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资助项目
0.05). For some populations, germination capacity in 12-h photoperiod was significantly higher than that in completed darkness（W-FD: P < 0.01, W-JD: P < 0.05）.Genetic variation within and among six populations was assessed using AFLP markers. Genetic diversity was higher at species level (PPL = 69.19%, HE = 0.221) than at population level (PPL = 26.22%, HE = 0.095, Is =0.140), and populations in southeast Yunnan were strongly differentiated from those in southwest Yunnan (Nei’s GST = 0.575; FST = 0.655). UPGMA analysis demonstrated a clear genetic division between the two populations from DeHong (SW Yunnan; D-JD and D-HG) and the four from WenShan (SE Yunnan; W-FD, W-LH, W-ML, and W-MG). Within-population genetic variation was significantly correlated with population isolation (r(PPL) = -0.94, P = 0.006; r(HE) = -0.85, P = 0.032; r(Is) = -0.87, P = 0.025), but not with population size (r(PPL) = 0.63, P = 0.178; r(HE) = 0.54, P = 0.268; r(Is) = 0.56, P = 0.249).","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACraigia%5C+yunnanensis%5C+W.%5C+W.%5C+Smith%5C+%5C%26%5C+W.%5C+E.%5C+Evans%5C+%5C%28Tiliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+deciduous%5C+tree%5C+species%5C+which%5C+has%5C+high%5C+scientific%5C+and%5C+economic%5C+value.%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+is%5C+seriously%5C+threatened%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+pushed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+verge%5C+of%5C+extinction%5C+due%5C+to%5C+vegetation%5C+destruction%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+consequent%5C+contraction%5C+of%5C+its%5C+distribution.%5C+Hence%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+nationally%5C+rare%5C+and%5C+endangered%5C+plant%5C+in%5C+1999%5C+and%5C+has%5C+also%5C+been%5C+proposed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+second%5C-ranked%5C+plant%5C+for%5C+national%5C+protection%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+included%5C+in%5C+IUCN%5C+red%5C+list.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+scientifically%5C+important%5C+and%5C+valued%5C+tree%5C+species%5C+with%5C+endangered%5C+status%2C%5C+the%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+therefore%5C+represent%5C+is%5C+a%5C+genetic%5C+resource%5C+that%5C+must%5C+be%5C+conserved.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+basic%5C+information%5C+for%5C+its%5C+conservation%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+dynamics%5C+and%5C+population%5C+size%5C+structures%2C%5C+pollination%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+eleven%5C+fitness%5C-related%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+variability%5C+based%5C+on%5C+AFLP%5C+were%5C+comprehensively%5C+studied.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+six%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+were%5C+found%5C+in%5C+two%5C+disjunct%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+WenShan%5C+%5C%28SE%5C+Yunnan%5C%29%5C+and%5C+DeHong%5C+%5C%28SW%5C+Yunnan%5C%29%2C%5C+from%5C+2005%5C+to%5C+2007.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+in%5C+all%5C+but%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+we%5C+detected%2C%5C+mature%5C+trees%5C+were%5C+felled%5C+between%5C+2005%5C+and%5C+2007%2C%5C+so%5C+destruction%5C+of%5C+most%5C+of%5C+these%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+ongoing.%5C+Across%5C+the%5C+six%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+extant%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+found%5C+during%5C+our%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+total%5C+number%5C+of%5C+mature%5C+%5C%28reproductive%5C%29%5C+individuals%5C+detected%5C+was%5C+584%5C+in%5C+2007%EF%BC%8Cplus%5C+larger%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+seedling%5C+and%5C+resprouts%5C+from%5C+cut%5C+trunks.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+of%5C+surveying%5C+Population%5C+structure%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+there%5C+are%5C+two%5C+regeneration%5C+types%5C+which%5C+are%5C+seedlings%5C+and%5C+sprouts.%5C+Seedlings%5C+occurred%5C+abundantly%5C+in%5C+gaps%5C+or%5C+open%5C+areas%5C+and%5C+the%5C+size%5C+class%5C+frequency%5C+distributions%5C+were%5C+often%5C+discontinuous%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+same%5C+general%5C+pattern%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+all%5C+the%5C+investigated%5C+populations%5C+for%5C+juveniles%5C+and%5C+adults.%5C+The%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+seed%5C-origin%5C+individuals%5C+did%5C+however%5C+decline%5C+sharply%5C+with%5C+increasing%5C+size%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+high%5C+mortality%5C+rate%5C+going%5C+from%5C+seedling%5C+to%5C+sapling%5C+stage%5C+may%5C+be%5C+a%5C+problem%5C+for%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+the%5C+cash%5C+crop%5C+cultivation%5C+and%5C+logging%5C+seriously%5C+threaten%5C+the%5C+survival%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species.%5C+We%5C+conducted%5C+field%5C+observations%5C+and%5C+artificial%5C+pollination%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+floral%5C+biology%2C%5C+pollination%5C+process%5C+and%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+Craigia%5C+yunnanensis%5C+in%5C+Fadou%2C%5C+Xichou%5C+county%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+province.%5C+The%5C+lifespan%5C+of%5C+a%5C+single%5C+hermaphrodite%5C+flower%5C+is%5C+approximately%5C+3%5C-4%5C+days.%5C+A%5C+cyme%5C+has%5C+2%5C-9%5C+flowered.%5C+The%5C+flowering%5C+period%5C+of%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+is%5C+usually%5C+5%5C-14%5C+days.%5C+The%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+were%5C+protandrous.%5C+The%5C+stamens%5C+were%5C+within%5C+petal%5C-like%5C+staminodes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+opening%5C+flowers%5C+until%5C+the%5C+flower%5C+withered.%5C+Without%5C+touchment%2C%5C+the%5C+bractlike%5C+staminodes%5C+can%E2%80%99t%5C+open.%5C+Self%5C-pollination%5C+was%5C+partially%5C+avoided%5C+by%5C+temporal%5C+and%5C+spatial%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+organs%5C+within%5C+the%5C+same%5C+flower.%5C+However%2C%5C+autogamous%5C+and%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+is%5C+unavoidable%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+large%5C+number%5C+of%5C+flowers%5C+on%5C+a%5C+single%5C+tree%5C+and%5C+the%5C+action%5C+of%5C+pollinators.%5C+The%5C+values%5C+of%5C+both%5C+OCI%5C+%5C%28%E2%89%A54%5C%29%5C+and%5C+P%5C%2FO%5C+%5C%281381%5C%29%5C+and%5C+the%5C+results%5C+of%5C+bagging%5C+tests%5C+indicated%5C+there%5C+was%5C+no%5C+apomixes%5C+in%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+and%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+was%5C+outcrossing%5C+with%5C+partial%5C+self%5C-compatibility%5C+and%5C+the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oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is an economically important multi-purpose tree indigenous to northwest India. Featured by richness in proteins, minerals and Vitamins, leaves of M. oleifera are used as highly nutrient vegetable and cattle fodder. Besides, the seed powder is used in water purification, and the seed oil is acquired for edibles, lubricating and cosmetics. Due to its multiple applications and commercial benefits, M. oleifera has been broadly introduced and cultivated around the world, and has been identified as the important one in agri-horti-silviculture programs. Mastering the reproductive characteristics and bionomics of a species is the foundation of fine variety breeding. And understanding the breeding system of M. oleifera provides basic evidence for the establishment of breeding techniques. Both traditional methods and modern DNA marker were applied to study the component parts of breeding system of M. oleifera introduced to Yunnan, China. Floral development, anthesis phenology, flowering pattern, species and visiting frequency of pollinating insects, as well as foraging behavior of pollinators were observed. Furthermore, the type of breeding system, outcrossing rate and gene flow were also tested by means of fluorescence, paraffin sections, outcrossing index, pollen-ovule ratio, and microsatellites. Then the findings are as follows. 1. Morphological differentiation of flower bud could be divided into 5 stages: bract differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Abnormality of male and female reproductive structure is rare that do not prevent successful breeding. 2. With a few individuals flowering throughout the year, florescence of population appears twice a year, respectively in spring and autumn. Each blooming period lasts about 2 months, among which the stage of full blossom lasts about 1 month. The blooming period of a single flower is 7d, and anthesis time is forenoon. Pollen viability lasts from blooming to 24h after flowering, tested by TTC. While stigma reception lasts from 24h to 72h after blooming, tested by benzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Mature anthers and stigma are apart from time and space. Flavor rises up right away after blossom and continues to 48h.3. The OCI is 5, and P/O is 988.9±564.4. The breeding system of M. oleifera is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. Self-incompatibility is gametophytic.4. A total of twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed by method of FIASCO. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six, with an average of three. The expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities ranged from 0.3608 to 0.7606 (average of 0.5455) and from 0.0000 to 0.8750 (average of 0.4562), respectively. Seven loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.5. Paternity analysis by SSR was used to estimate the outcrossing rate and gene flow of M. oleifera. The analysis was carried out in an experimental population with 12 maternal trees and 60 paternal trees. 155 seeds out of 288 seeds were confirmed pollen donors by 8 microsatellite loci at 95% strict confidence level. The multilocus outcrossing rate is tm=0.797，and single-locus outcrossing rate is ts=0.742. Most of pollen dispersal is within 20m, and the amount of downwind distribution is not significantly distinct from the upwind.6. The natural fruiting rate of M. oleifera is low under scale cultivation, and is limited by pollinators. Most reliable pollinators are Xylocopa valga andScolia vittifornis.7. Artificial xenogamy could improve fruit setting and the yield of seeds in practice.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMoringa%5C+oleifera%5C+Lam.%5C+%5C%28Moringaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+economically%5C+important%5C+multi%5C-purpose%5C+tree%5C+indigenous%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+India.%5C+Featured%5C+by%5C+richness%5C+in%5C+proteins%2C%5C+minerals%5C+and%5C+Vitamins%2C%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+are%5C+used%5C+as%5C+highly%5C+nutrient%5C+vegetable%5C+and%5C+cattle%5C+fodder.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+powder%5C+is%5C+used%5C+in%5C+water%5C+purification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+oil%5C+is%5C+acquired%5C+for%5C+edibles%2C%5C+lubricating%5C+and%5C+cosmetics.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+its%5C+multiple%5C+applications%5C+and%5C+commercial%5C+benefits%2C%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+has%5C+been%5C+broadly%5C+introduced%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+around%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+identified%5C+as%5C+the%5C+important%5C+one%5C+in%5C+agri%5C-horti%5C-silviculture%5C+programs.%5C+Mastering%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+characteristics%5C+and%5C+bionomics%5C+of%5C+a%5C+species%5C+is%5C+the%5C+foundation%5C+of%5C+fine%5C+variety%5C+breeding.%5C+And%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+provides%5C+basic%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+establishment%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+techniques.%5C+Both%5C+traditional%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+modern%5C+DNA%5C+marker%5C+were%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+component%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+introduced%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+Floral%5C+development%2C%5C+anthesis%5C+phenology%2C%5C+flowering%5C+pattern%2C%5C+species%5C+and%5C+visiting%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+pollinating%5C+insects%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+foraging%5C+behavior%5C+of%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+observed.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+were%5C+also%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+fluorescence%2C%5C+paraffin%5C+sections%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+index%2C%5C+pollen%5C-ovule%5C+ratio%2C%5C+and%5C+microsatellites.%5C+Then%5C+the%5C+findings%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows.%5C+1.%5C+Morphological%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+flower%5C+bud%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+5%5C+stages%5C%3A%5C+bract%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+sepal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+petal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+stamen%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+and%5C+pistil%5C+differentiation.%5C+Abnormality%5C+of%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+reproductive%5C+structure%5C+is%5C+rare%5C+that%5C+do%5C+not%5C+prevent%5C+successful%5C+breeding.%5C+2.%5C+With%5C+a%5C+few%5C+individuals%5C+flowering%5C+throughout%5C+the%5C+year%2C%5C+florescence%5C+of%5C+population%5C+appears%5C+twice%5C+a%5C+year%2C%5C+respectively%5C+in%5C+spring%5C+and%5C+autumn.%5C+Each%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+2%5C+months%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+the%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+full%5C+blossom%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+1%5C+month.%5C+The%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+of%5C+a%5C+single%5C+flower%5C+is%5C+7d%2C%5C+and%5C+anthesis%5C+time%5C+is%5C+forenoon.%5C+Pollen%5C+viability%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+blooming%5C+to%5C+24h%5C+after%5C+flowering%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+TTC.%5C+While%5C+stigma%5C+reception%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+24h%5C+to%5C+72h%5C+after%5C+blooming%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+benzidine%5C+and%5C+hydrogen%5C+peroxide.%5C+Mature%5C+anthers%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+are%5C+apart%5C+from%5C+time%5C+and%5C+space.%5C+Flavor%5C+rises%5C+up%5C+right%5C+away%5C+after%5C+blossom%5C+and%5C+continues%5C+to%5C+48h.3.%5C+The%5C+OCI%5C+is%5C+5%2C%5C+and%5C+P%5C%2FO%5C+is%5C+988.9%C2%B1564.4.%5C+The%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+is%5C+outcrossing%2C%5C+partially%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+and%5C+demand%5C+for%5C+pollinators.%5C+Self%5C-incompatibility%5C+is%5C+gametophytic.4.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+twenty%5C+polymorphic%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+by%5C+method%5C+of%5C+FIASCO.%5C+The%5C+number%5C+of%5C+alleles%5C+per%5C+locus%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+two%5C+to%5C+six%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+average%5C+of%5C+three.%5C+The%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+0.3608%5C+to%5C+0.7606%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.5455%5C%29%5C+and%5C+from%5C+0.0000%5C+to%5C+0.8750%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.4562%5C%29%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+significantly%5C+deviated%5C+from%5C+Hardy%5C-Weinberg%5C+equilibrium.5.%5C+Paternity%5C+analysis%5C+by%5C+SSR%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+estimate%5C+the%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera.%5C+The%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+an%5C+experimental%5C+population%5C+with%5C+12%5C+maternal%5C+trees%5C+and%5C+60%5C+paternal%5C+trees.%5C+155%5C+seeds%5C+out%5C+of%5C+288%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+confirmed%5C+pollen%5C+donors%5C+by%5C+8%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+at%5C+95%25%5C+strict%5C+confidence%5C+level.%5C+The%5C+multilocus%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+is%5C+tm%3D0.797%EF%BC%8Cand%5C+single%5C-locus%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+is%5C+ts%3D0.742.%5C+Most%5C+of%5C+pollen%5C+dispersal%5C+is%5C+within%5C+20m%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+downwind%5C+distribution%5C+is%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+distinct%5C+from%5C+the%5C+upwind.6.%5C+The%5C+natural%5C+fruiting%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+is%5C+low%5C+under%5C+scale%5C+cultivation%2C%5C+and%5C+is%5C+limited%5C+by%5C+pollinators.%5C+Most%5C+reliable%5C+pollinators%5C+are%5C+Xylocopa%5C+valga%5C+andScolia%5C+vittifornis.7.%5C+Artificial%5C+xenogamy%5C+could%5C+improve%5C+fruit%5C+setting%5C+and%5C+the%5C+yield%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+in%5C+practice."},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)[41030212]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C+%5C%28NSFC%5C%29%5C%5B41030212%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)[41272007]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C+%5C%28NSFC%5C%29%5C%5B41272007%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Research Council of Thailand (Mae Fah Luang University)[592010200112]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Research%5C+Council%5C+of%5C+Thailand%5C+%5C%28Mae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%29%5C%5B592010200112%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Research Council of Thailand (Mae Fah Luang University)[60201000201]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Research%5C+Council%5C+of%5C+Thailand%5C+%5C%28Mae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%29%5C%5B60201000201%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Science Foundation of China (NSFC)[31750110478]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C+%5C%28NSFC%5C%29%5C%5B31750110478%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF)[RSA5980068]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThailand%5C+Research%5C+Fund%5C+%5C%28TRF%5C%29%5C%5BRSA5980068%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"The temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=proteaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"Trigonobalanus doichangensis is an endangered plant. In this paper, the megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, seed morphological traits and seed germination, seed conservation, micropropagation and acclimatization of this species were studied. Combined with the published results of cytology, molecular genetics and other researches,the mechanisms of extinction, basic biology and technology of germplasm conservation and acclimatization of T. doichangensis were discussed. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte，Stamens exist under the stigma of T. doichangensis, and the pollen is aborted on the later development stage of pistil, therefore, the pistillate flower in function is hermaphrodite flower in morphology. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The primary archesporium is hypodermal and single-celled and the sporogenous cell of the nucellus functions directly as a megaspore mother cell which goes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore of the tetrad is functional. The development of embryo sac conforms to the polygonum type. There are six ovules in the ovary of T. doichangensis, and only one develops into a seed in normal fruits. In the process of megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, there are several links of abortion, and 93.3% of mature embryo sacs is aborted.2. Morphological characters and germination of seeds，Most of the variation occurred among individual trees within populations in seed morphological traits (length, width and 1000-seed weight) and germination-related indices (germination percentage, germination index and vigor index). In addition, the variation in percentage of well-developed seeds among populations and among individual trees within populations is equal, each accounting for 48%. Each of seed morphological traits has significantly positive correlation with each other (p < 0.01), but they have no significant correlation with percentage of well-developed seeds and germination-related indices. In the same batch of seeds of T. doichangensis, there are light-colored and dark-colored seed coats, and development of light-colored seeds is significantly poorer than that of dark-colored seeds.The sensitivity of seeds to high temperature varys in different stages of seed imbibition. In each stage, heat acclimatization don’t increase germination percentage, germination index and fresh weight of seedlings. If the distilled water is substituted by solution of SA during seed imbibition, seed germination and germination index after heat shock are not significantly different from control, but they are significantly higher than that of other treatments. Moreover, when the seeds are treatmented with SA, the fresh weight of seedlings is significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.3. Seed conservation，Seeds of T. doichangensis belong to orthodox seeds which can tolerate certain level of dehydration. The condition of low temperature and low water content of seeds is conducive to seed conservation.Germination of fresh seeds shows significant variation among populations, howerer, germination of the seeds after storage for one year in room temperature shows no significant variation among populations.High temperature and high relative humidity damages the seeds more severely than high temperature does. In addition, low water content of seeds enable the seeds to be more tolerant to high temperature.The electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity and germination percentage have no significant correlation with each other.4. Micropropagation and in vitro conservation，Cotyledonary nodes are a kind of efficient explants. Low salt media are conducive to shoot propagation and root induction.The maximum multiplication rate (20-25 shoots/explant within 4 months) is achieved on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/4 MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).Rooting is promoted by auxins, however, IBA alone or low concentrations of NAA are preferable due to small amount of callus induced. The research has established an efficient protocol for micropropagation of T. doichangensis, and it provides technology support for in vitro conservation of special germplasm of the species.5. Acclimatization，Quercus variabilis, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides and T. doichangensis belong to the family of Fagaceae, and the natural distribution ranges of the 3 species are decreasing in turn. The research suggests that the ranges of temperature tolerance of the 3 species are decreasing corresponding to their distribution ranges.The high and low semi-lethal temperature of one-year old T. doichangensis is 49.5℃ and -5℃ respectively. It suggests that T. doichangensis has a wide range of basic temperature tolerance. Short-term heat and cold acclimatization cannot expand the range of temperature tolerance. It can be inferred that T. doichangensis may lack induced tolerance to temperature. Under proper conditions, ABA can increase the cold tolerance, and SA can increase the heat tolerance of leaf discs of T. 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