中国云南的微型真菌：蕨类植物上子囊菌的案例研究

	中国云南的微型真菌：蕨类植物上子囊菌的案例研究
	Rungtiwa Phookamsak
导师	许建初
关键词	子囊菌，中国真菌，内生菌，真菌多样性，形态-分子学方法，腐生真菌，分类学 Ascomycota, Chinese mycota, Endophytes, Fungal diversity, morpho-molecular approaches, Saprobic fungi, Taxonomy
摘要	云南与世界上36个生物多样性热点中的三个相连，包括中国西南部山区、喜马拉雅东部尼泊尔-印度和印度-缅甸地区。由于其多样的环境，多样的植被，复杂的地形和地理特点，云南地区拥有极高的真菌多样性且广负盛名。以最新的植物和真菌比例（1:10）估测，云南约有174000种真菌。然而，到目前为止，被记录在案的约有6000种物种，且主要限于大型真菌。这意味着超过160000种真菌等待被发现。在云南省正在进行的微型真菌调查中，记录了500多个真菌分类群，其中381个微型真菌是从保山、红河、昆明、丽江和西双版纳的蕨类植物和其他植物宿主中分离出来的。基于ITS区NCBI核苷酸突变结果的初步鉴定表明，这些分类群分布在子囊菌门内的5个纲、31个目和67个科中。此外，在Alsophila spinulosa上发现了内生菌和腐生菌的三个担子菌类群（即Merismodes sp.、Sphaerobolus sp.和Trametes versicolor）。基于形态-分子生物学方法发表了52个分类群，包括8个新属、29个新种、2个新组合和13个新寄主和地理记录。有趣的是，大多数新分类群都是从昆明收集的，尤其是在昆明植物研究所的园区里。金银忍冬（Lonicera maackii）显示出是一种被微型真菌高度寄生的寄主，仅从该植物中就发现了3个新属和6个新种。此外，红河州竹子真菌的研究也显示出极高的多样性，从该地区的竹子中采集到了3个新属和4个新种。共从红河和西双版纳的蕨类植物中分离到231种微型真菌，其中167种内生真菌从树蕨（Alsophila spinulosa）的叶和根中分离到。ITS区域的NCBI核苷酸突变结果显示，这些内生真菌和腐生真菌属于60个属，包括Amarenomyces、Anthotomella、Arthrinium、Asterocalycella、Bipolaris、Botryosphaeria、Byssochlamys、Cladosporium、Clonostachys、Collarispora、Colletotrichum、Coniothyrium、Cyphelophora、Cytospora、Daldinia、Diaporthe、Diatypella、Didymosphaeria和Dothida，Epicoccus、Fracciaea、Fusarium、Glonium、Harzia、Kramasamuha、Kretzschmaria、Lambertella、Lasiodiplodia、Lophiostoma、Lophiotrema、Microthyrium、Monilochaites、Myxospora、Nectria、Nemania、Neofusicocum、Neopestalotiopsis、Nigrospora、Nothophoma、Paratrimmatomatomesteria、Periconia、Pezicula、Phaeoacremonium、Phoma、Phylosticta、Pithomyces、Plendomus、Pseudopestalotiosiopsis、，Sardiniella、Spegazzinia、Terriera、Torula、Trametes、Trichoderma、Trichocecium、Veronaea和Xylaria。在蕨类植物上发现了十个属，即Arthrinium、Botryosphaeria、Cladosporium、Colletotrichum、Cytospora、Diaporthe、Nigrospora，Pestalotiopsis、Plenodomus和Xylaria。而在蕨类植物上发现的其他微型真菌的属的内生性和腐生性显示出是不同的。大多数属属于Sordariomycetes，其次是Dothidomycetes、Leotimycetes和Basidiomycota，其中Diaporthe和Pestalotiopsis物种在蕨类植物上占优势。Diaporthe和Pestalotiopsis是众所周知的植物病原体，也已从树蕨的死鳞和活叶中分离出来，这表明这两个属可能可以根据环境情况转换为腐生菌。依据真菌培养和分子生物学方法的实验显示，Alsophila spinulosa根上的真菌群体不同于叶上的真菌群体。而在Daldinia属、Diaporthe属、Fusarium属、Lasiodiplodia属、Pestalotiopsis属和Xylaria属中，Alsophila spinulosa的叶和根上同时存在。根据目前对蕨类植物物种数量的估计，我们的研究表明，蕨类植物也拥有高度的真菌多样性。所有新记录的真菌都进行了详细描述，并用显微照片进行了说明，以供进一步发表。原始标本存放在中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆（KUN-HKAS），从单孢子分离获得的培养物存放在昆明植物研究所培养物保藏资源库（KUNCC）。; Yunnan is connected to three of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots, including the mountains of South-west China, Eastern Himalaya-Nepal-India and Indo-BurmaIndia-Myanmar regions. With diverse environments, vegetation and complex topography and geography, Yunnan region is known to harbour an extremely high diversity of fungi. Considering the updated plant and fungal ratio (1:10), there are approximately 174,000 fungal species in Yunnan. However, about 6,000 species were so far documented and that data was mainly restricted to macrofungi. This means more than 160,000 fungal species await discovery. In an ongoing microfungal inventory in Yunnan Province, over 500 fungal taxa were documented and of which 381 microfungi were isolated from ferns and other plant hosts from Baoshan, Honghe, Kunming, Lijiang and Xishuangbanna. Preliminary identification based on NCBI nucleotide blast results of ITS region showed that these taxa are distributed in five classes, 31 orders and 67 families within Ascomycota. Besides, three taxa of Basidiomycetes (viz. Merismodes sp., Sphaerobolus sp. and Trametes versicolor) were found as endophytes and saprobes on tree fern (Alsophila spinulosa). Fifty-two taxa were published based on morpho-molecular approach, including eight new genera, 29 new species, two new combinations, and 13 new hosts and geographical records. Interestingly, most of novel taxa were collected from Kunming, especially in the campus of Kunming Institute of Botany. Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) showed to be highly hosted for microfungi in that three novel genera and six new species were introduced from this plant alone. Furthermore, the studies of bambusicolous fungi in Honghe County also showed an extremely high diversity and new to science wherein three novel genera and four novel species were collected from bamboo in this area. A total of 231 microfungi were isolated from ferns and of which 167 endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves and roots of Alsophila spinulosa in Honghe and Xishuangbanna. NCBI nucleotide blast results of ITS region showed that these endophytic and saprobic fungi belong to 60 genera, including Amarenomyces, ... Except for genera Daldinia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Pestalotiopsis, and Xylaria have occurred on both leaves and roots of Alsophila spinulosa. With current estimation of species number on ferns, our study suggests that ferns also host a high fungal diversity. All the freshly documented fungi are described in detail and illustrated with photo-micrographic pictures for further publication. Original specimens are housed in the Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (KUN-HKAS), China and cultures obtained from single-spore isolation are deposited at the Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUNCC) repository.
语种	英语
	2022-12
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kib.ac.cn/handle/151853/75232
专题	昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Rungtiwa Phookamsak. 中国云南的微型真菌：蕨类植物上子囊菌的案例研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2022.

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