干热河谷特色生态修复物种筛选与农林复合系统构建

	干热河谷特色生态修复物种筛选与农林复合系统构建
	赵高卷
导师	许建初
关键词	干热河谷，种质资源，农林复合系统，抗旱机制，生物固氮，乔灌草立体修复模式，生态恢复 dry-hot valley, germplasm resources, agroforestry system, drought resistance mechanism, biological nitrogen fixation, three-dimensional trees-shrubs-herbs restoration model, ecological restoration
摘要	尽管干热河谷特殊的地貌和气候导致了该区域植被覆盖率低、水土流失严重和生态功能低下，塑造了群落外貌类似非洲的热带稀树草原（Savanna vegetation）。但是，调查发现干热河谷具有丰富的天然植物资源和光热能源，缺乏该区域特色木本种质资源筛选与农林复合系统构建综合研究，限制了我们对山地种植业低效和生态修复困难的认识。本研究结合室内盆栽实验和室外大田试验，主要开展（1）干热河谷木本纤维植物果实和纤维形成特点及其生态功能研究；（2）干热河谷豆科植物抗旱机制及其结瘤障碍因子分析；（3）其他优良生态经济型种质资源引种、培育和栽培；（4）农林复合系统构建及其功能研究，旨在选育优质、速生、丰产和抗逆的特色树种，探索该区域最优农林复合高效体系和乔-灌-草立体生态修复模式。结果表明:（1）木本纤维植物牛角瓜的纤维长度最长达34.50 mm，其次是长生棉28.54 mm和爪哇木棉19.35 mm，爪哇木棉的果长、单果重和单果纤维重均表现为最大，分别为32.55 cm、62.56 g和20.54 g。木棉果实形成分为四个阶段：形成期（花后第1-5d）、增重期（花后第5-35d）、缓慢生长或脱水期（花后第35-50d）和成熟期（花后50d）。木棉果实成熟爆裂后每束纤维携带一粒种子广泛扩散，适当覆土（1-2 cm）和连续数日20-40 %的土壤含水率促进种子的萌发和幼苗生长，但是，干热河谷长达半年的旱季显著降低了幼苗的保存率；（2）干热河谷土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效氮表现为高海拔>低海拔>中海拔，但是中海拔的有效钾含量最高。羊蹄甲和凤凰木在土壤肥沃的高海拔和低海拔条件下生长较好。相反，木豆、椭圆叶木蓝、猪屎豆和柱花草在中海拔结瘤和生长更好。此外，种植凤凰木、羊蹄甲、木豆和柱花草改善了低海拔土壤营养，种植羊蹄甲、木豆、柱花草、椭圆叶木蓝和猪屎豆提高了土壤营养，种植木豆、椭圆叶木蓝和柱花草提高了高海拔土壤营养。特别地，凤凰木、羊蹄甲和木豆的树高随遮荫度的增加均呈抛物线曲线变化，当遮荫度分别为45.7、67.5和34.6 %时，树高分别达到最大31.69 cm、29.64 cm和63.10 cm，凤凰木和木豆生物量、椭圆叶木蓝根瘤数和根瘤重与遮荫度也呈抛物线关系。相反，羊蹄甲和椭圆叶木蓝的生物量、木豆的根瘤数量和根瘤重量、猪屎豆和柱花草的树高随遮荫度呈线性负相关，与浇水量呈线性正相关。（3）乡土树种金凤花、风铃花、美藤果、蔓草虫豆、柱花草、籽粒苋和蓖麻具有最大的树高增长率，地径增长率最大的5个物种是籽粒苋、余甘子、风铃花、美藤果和蓖麻。引进树种印度紫檀、辣木、非洲金合欢、阿拉伯树胶、印度醋栗、尖蜜拉和非洲牛角瓜具有极强的适应能力和生长表现；（4）土壤喷播技术是干热河谷高陡边坡植被修复最有效的方法，但当坡度大于1.73时（坡度为60°），物种丰富度、密度和高度均随坡度的增加而显著降低。遮荫虽然显著提高了乔木、灌木和草本植物的萌发密度，但长期遮荫抑制了金合欢和猪屎豆的生长。此外，微生物菌肥黄青霉和芽孢杆菌拌种和喷施显著提高了印楝、木豆、椭圆叶木蓝和黄花槐的密度和生长。本研究结果表明木棉、爪哇木棉、羊蹄甲、凤凰木、荔枝、金合欢、猴面包树、非洲金合欢、辣木、尖蜜拉、印度紫檀和阿拉伯树胶等是干热河谷优势乔木树种，牛角瓜、木豆、椭圆叶木蓝、柠檬、余甘子、金凤花、风铃花、槟榔青和印度醋栗为优势灌木树种，柱花草、猪屎豆、蔓草虫豆和籽粒苋等为优势草本植物。在边坡坡度小于等于60°时，土壤喷播技术+遮荫+微生物菌肥+主要植物组合（金合欢、印楝、木豆、银合欢和黄花槐）是植被恢复最有效的方法；平缓的荒山荒坡可以采用木棉+牛角瓜+余甘子+柱花草立体修复模式；台地可以采用果树+柱花草、豆科植物+农作物或者农作物+柱花草的复合种植模式。这发现为解决该区域低产低效山地种植痛点和生态修复技术难点提供理论基础和技术支撑。; Although special climate condition in dry-hot valleys resulted in low vegetation coverage, severe soil erosion and poor ecological function, shaping the community appearance to resemble the African savanna, the study found that this area is rich in plant resources and thermal energy. Lacking of research on selection of distinctive germplasm resources and construction of agroforestry system limits our understanding of the low efficiency of planting industry and the difficulty of ecological restoration in dry-hot valleys . This study mainly carried out: (1) fruit and fiber formation characteristics and ecological function of woody fiber plants in dry-hot valley; (2) Analysis of drought resistance mechanism and nodulation obstacle factors of legumes; (3) Research on introduction, breeding and cultivation of excellent ecological-economic germplasm resources; and (4) Research on the construction of agroforestry system and its ecological-economic function. Results showed that (1) Calotropis gigantea had the longest fiber 34.50 mm, followed by Gossypium barbadense (28.54 mm) and Ceiba pentandra (19.35 mm). The fruit formation of Bombax ceiba was divided into four stages: the formation stage, weight gain stage, slowly growth stage and ripening stage. Each fiber carried a seed to spread widely, and appropriate soil cover (1-2 cm) and soil moisture (20-40 %) promoted seed germination and seedlings growth, but the dry season significantly reduced seedlings survival; (2) SOM, T.N, T.K and A.N presented high-altitude>low-altitude>middle-altitude in Honghe dry-hot valley. Bauhinia acuminata and Delonix regia grown better at high-altitude and low-altitude, but Cajanus cajan, Indigofera cassioides, Crotalaria pallida and Stylosanthes guianensis produced more root nodules and better growth at mid-altitude. Moreover, the height of D. regia, B. acuminata and C. cajan showed a parabolic relationship with shade degree, but the biomass of B. acuminata and I. cassioides, had a linear negative correlation with shade degree. (3) Native species Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Handroanthus chrysanthus, Plukenetia volubilis, Cajanus scarabaeoides, Stylosanthes scabra, Amaranthus hybridus and Ricinus communis have the largest growth rate of height, and the introduced species Pterocarpus indicus, Moringa oleifera, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia senegal, Phyllanthus acidus, Artocarpus champeden and Calotropis procera have better adaptability; (4) Soil spraying technology is an effective three-dimensional ecological restoration model in dry-hot river valleys, but the species richness, density and height growth significantly decreased when slope degree was greater than 1.73. Although shading significantly increased the density of trees-shrubs-herbs species, it inhibited the growth of A. farnesiana and C. pallida. These findings provided theoretical basis and technical support for the planting pain points in low-efficiency and ecological restoration difficulties in dry-hot valley region.
语种	中文
	2022-10
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kib.ac.cn/handle/151853/75222
专题	昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	赵高卷. 干热河谷特色生态修复物种筛选与农林复合系统构建[D]. 中国科学院大学,2022.

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