data sets (rps4, rps4-trnS, atpB, atpB-rbcL and trnL-F). Most parsimonious (MP) and Bayesian analysis both shows the genus Sinopteris is monophyletic with strong support and it is nearly related to A. subargentea from Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris. The MPsystematic tree also shows: both Leptolepidium and Cheilosoria are not monophyletic; Cheilosoria is nearly related to Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris and Leptolepidium is nearly related to Ser. Farinosae of Aleuritopteris.6. Population and community structure, The two species of Sinopteris mainly grow in the crevices of cliffs and the numbers of individuals within populations are small. In the community, they are less competitive and under dog. Its geographical distribution requires strict elevation, humidity and illumination. S. grevilleoides often grows in the brushwood or grass. Thickets of S. albofusca usually grows in the brushwood or coniferous forest. 7. Soil property,S. grevilleoides grows in purplish soil in wild; the soil is very thin and it isdifficult to store water. S. albofusca grows in sticky and infertile red soil. Analysis of the soil chemical property shows: the two original soils both are acid soil with high calcium and available B; their total Pand K is low.8. Endangerment factors and conservation measures, Endangerment factors: (1) Their distribution areas are so narrow that they are difficult to cope with environmental changes. (2)Their own physiological and ecological characteristics: spore germination was exigent over humidity, illumination and soil; their ecological circumstances cause their rhizomes to have no too much room to extend. Based on the previous two, reproduction by spores and rhizomes for the genus Sinopteris is limited. (3)To some extent, human-induced habitat loss, accompanying habit fragmentation, and natural disaster such as drought and fire accelerated the endangerment process. Conservation measures: (1) Have a clear and definite acquaintance to recent population size, distribution and growth dynamics by strengthening field investigation. (2) According to the specific circumstances, introduce in-situ and ex-situ conservation. (3)Rejuvenate and expand Sinopteris by adopting division propagation and artificial reproduction by spores. (4) Exploit species of the genus as greening and floral 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