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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Plants in the genus of Pedicularis L. have high values in horticulture and some species are medicinal plants. However, they have a reputation for being uncultivable, which is an obstacle for their exploitation and utilization. In this dissertation, the hemiparasitism of Pedicularis species was studied systematically for the first time, and the successful cultivation of three Pedicularis species (Pedicularis densispica，Pedicularis cephalantha and Pedicularis rex) throughout all life stages was achieved for the first time. With several representative species as main study materials, a series of experiments on seed germination, vegetation survey in Pedicularis communities, and pot cultivation were carried out. We studied Pedicularis parasitic habit systematically and aimed to achieve progress in the cultivation of Pedicularis species based on the understanding of their parasitic habit. The main results are as follows:1. The dormancy showed by the tested Pedicularis species was non-deep physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy could be overcome by moist-chilling and GA3. Cold stratification for 30-60 days, or 500-1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for germination percentage, and stratification for 15 days, or 1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for mean germination time. The combination of cold stratification and GA3 were more effective measures to promote seed germination. The optimal germination conditions varied with species, while as a whole, the highest germination percentages were obtained from treatments of 500-1000 mg/L GA3 followed by 15-30 days stratification, and the lowest values of mean germination time were obtained from treatments of 100-1000mg/L GA3 followed by 15-day stratification. Seed germination was not the obstacle for the cultivation of Pedicularis species.2. Host range and host selectivity of a Pedicularis species were studied systematically for the first time. Examinations of haustorial connections revealed that P. densispica had a wide host range, and it can form haustorial connections on the roots of 33 species belonging to 14 families. Compositae (8 species), Gramineae (5 species) and Leguminosae (5 species) species comprised major hosts. In addition, self-parasitism was observed. Haustoria were non-randomly distributed among host species, suggesting that there was some host selectivity. P. densispica generally preferred species in the families of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. The results of association analysis and correlation analysis based on vegetation survey supported the result of examinations of haustorial connections. And correlation analysis was a better way to test host selectivity.3. This is the first report for the performance of Pedicularis species in cultivation throughout all life stages (from seeds to seeds). The high dependence of Pedicularis specieson host plants and their host preference were demonstrated in this study. Pedicularis speciesstrongly depended on host presence, while host plants were essential to Pedicularis speciesnot for survival but for proper development. Different Pedicularis species preferred to different hosts. Host defoliation was a useful promoting measure for the cultivation of Pedicularis species. Pedicularis species reduced the performance of host plants. With the assistance of hosts, three Pedicularis species were cultivated successfully and they retained high horticulture quality.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+L.%5C+have%5C+high%5C+values%5C+in%5C+horticulture%5C+and%5C+some%5C+species%5C+are%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+have%5C+a%5C+reputation%5C+for%5C+being%5C+uncultivable%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+an%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+their%5C+exploitation%5C+and%5C+utilization.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+the%5C+hemiparasitism%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+successful%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Pedicularis%5C+densispica%EF%BC%8CPedicularis%5C+cephalantha%5C+and%5C+Pedicularis%5C+rex%5C%29%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+was%5C+achieved%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+With%5C+several%5C+representative%5C+species%5C+as%5C+main%5C+study%5C+materials%2C%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+in%5C+Pedicularis%5C+communities%2C%5C+and%5C+pot%5C+cultivation%5C+were%5C+carried%5C+out.%5C+We%5C+studied%5C+Pedicularis%5C+parasitic%5C+habit%5C+systematically%5C+and%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+achieve%5C+progress%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+understanding%5C+of%5C+their%5C+parasitic%5C+habit.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+The%5C+dormancy%5C+showed%5C+by%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+non%5C-deep%5C+physiological%5C+dormancy.%5C+Seed%5C+dormancy%5C+could%5C+be%5C+overcome%5C+by%5C+moist%5C-chilling%5C+and%5C+GA3.%5C+Cold%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+30%5C-60%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+and%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+15%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+cold%5C+stratification%5C+and%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+more%5C+effective%5C+measures%5C+to%5C+promote%5C+seed%5C+germination.%5C+The%5C+optimal%5C+germination%5C+conditions%5C+varied%5C+with%5C+species%2C%5C+while%5C+as%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+germination%5C+percentages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-30%5C+days%5C+stratification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+values%5C+of%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+100%5C-1000mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-day%5C+stratification.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+not%5C+the%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.2.%5C+Host%5C+range%5C+and%5C+host%5C+selectivity%5C+of%5C+a%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+revealed%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+had%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+host%5C+range%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+can%5C+form%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+on%5C+the%5C+roots%5C+of%5C+33%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+14%5C+families.%5C+Compositae%5C+%5C%288%5C+species%5C%29%2C%5C+Gramineae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+and%5C+Leguminosae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+species%5C+comprised%5C+major%5C+hosts.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+self%5C-parasitism%5C+was%5C+observed.%5C+Haustoria%5C+were%5C+non%5C-randomly%5C+distributed%5C+among%5C+host%5C+species%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+some%5C+host%5C+selectivity.%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+generally%5C+preferred%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gramineae%5C+and%5C+Cyperaceae.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+association%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections.%5C+And%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+a%5C+better%5C+way%5C+to%5C+test%5C+host%5C+selectivity.3.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+report%5C+for%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+in%5C+cultivation%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+%5C%28from%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+seeds%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+high%5C+dependence%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+specieson%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+host%5C+preference%5C+were%5C+demonstrated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesstrongly%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+host%5C+presence%2C%5C+while%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+were%5C+essential%5C+to%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesnot%5C+for%5C+survival%5C+but%5C+for%5C+proper%5C+development.%5C+Different%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+preferred%5C+to%5C+different%5C+hosts.%5C+Host%5C+defoliation%5C+was%5C+a%5C+useful%5C+promoting%5C+measure%5C+for%5C+the%5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contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation tolerance","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASeeds%5C+contain%5C+the%5C+entire%5C+genetic%5C+information%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+which%5C+enable%5C+to%5C+develop%5C+the%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+preservation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+and%5C+intermediate%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+two%5C+important%5C+areas%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+biology%5C+but%5C+poorly%5C+understood.Those%5C+two%5C+areas%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+and%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+represent%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively%5C+as%5C+studied%5C+models.%5C+Biophysical%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+employed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+mechanism%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing%5C+and%5C+desiccation.First%5C+of%5C+all%2C%5C+Ageing%5C+induced%5C+porgrammed%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds.The%5C+morphology%5C+change%2C%5C+nucleic%5C+acid%5C+integrity%2C%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+expression%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+investigated.The%5C+data%5C+above%5C+confirmed%5C+that%5C+PCD%5C+is%5C+an%5C+underlying%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+mortality.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+glutathione%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+function%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing.An%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+glutathione%5C+redox%5C+potential%5C+%5C%28EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C%29%5C+while%5C+seed%5C+lost%5C+viability%5C+was%5C+discovered%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sativum%5C+seeds.%5C+Seed%5C+viability%5C+decreased%5C+50%25%5C+when%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+attained%5C+values%5C+of%5C+%5C-180%5C+to%5C+%5C-160%5C+mV%2C%5C+which%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+was%5C+a%5C+marker%5C+for%5C+seeds%5C+viability.%5C+Secondely%2CReactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+plays%5C+different%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+after%5C+desiccation.%5C+After%5C+different%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+%5C%28C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C%29%5C+seeds%2C%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+ROS%5C+dose%5C+and%5C+the%5C+viability%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+desication%5C+treatment%5C+was%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+ROS%5C+could%5C+released%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+desiccation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+seeds.%5C+Thridly%2Cthe%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+with%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior.%5C+Cell%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+environment%2C%5C+and%5C+adjust%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+main%5C+methord%5C+for%5C+cell%5C+to%5C+response%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+changes.%5C+There%5C+is%5C+a%5C+rule%5C+that%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%2C%5C+with%5C+special%5C+structure%2C%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+water%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+content%5C+indicates%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+membrane.%5C+ESI%5C%2FMS%5C-MS%5C+technology%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+compare%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%C2%A0membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+represented%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+to%5C+dehydration%5C+in%5C+embryonic%5C+axis%5C+of%5C+orhtordox%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+different.%5C+The%5C+percentage%5C+increasement%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+in%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+was%5C+not%5C+incredible%5C+and%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+decreased%5C+and%5C+achieved%5C+the%5C+same%5C+level%5C+as%5C+controled%2C%5C+while%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+increased%5C+dramatically%5C+without%5C+showing%5C+any%5C+decrease%5C+trend%5C+in%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+membrane%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+was%5C+inevitable.%C2%A0Those%5C+results%5C+indicted%5C+that%5C+the%5C+dehydration%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+reversible%5C+memebrane%5C+damage%5C+in%5C+the%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+in%5C+no%5C+affect%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+viability%2C%5C+while%5C+it%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+irreversible%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+the%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+inducned%5C+the%5C+dramatically%5C+reduce%5C+of%5C+viabiligy%5C+and%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+the%5C+end.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+and%5C+analysis%5C+systematically%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+of%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior%5C+seeds%5C+during%5C+desiccation.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+report%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+PA%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+storeage%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+could%5C+be%5C+used%5C+as%5C+the%5C+marker%5C+to%5C+diagnose.the%5C+property%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+for%5C+desiccation%5C+sensitivity%5C+or%5C+desiccation%5C+tolerance"},{"jsname":"The dissertation deals with the chemical constituents of six plants, Brainea insignis, Dipteris chinensis, Lygodium japonicum, Hypericum lagarocladum, Hypericum androsaemum, and Uncaria macrophylla. More than 100 compounds, including 18 new ones, were obtained using varied chromatography methods, and the structures of them were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The classifications of new compounds include flavonoids, diterpenoids, polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), and oxindole alkaloids, etc. Brainicin was an unusual flavan derivative with a linkage between C-4 of epicatechin and the side chain of a phenylpropyl unit isolated from B. insignis. The type of linkage was found for the first time in nature. A series of new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) possessing a spirocyclic skeleton, were found in H. lagarocladum. Hyperandrone A, a complex adamantyl derivative was the first example of PPAPs from H. androsaemum. Macrophyllionium, the first example of a zwitterionic oxindole alkaloid was isolated from the aerial parts of U. macrophylla. It extended the structural variety of the known betaines. Macrophyllines A and B were a pair of isomers with acetonyl in skeleton compared with other analogues, and they were proved to be natural products. In addition, some compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines and vasodilative effects on KCl-/phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction. As a result, corynantheidine exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 and SW480 cells with IC50 values of 13.96 and 23.28 μM, respectively; macrophylline A, isorhynchophylline, and dihydrocorynantheine showed strong inhibitory action on KCl-/PE-induced contraction. It was noteworthy that dihydrocorynantheine almost inhibited completely PE-induced contraction in rats thoracic aorta at 30 μg/ml. In contrast to the relatively smaller inhibitory effects of verapamil on PE-induced contraction at 3 and 10 μg/ml, dihydrocorynantheine showed significant inhibitory actions. It was shown to be a potent vasorelaxant of aorta. Finally, a review titled advances of chemistry and pharmacology of the genus Uncaria is presented.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+deals%5C+with%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+six%5C+plants%2C%5C+Brainea%5C+insignis%2C%5C+Dipteris%5C+chinensis%2C%5C+Lygodium%5C+japonicum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+lagarocladum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+androsaemum%2C%5C+and%5C+Uncaria%5C+macrophylla.%5C+More%5C+than%5C+100%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+18%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatography%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+classifications%5C+of%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+flavonoids%2C%5C+diterpenoids%2C%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+etc.%5C+Brainicin%5C+was%5C+an%5C+unusual%5C+flavan%5C+derivative%5C+with%5C+a%5C+linkage%5C+between%5C+C%5C-4%5C+of%5C+epicatechin%5C+and%5C+the%5C+side%5C+chain%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phenylpropyl%5C+unit%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+B.%5C+insignis.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+linkage%5C+was%5C+found%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+in%5C+nature.%C2%A0A%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%5C+possessing%5C+a%5C+spirocyclic%5C+skeleton%2C%5C+were%5C+found%5C+in%5C+H.%5C+lagarocladum.%5C+Hyperandrone%5C+A%2C%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+adamantyl%5C+derivative%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+PPAPs%5C+from%5C+H.%5C+androsaemum.%5C+Macrophyllionium%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+a%5C+zwitterionic%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloid%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+aerial%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+U.%5C+macrophylla.%5C+It%5C+extended%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+variety%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+betaines.%5C+Macrophyllines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+were%5C+a%5C+pair%5C+of%5C+isomers%5C+with%5C+acetonyl%5C+in%5C+skeleton%5C+compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+analogues%2C%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+proved%5C+to%5C+be%5C+natural%5C+products.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+and%5C+vasodilative%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2Fphenylephrine%5C+%5C%28PE%5C%29%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+corynantheidine%5C+exhibited%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+HL%5C-60%5C+and%5C+SW480%5C+cells%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+values%5C+of%5C+13.96%5C+and%5C+23.28%5C+%CE%BCM%2C%5C+respectively%5C%3B%5C+macrophylline%5C+A%2C%5C+isorhynchophylline%2C%5C+and%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+inhibitory%5C+action%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2FPE%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+noteworthy%5C+that%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+almost%5C+inhibited%5C+completely%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+in%5C+rats%5C+thoracic%5C+aorta%5C+at%5C+30%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+the%5C+relatively%5C+smaller%5C+inhibitory%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+verapamil%5C+on%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+at%5C+3%5C+and%5C+10%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml%2C%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+significant%5C+inhibitory%5C+actions.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+shown%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+potent%5C+vasorelaxant%5C+of%5C+aorta.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+a%5C+review%5C+titled%5C+advances%5C+of%5C+chemistry%5C+and%5C+pharmacology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Uncaria%5C+is%5C+presented."},{"jsname":"The genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+subgenera%5C+Quercus%5C+and%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+has%5C+approximately%5C+531%5C+species%2C%5C+making%5C+this%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+and%5C+most%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+genus%5C+within%5C+the%5C+Fagaceae%5C+family%2C%5C+occurring%5C+throughout%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+montane%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere.%5C+The%5C+occurrence%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+%5C%28desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C%29%5C+seeded%5C+plants%5C+is%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+making%5C+it%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+key%5C+genera%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+habitat%5C+loss%5C+and%5C+poor%5C+regeneration%2C%5C+some%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+are%5C+now%5C+declining.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+availability%5C+of%5C+good%5C-quality%5C+seed%5C+may%5C+lead%5C+to%5C+its%5C+natural%5C+regeneration%5C+problems.%5C+To%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+cause%5C+of%5C+the%5C+population%5C+decline%5C+and%5C+to%5C+conserve%5C+iteffectively%2C%5C+knowledge%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+is%5C+necessary.%5C+Despite%5C+this%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+Quercus%5C+species%5C+is%5C+largely%5C+overlooked%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%2Cwhich%5C+is%5C+predominately%5C+distributed%5C+across%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+Asia%2C%5C+is%5C+less%5C+well%5C+documented.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+new%5C+data%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+comprehensively%5C+for%5C+a%5C+conservation%5C+aim%2C%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+response%5C+of%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+%5C%28from%5C+S%5C+and%5C+SW%5C+China%5C%29%5C+and%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+%5C%28from%5C+both%5C+SW%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Europe%5C%29%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+on%5C+9%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+oil%5C+contents%5C+were%5C+quantified%5C+from%5C+18%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+a%5C+study%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+over%5C+4%5C+years%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+production%5C+of%5C+Q.%5C+schottkyana%5C+%5C%28subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C%29%5C+to%5C+fill%5C+the%5C+gap%5C+in%5C+knowledge.%5C+The%5C+data%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+All%5C+22%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+had%5C+desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C+%5C%28recalcitrant%5C%29%5C+fruits.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+22%5C+species%5C+which%5C+had%5C+fruit%5C+dry%5C+masses%5C+spanning%5C+0.57%5C+to%5C+6.41%5C+g%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratios%5C+spanning%5C+0.15%5C+to%5C+0.48%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+%5C%280.26%5C-4.10%5C+%25d%5C-1%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+differences%5C+were%5C+independent%5C+of%5C+fruit%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratio%2C%5C+but%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coat.2.%5C+%5C+The%5C+scar%2C%5C+composing%5C+4%25%5C+to%5C+37%25%5C+%5C%28surface%5C+area%5C%29%5C+of%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+fruit%5C+coat%2C%5C+was%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+main%5C+water%5C+passage%5C+for%5C+most%5C+species.%5C+Water%5C+transferred%5C+directly%5C+and%5C+quickly%5C+through%5C+the%5C+scar.%5C+From%5C+the%5C+scar%5C+through%5C+to%5C+the%5C+pericarp%5C+and%5C+ending%5C+at%5C+the%5C+apex%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+longitudinal%5C+passage%5C+of%5C+water%5C+flow.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+controlled%5C+the%5C+water%5C+flux%2C%5C+which%5C+furthermore%5C+introduced%5C+the%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Quercus%5C+species.3.%5C+In%5C+comparison%5C+to%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+fruits%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+germinated%5C+faster%5C+and%5C+most%5C+had%5C+maximum%5C+germination%5C+at%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+25%C2%B0C.%5C+At%5C+lower%5C+temperatures%5C+%5C%2815%C2%B0C%2C%5C+20%C2%B0C%5C%29%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+was%5C+slower%5C+and%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+most%5C+species%5C+was%5C+decreased%2C%5C+but%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+was%5C+not%5C+affected%5C+at%5C+these%5C+low%5C+temperatures.%5C+The%5C+thermal%5C+requirements%5C+for%5C+the%5C+ger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membrane system of cell performs many important functions, such as separates cells from the environment, keeps the biochemical reactions in order ect.. The integrity of membrane is very important for plants to survive, especially under the environmental stress. Among all environmental factors, temperature has the closest relationship with membrane and intensively study on this area has been reported. Most researches are mainly focused on the relationship between the composition of fatty acid about membrane and low temperature, while that with high temperature are rare. Nowadays, the increasing concentration of CO2 resulted in increasing temperature and high temperature has become an important inhibition to crop productivity. Thus, it’s necessary and emergent to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature.In the present dissertation, Arabidopsis and its high temperature sensitive mutant were chosen to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature. The ESI-MS/MS was used to examine the composition of membrane lipids. High temperature includes two categories, one is heat stress and the other is moderate heat stress. Heat stress can be divided into two processes: with and without heat acclimation. Five results have been obtained grounding on these works. Firstly, different change models of membrane lipids during heat stress and moderate stress had been found. The degradation of membrane lipids during moderate heat stress was controlled, while that of heat stress was out of control. During moderate heat stress, the degradation mainly happened on chloroplast, such as DGDG and PG, especially those lipids which has polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under heat stress, the degradation about plasma membrane and chloroplast membrane shared same rates. Secondly, the degradation of membrane lipids was reduced when plants had experienced heat acclimation before heat stress, and this change had nothing to do with accumulation of HSP101. The results suggested the acquired thermo-tolerance not only had related with HSP101, but also with membrane lipids. Thirdly, the amount of phosphatidic acid (PA) played an important role during heat stress. If the amount of PA rose to proper extent, it benefited the plants, while if it rose to high level, it destroyed the membrane structure. At last, the HSP101 mutant had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids than that of wild Arabidopsis under long term moderate heat stress. The dissertation also included other two parts: the drought-tolerance of Thellungiella halophila and the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor. Thellungiella halophila shared the same characteristic with Arabidopsis in many aspects, such as dwarf phenotype, short life cycle, fertility and small genome. The research indicated that at cDNA level, they were also very similar. Besides these Thellungiella halophila was more tolerant to stress condition. The previous research about Thellungiella halophila mainly focused on the high-salinity stress, and the researches of drought stress were rare. In this dissertation we focused on the drought-resistance of Thellungiella halophila. Compare to Arabidopsis, Thellungiella halophila could keep water content in high level, more resist to ROS, good photosynthesis activity and keep the membrane system integrity under drought stress. It was interesting that the substances, which rose when Arabidopsis under stress, were at high level in normal Thellungiella halophila, such as: proline, ABA. The degradation of membrane lipids mainly happened on chloroplast membrane of Arabidopsis. In contrast, the membrane of Thellungiella halophila didn’t change. All these evidence indicated that Thellungiella halophila was more drought-tolerant than Arabidopsis. During the research about the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor, we isolated 46 endophytes from different parts of plants . 34 species of them were selected for bioactivity test, and the bioactivity test show that 50% of them have some bioactivity. We also isolated 24 compounds from 6 endophytes, and 22 of them have been identified by spectra data, including: macrolides, azaphilones, anthraquinones, and steroids. 8 of them are novel compounds. Judging from results, we know the Trewia nudiflor is good resources to isolate endophytes and the endophytes are good resources to search for novel and bioactivity compounds.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+membrane%5C+system%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+performs%5C+many%5C+important%5C+functions%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+separates%5C+cells%5C+from%5C+the%5C+environment%2C%5C+keeps%5C+the%5C+biochemical%5C+reactions%5C+in%5C+order%5C+ect..%5C+The%5C+integrity%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+important%5C+for%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+survive%2C%5C+especially%5C+under%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+stress.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+environmental%5C+factors%2C%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+the%5C+closest%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+intensively%5C+study%5C+on%5C+this%5C+area%5C+has%5C+been%5C+reported.%5C+Most%5C+researches%5C+are%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+about%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+low%5C+temperature%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+with%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+are%5C+rare.%5C+Nowadays%2C%5C+the%5C+increasing%5C+concentration%5C+of%5C+CO2%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+increasing%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+become%5C+an%5C+important%5C+inhibition%5C+to%5C+crop%5C+productivity.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+it%E2%80%99s%5C+necessary%5C+and%5C+emergent%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+and%5C+its%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+sensitive%5C+mutant%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.%5C+The%5C+ESI%5C-MS%5C%2FMS%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+examine%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+High%5C+temperature%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+categories%2C%5C+one%5C+is%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+is%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+Heat%5C+stress%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+processes%5C%3A%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+heat%5C+acclimation.%5C+Five%5C+results%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+grounding%5C+on%5C+these%5C+works.%5C+Firstly%2C%5C+different%5C+change%5C+models%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+moderate%5C+stress%5C+had%5C+been%5C+found.%5C+The%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+controlled%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+of%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+out%5C+of%5C+control.%5C+During%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+mainly%5C+happened%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+DGDG%5C+and%5C+PG%2C%5C+especially%5C+those%5C+lipids%5C+which%5C+has%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C+Under%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+about%5C+plasma%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+chloroplast%5C+membrane%5C+shared%5C+same%5C+rates.%5C+Secondly%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+was%5C+reduced%5C+when%5C+plants%5C+had%5C+experienced%5C+heat%5C+acclimation%5C+before%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+this%5C+change%5C+had%5C+nothing%5C+to%5C+do%5C+with%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+HSP101.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggested%5C+the%5C+acquired%5C+thermo%5C-tolerance%5C+not%5C+only%5C+had%5C+related%5C+with%5C+HSP101%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+Thirdly%2C%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+proper%5C+extent%2C%5C+it%5C+benefited%5C+the%5C+plants%2C%5C+while%5C+if%5C+it%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+high%5C+level%2C%5C+it%5C+destroyed%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+structure.%5C+At%5C+last%2C%5C+the%5C+HSP101%5C+mutant%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C%2F%5C+saturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+wild%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+long%5C+term%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+The%5C+dissertation%5C+also%5C+included%5C+other%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+drought%5C-tolerance%5C+of%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+and%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+the%5C+second%5C+metabolites%5C+from%5C+endophytes%2C%5C+which%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Trewia%5C+nudiflor.%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+shared%5C+the%5C+same%5C+characteristic%5C+with%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+in%5C+many%5C+aspects%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+dwarf%5C+phenotype%2C%5C+short%5C+life%5C+cycle%2C%5C+fertility%5C+and%5C+small%5C+genome.%5C+The%5C+research%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+at%5C+cDNA%5C+level%2C%5C+they%5C+were%5C+also%5C+very%5C+similar.%5C+Besides%5C+these%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+was%5C+more%5C+tolerant%5C+to%5C+stress%5C+condition.%5C+The%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+about%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+high%5C-salinity%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+researches%5C+of%5C+drought%5C+stress%5C+were%5C+rare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reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the mechanism.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+reaction%5C+of%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+is%5C+which%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%5C+catalyzes%5C+hydrolytic%5C+cleavage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+terminal%5C+phosphate%5C+diester%5C+bond%5C+of%5C+glycerophosphatides%2C%5C+transfer%5C+the%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+moiety%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phospholipids%5C+to%5C+a%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+water%2C%5C+producing%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PtdOH%5C%29.%5C+Although%5C+this%5C+reaction%5C+plays%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+physical%5C+process%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+anminals%2C%5C+the%5C+pathway%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+and%5C+detailed%5C+regulation%5C+mechanism%5C+are%5C+still%5C+unknown%5C+or%5C+not%5C+clear.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+three%5C+factors%5C+which%5C+can%5C+affect%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+substrates%2C%5C+enzymes%5C+and%5C+products.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+intended%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+in%5C+detail%5C+by%5C+changing%5C+two%5C+indispensable%5C+factors%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+substrate%5C+and%5C+the%5C+PLDs.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+consist%5C+of%C2%A0three%5C+researches%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+one%2C%5C+changing%5C+the%5C+accept%5C+substrate%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+aims%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%2C%5C+to%5C+reveal%5C+the%5C+significance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C%3B%5C+secondly%2C%5C+using%5C+genetic%5C+methods%5C+to%5C+regulate%5C+the%5C+expression%5C+of%5C+PLDs%5C+mediating%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+intends%5C+to%5C+study%5C+its%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+senescence%5C%3B%5C+thirdly%2C%5C+reducing%5C+mostly%5C+PA%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+PLDs%5C+by%5C+addition%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+try%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+PLD%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+on%5C+phosphate%5C+starvation.%5C+1.%5C+Initial%5C+research%5C+of%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+the%5C+palnt%5C+growth.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seeding%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+molecules%2C%5C+the%5C+metabolic%5C+procees%5C+and%5C+signaling%5C+pathway%5C+invoved%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+we%5C+observed%2C%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+its%5C+polarity%5C+is%5C+positively%5C+correlated%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants%5C+may%5C+be%5C+related%5C+with%5C+the%5C+butanoate%5C+and%5C+propanoate%5C+metabolic%5C+pathway%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+free%5C+IAA%5C+is%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+resistance%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+for%5C+WS%5C+ecotype%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+Futhermore%2C%5C+five%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+insensitive%5C+mutants%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+and%5C+the%5C+mutant%5C+sites%5C+has%5C+identified.%5C+Under%5C+the%5C+same%5C+concentration%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+are%5C+in%5C+better%5C+condition%5C+no%5C+matter%5C+physical%5C+and%5C+chemical%5C+level%5C+or%5C+cellular%5C+levels%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+believed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+definitely%5C+provide%5C+direct%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phytohormones%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+The%5C+reason%5C+for%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+delaying%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+senescence%5C+may%5C+be%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+are%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+ABA%5C+and%5C+ethylene%5C+sinaling%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-or%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+contributes%5C+to%5C+reactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+%5C%28ROS%5C%29%5C+accumulation%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+level%5C+of%5C+indole%5C-3%5C-acrtic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28IAA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+zeatin%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%28ZR%5C%29%5C+level%5C+but%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+abscisic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ABA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+jasmonic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28JA%5C%29%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Col%5C+and%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+WS%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+favorable%5C+to%5C+retard%5C+the%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+leaves%5C+senescence.%5C+3.%5C+Application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relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate is widely used to reconstruct paleoclimates of Cenozoic floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA show regional constraints. Until now, no equation has been set up directly from Chinese forests. This relationship is exhaustively studied based on 50 samples from mesic to humid forests across China. Models including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Single Linear regression for Precipitation, and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), are set up and used to quantitatively reconstruct paleoclimates of Chinese Neogene floras. Meanwhile, a paleoflora, i.e., Yangjie flora, which belongs to the Upper Pliocene Sanying formation in West Yunnan Province, is studied. The species assemblage, paleoclimate and paleoecology of Yangjie flora are discussed. Conclusions in this dissertation are as following: 1. Chinese leaf physiognomy-climate models based on regression analyses，LMA is a widely used method that applies present-day linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. The Chinese data indicate that P shows a strong linear correlation with MAT, but the actual relationship is slightly different from those recognized from other regions. Among all currently used LMA equations, the one resulting from North and Central American and Japanese data, rather than the widely used East Asian LMA equation, yields the closest values to the actual MATs of the Chinese samples (mean absolute error = 1.9°C). A new equation derived from the Chinese forests is therefore developed, where MAT = 1.038 + 27.6 × P. This study not only demonstrates the similarity of the relationship between P and MAT in the Northern Hemisphere, but also improves the reliability of LMA for paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese paleofloras. Besides, regression analyses are used to explore the relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation. In contrast to former studies, entire leaf margin shows the highest correlation with the Growing Season Precipitation (GSP). A new equation is proposed: GSP = 228.0 + 1707.0 × P. 2. The new calibrated CLAMP dataset – PHYSGCHINA，CLAMP, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis, is improved by the inclusion of 50 Chinese samples. The result indicates that, new calibrated data from 50 Chinese sample sites are situated away from the former 144 samples in the physiognomic space, which may be caused by the unique characters of leaf physiognomy under monsoon condition. Therefore, a new calibrated CLAMP dataset, i.e., PHYSGCHINA, is set up based on 50 new Chinese samples, and 144 former samples from PHYSG3BRC. This new dataset could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions for floras under the monsoon climate condition. When it is applied to Chinese Neogene floras, PHYSGCHINA could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate parameters, especially parameters related to precipitation. 3. Paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese Cenozoic floras，Paleoclimates of Chinese Cenozoic floras are reconstructed using leaf physiognomy- climate models being set up in this study. The Chinese paleoclimate history in Eocene is similar to the trend from worldwide record. That is, hot climate presented in early Eocene and early Middle Eocene, and then, climate cooled down from late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene in China. Moreover, paleoclimates of two Late Miocene floras from Yunnan province, i.e., Xiaolongtan flora and Bangmai flora, are reconstructed using different models. The results indicate that, temperature of Yunnan is slightly higher than that in nowadays, but the precipitation is much higher than that at present day, which may be caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain. 4. Late Pliocene Yangjie flora in West Yunnan Province, China，A Late Pliocene Yangjie flora form Yongping County, western Yunnan province, which belongs to Sanying formation, is studied in this dissertation. Yangjie flora is dominated by Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. (evergreen sclerophyllous oaks), and this forest type is quite common in SW China at present. The discovery of Yangjie flora provides evidence that, vegetations of Yunnan in Miocene were dominated by evergreen forests, and the dominant families were Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In Pliocene, this vegetation type changed gradually to evergreen sclerophyllous oak forests. This vegetation change may have been caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain in Neogene. A polypodiaceous fern, Drynaria callispora sp. nov., is described from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation in western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The species with well-preserved pinnae and in situ spores is the first convincing Drynaria fossil record. Detailed morphological investigation reveals that D. callispora is characterized by 1) pinnatifid fronds with entire-margined pinnae having straight or zigzag secondary veins; 2) finer venation showing void quadrangular areoles, but occasionally with one unbranched veinlet; 3) one row of circular sori on each side of the strong primary vein; and 4) in situ spores with verrucate exospores elliptical in polar view and bean-shaped in equatorial view. A morphological comparison shows that D. callispora is significantly different from all the fossil species previously identified as drynarioids. A phylogenetic analysis of D. callispora supports that the fossil is closely related to D. sinica Diels and D. mollis Bedd., two extant species distributing in the Himalayas. The discovery of the new fern indicates that the genus Drynaria became diversified in its modern distribution region no later than the late Pliocene and had retained the similar ecology to that of many modern drynarioid ferns ever since. 5. Paleoclimate reconstruction of Yangjie flora，LMA, Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA are applied to reconstruct paleoclimate of Yangjie flora. MAT calculated by LMA and CLAMP is 22.0 ± 2.4°C and 20.0 ± 1.4°C, respectively, and GSP calculated by Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA is 1521.9 ± 131.3 mm and 2084.7 ± 223.1 mm, respectively All methods agree that, both temperature and precipitation were higher in Late Pliocene than in nowadays. Meanwhile, precipitation parameters calculated by CLAMP gets high values. 6. Preliminary study of insect herbivory in Yangjie flora，Insect herbivory on leaves of Quercus preguyavaefolia Tao and Q. presenescens Zhou, two dominant species in Yangjie flora, is reported by the preliminary research. Each of these two species has a high diversity of insect damage. Among all damage types, margin feeding and surface feeding are most common, and skeletonization, piercing and sucking, and galling are less found. Most of these damage types belonge to the high host specialization (HS = 1). However, the proportion of leaves without insect damage in Q. presenescens is much higher than that in Q. preguyavaefolia. According to the log-log linear regression model, both Quercus preguyavaefolia and Q. presenescens have very high leaf mass per area (with 184.8 ± 6.7 g/m2 and 155.3 ± 10.7 g/m2, respectively). The high diversity of insect herbivory demonstrates a warm climate in the Late Pliocene of West Yunnan Province.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&rpp=10&accurate=false&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&sort_by=2&isNonaffiliated=false&search_type=-1&query1=%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8&order=desc&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+and%5C+climate%5C+is%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+to%5C+reconstruct%5C+paleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Cenozoic%5C+floras.%5C+Previous%5C+works%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C+LMA%5C+show%5C+regional%5C+constraints.%5C+Until%5C+now%2C%5C+no%5C+equation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+set%5C+up%5C+directly%5C+from%5C+Chinese%5C+forests.%5C+This%5C+relationship%5C+is%5C+exhaustively%5C+studied%5C+based%5C+on%5C+50%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+mesic%5C+to%5C+humid%5C+forests%5C+across%5C+China.%5C+Models%5C+including%5C+Leaf%5C+Margin%5C+Analysis%5C+%5C%28LMA%5C%29%2C%5C+Single%5C+Linear%5C+regression%5C+for%5C+Precipitation%2C%5C+and%5C+Climate%5C+Leaf%5C+Analysis%5C+Multivariate%5C+Program%5C+%5C%28CLAMP%5C%29%2C%5C+are%5C+set%5C+up%5C+and%5C+used%5C+to%5C+quantitatively%5C+reconstruct%5C+paleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Neogene%5C+floras.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+a%5C+paleoflora%2C%5C+i.e.%2C%5C+Yangjie%5C+flora%2C%5C+which%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+the%5C+Upper%5C+Pliocene%5C+Sanying%5C+formation%5C+in%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%2C%5C+is%5C+studied.%5C+The%5C+species%5C+assemblage%2C%5C+paleoclimate%5C+and%5C+paleoecology%5C+of%5C+Yangjie%5C+flora%5C+are%5C+discussed.%5C+Conclusions%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%5C+are%5C+as%5C+following%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Chinese%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C-climate%5C+models%5C+based%5C+on%5C+regression%5C+analyses%EF%BC%8CLMA%5C+is%5C+a%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+method%5C+that%5C+applies%5C+present%5C-day%5C+linear%5C+correlation%5C+between%5C+the%5C+proportion%5C+of%5C+woody%5C+dicotyledonous%5C+species%5C+with%5C+untoothed%5C+leaves%5C+%5C%28P%5C%29%5C+and%5C+mean%5C+annual%5C+temperature%5C+%5C%28MAT%5C%29%5C+to%5C+estimate%5C+paleotemperatures%5C+from%5C+fossil%5C+leaf%5C+floras.%5C+The%5C+Chinese%5C+data%5C+indicate%5C+that%5C+P%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+strong%5C+linear%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+MAT%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+actual%5C+relationship%5C+is%5C+slightly%5C+different%5C+from%5C+those%5C+recognized%5C+from%5C+other%5C+regions.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+currently%5C+used%5C+LMA%5C+equations%2C%5C+the%5C+one%5C+resulting%5C+from%5C+North%5C+and%5C+Central%5C+American%5C+and%5C+Japanese%5C+data%2C%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+the%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+East%5C+Asian%5C+LMA%5C+equation%2C%5C+yields%5C+the%5C+closest%5C+values%5C+to%5C+the%5C+actual%5C+MATs%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+samples%5C+%5C%28mean%5C+absolute%5C+error%5C+%3D%5C+1.9%C2%B0C%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+equation%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+forests%5C+is%5C+therefore%5C+developed%2C%5C+where%5C+MAT%5C+%3D%5C+1.038%5C+%5C%2B%5C+27.6%5C+%C3%97%5C+P.%5C+This%5C+study%5C+not%5C+only%5C+demonstrates%5C+the%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+P%5C+and%5C+MAT%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+improves%5C+the%5C+reliability%5C+of%5C+LMA%5C+for%5C+paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+paleofloras.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+regression%5C+analyses%5C+are%5C+used%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+and%5C+precipitation.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+former%5C+studies%2C%5C+entire%5C+leaf%5C+margin%5C+shows%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+the%5C+Growing%5C+Season%5C+Precipitation%5C+%5C%28GSP%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+equation%5C+is%5C+proposed%5C%3A%5C+GSP%5C+%3D%5C+228.0%5C+%5C%2B%5C+1707.0%5C+%C3%97%5C+P.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+CLAMP%5C+dataset%5C+%E2%80%93%5C+PHYSGCHINA%EF%BC%8CCLAMP%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+based%5C+on%5C+canonical%5C+correspondence%5C+analysis%2C%5C+is%5C+improved%5C+by%5C+the%5C+inclusion%5C+of%5C+50%5C+Chinese%5C+samples.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+that%2C%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+data%5C+from%5C+50%5C+Chinese%5C+sample%5C+sites%5C+are%5C+situated%5C+away%5C+from%5C+the%5C+former%5C+144%5C+samples%5C+in%5C+the%5C+physiognomic%5C+space%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+be%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+unique%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+under%5C+monsoon%5C+condition.%5C+Therefore%2C%5C+a%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+CLAMP%5C+dataset%2C%5C+i.e.%2C%5C+PHYSGCHINA%2C%5C+is%5C+set%5C+up%5C+based%5C+on%5C+50%5C+new%5C+Chinese%5C+samples%2C%5C+and%5C+144%5C+former%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+PHYSG3BRC.%5C+This%5C+new%5C+dataset%5C+could%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+accuracy%5C+of%5C+paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+for%5C+floras%5C+under%5C+the%5C+monsoon%5C+climate%5C+condition.%5C+When%5C+it%5C+is%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+Chinese%5C+Neogene%5C+floras%2C%5C+PHYSGCHINA%5C+could%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+accuracy%5C+of%5C+paleoclimate%5C+parameters%2C%5C+especially%5C+parameters%5C+related%5C+to%5C+precipitation.%5C+3.%5C+Paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Cenozoic%5C+floras%EF%BC%8CPaleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Cenozo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台湾北部福山地区亚热带雨林种子雨之研究
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 页码: 1-95
Authors:
张杨家豪
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Submit date：2017/07/19
全球变暖与海洋酸化
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 页码: 38-42
Authors:
陆菲
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Submit date：2017/07/19
台湾北部福山地区亚热带雨林幼苗之研究
期刊论文
出版物, 3111, 页码: 1-100
Authors:
吕佳陵
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Submit date：2017/07/19
川山紫甘薯
期刊论文
致富经济, 3111, 页码: 60
Authors:
作者
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Submit date：2017/07/19
芸香竹笋期快速生长的全基因组DNA甲基化研究
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
牛亮仲
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Submit date：2024/05/14
芸香竹，DNA甲基化，基因表达，节间伸长，木本竹类
Bonia amplexicaulis, DNA methylation, Gene expression, Internode elongation, Woody bamboos
落叶阔叶树种维持高光效的细胞结构与生理调控机制
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
孙虎
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阔叶木本植物，光合作用，叶肉导度，叶肉导度限制，叶片解剖
Broad-leaved Tree Species, Photosynthesis, Mesophyll Conductance, Mesophyll Conductance Limitation, Leaf Anatomy
基于牛角瓜基因组解析其种子纤维发育和镉胁迫响应的机理
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
杨景雅
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牛角瓜，基因组，比较基因组，纤维发育，镉胁迫，分子机制
Calotropis, Genomics, Comparative genome, Fiber development, Cadmium stress, Molecular mechanism.
马铃薯内源JA-Ile升高对专食性昆虫块茎蛾和广食性昆虫甜菜夜蛾抗性的影响
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
李奕
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马铃薯，转录组学，JA-Ile羟基化酶，块茎蛾，甜菜夜蛾
potato, transcriptomics, StCYP94B3s, potato tuberworm, beet armyworm
德氏兜兰和亨利兜兰成花诱导机制初探
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
熊进
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兜兰
Paphiopedilum
成花启动
Floral inducion
成花诱导
Flower evocation
温度
Temperature
光照和水分对独蒜兰（Pleione bulbocodioides）生理和化学成分累积的影响
学位论文
: 中国科学院大学, 2022
Authors:
施雨岑
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独蒜兰，光强，水分，次生代谢产物，假鳞茎生物量
Pleione bulbocodioides, Light intensity, Water availability, Secondary metabolites, Pseudobulb biomass
