口蘑属的系统学及我国该属的物种多样性研究

	口蘑属的系统学及我国该属的物种多样性研究
	崔杨洋
导师	杨祝良
关键词	口蘑，共衍征，系统，物种多样性，菌褶变色 Tricholoma, synapomorphy, system, species diversity, the discoloration of the lamellae
摘要	口蘑属Tricholoma是一个世界广布的大属，其中既包括松茸等著名的食用菌，也囊括一些毒菌。同时，该属真菌还能与多种植物形成外生菌根共生关系，具有重要的生态价值。因此，该属历来受到了分类学家的关注。但是，由于口蘑属本身比较复杂，形态特征繁杂，曾是一个包罗万象的大属，且在前人的研究中所利用的基因片段有限，属下的系统发育关系尚未得到解析。因此，口蘑属的分类系统尚存在争议。此外，前期的研究主要集中在欧美地区，目前尚缺乏覆盖我国全国范围的系统性的研究，我国该属的物种多样性认识不清。在过去的10年里，通过研究组自采集和与国内标本馆馆际互借，本研究纳入了国内外的口蘑标本1000余份。基于同一实验室徐鑫和丁晓霞利用50个基因片段、5个基因片段和ITS矩阵构建的口蘑属的系统发育分析结果，综合形态学和生态学证据，对口蘑属的分类系统和我国该属的物种多样性开展了研究。主要取得以下研究成果： 1. 找到了口蘑属的共衍征，提出了该属下分4亚属11个组的新的分类系统口蘑属隶属于口蘑科，是一个自然的单系类群。该属真菌的主要特征为担子果口蘑状；菌盖中央有时有凸起，表面白色、黄色、褐色、灰色或橄榄色，光滑或被鳞片；菌褶离生；菌环多数阙如，少数存在；担孢子多数宽椭圆形、椭圆形至长椭圆形，非淀粉质，光滑；菌褶菌髓规则型；侧生囊状体阙如；褶缘囊状体阙如或明显；菌盖表皮多由平伏排列的菌丝组成；锁状联合存在或阙如。徐鑫和丁晓霞基于50个基因片段构建的口蘑属的高度解析的系统发育框架显示该属下可分为4个主分支和11个亚分支。4个主分支可以通过菌盖的颜色，菌盖表面鳞片的式样，菌褶的密度，菌环的有无，担孢子的形状和菌盖表皮菌丝的排列方式而相互区分。11个亚分支可以通过菌盖中央是否有凸起，菌盖颜色，菌盖表面鳞片式样，菌褶密度，菌环有无，担孢子大小形状，褶缘囊状体有无，菌盖表皮菌丝的排列方式和锁状联合的有无进行界定。因此，本研究将口蘑属划分为4亚属11个组，即豹斑口蘑亚属Subgen. Pardinicutis：豹斑口蘑组Sect. Pardinicutis；锦丝盖口蘑亚属Subgen. Sericeicutis：锦丝盖口蘑组Sect. Sericella和光盖口蘑组Sect. Lasciva；棕灰口蘑亚属Subgen. Terrea：棕灰口蘑组Sect. Terrea和黑鳞口蘑组Sect. Atrosquamosa；及口蘑亚属Subgen. Tricholoma：口蘑组Sect. Tricholoma、皂味口蘑组Sect. Rigida、毒蝇口蘑组Sect. Muscaria、黄绿口蘑组Sect. Fucata、松口蘑组Sect. Matsutake和原发口蘑组Sect. Genuina。 2. 实现了我国口蘑属真菌的精准分类，明确了其地理分布式样和食毒菌种类利用“形态-分子-生态标准”，本研究共精准界定和描述了我国口蘑属的66个物种，包括18个新种，1个新组合和47个已知种。同时，还编制了此66个物种的分种检索表，显著提高了对我国该属真菌的物种多样性认识。在我国所分布的这66个物种中，33个是我国所特有的，5个为东亚广布的，剩余28个为与欧美所共有的。此外，我国分布有该属野生食用菌14种，毒菌16种，误食会引起横纹肌溶解、急性肝损害和胃肠炎型中毒3种中毒症状。 3. 解析了口蘑属真菌菌褶变色的显微特征变化口蘑属的真菌其菌褶多为白色、黄色、灰色或褐色，但有的物种其菌褶老后或受伤后会发生变色。特别是原发口蘑组的物种，多数老后会出现褐色斑点，随后整个菌褶全变褐色。通过显微研究发现，年幼的正常的菌褶其子实层多为非胶质和无色的。随着子实体老化或菌褶受伤，子实层细胞逐渐色素化，菌褶外形上出现局部变色。接着子实层进一步胶质化，子实层细胞逐渐破裂坏死，整个菌褶全部老化变色。; Tricholoma is a cosmopolitan genus with important ecological and ecological value. However, Tricholoma itself is relatively complex, with a broad distribution of complex morphological features. It was previously an all-inclusive large genus, and the genetic fragments used in previous studies were limited, so the phylogenetic relationship of the genus has not been analyzed. As a result, the classification system of Tricholoma remains controversial. In addition, studies have mainly focused on European and American regions, and systematic studies covering the whole country are currently lacking. The species diversity of China is not well known. More than 1,000 specimens of Tricholoma collected in our laboratory and loaned from domestic and foreign collaborators over the past decade have been included in this study. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis together with the morphological and ecological evidence, the classification system of Tricholoma and the species diversity of the genus in our country were studied. The main results of this paper are summarized below. 1. The synapomorphy of Tricholoma was discovered, and a new classification system of four subgenera and 11 sections was proposed. Tricholoma belongs to Tricholomataceae, which is a natural monophyletic group and can be separated by well delimitated chracters. A deeply resolved phylogenetic framework for Tricholoma shows that the genus can be divided into four main clades and 11 subclades. The four main clades and the 11 subclades can be defined by well morphological characters. Thus, in this study, Tricholoma was divided into four subgenera and eleven sections, namely Subgen. Pardinicutis: Sect. Pardinicutis; Subgen. Sericeicutis: Sect. Sericella and Sect. Lasciva; Subgen. Terrea: Sect. Terrea and Sect. Atrosquamosa; and Subgen. Tricholoma: Sect. Tricholoma, Sect. Rigida, Sect. Muscaria, Sect. Fucata, Sect. Matsutake and sect. Genuina. 2. Accurate species delimitation has been achieved in the Chinese Tricholoma, with its geographical distribution pattern and edible and poisonous species defined. Using the "morphological-molecular-ecological criteria", 66 species of Tricholoma were accurately defined and described in this study, including 18 new species, 1 new combination and 47 known species. At the same time, the key to the identification of 66 Chinese species was provided. 3. The microscopic characteristic changes corresponding to the discoloration of the lamellae of the Tricholoma species were analyzed. The lamellae of some Tricholoma species change color after aging or injury. Microscopically, the hymenium of young basidioma is found to be non-gelatinized and colorless. With the aging of the basidioma or the injury of the lamellae, the hyphae in the hymenium gradually become pigmented, and the lamellae become locally discolored. The hymenium is then further gelatinized, the hyphae gradually break and die, and the whole lamellae discolour.
语种	中文
	2022-12
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kib.ac.cn/handle/151853/75231
专题	昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	崔杨洋. 口蘑属的系统学及我国该属的物种多样性研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2022.

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