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资助项目
0.05) between wild (AR = 4.651), semi-cultivated (AR = 5.091) and cultivated (AR = 5.132) populations of C. taliensis, which suggested that the genetic background of long-lived woody plant was not easy to be changed, and there were moderate high gene flow between populations. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between wild (AR = 5.9) and cultivated (AR = 7.1) populations distributed in the same place in Yun county, Yunnan province, which may result from the hybridization and introgression of species in the tea garden and anthropogenic damages to the wild population. The hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata was tested by morphological and microsatellites analyses. Compared with other species, the locules in ovary of C. grandibracteata are variable, which showed a morphological intermediate and mosaic. Except one private allele, Ninety-nine percent alleles of C. grandibracteata were shared with these of C. taliensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. And C. grandibracteata was nested in the cluster of C. taliensis in the UPGMA tree. Conclusively, our results supported the hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata partly. The speciation of C. grandibracteata was derived from hybridization and asymmetrical introgression potentially. It is possible that C. taliensis was one of its parents, but it still needs more evidences to prove that C. sinensis var. assamica was another parent.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Rice%2Bwine&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACamellia%5C+taliensis%5C+%5C%28W.%5C+W.%5C+Smith%5C%29%5C+Melchior%2C%5C+a%5C+member%5C+of%5C+Camellia%5C+sect.%5C+Thea%2C%5C+is%5C+an%5C+indigenous%5C+species%5C+in%5C+local%5C+natural%5C+forest%5C+and%5C+has%5C+a%5C+long%5C+cultivative%5C+history%5C+in%5C+western%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+its%5C+neighborhood%2C%5C+where%5C+the%5C+domestications%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+in%5C+different%5C+historical%5C+periods%5C+and%5C+in%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+can%5C+be%5C+found.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+contributor%5C+to%5C+the%5C+formations%5C+of%5C+tea%5C+landraces%5C+by%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+14%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+screened%5C+from%5C+37%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+about%5C+this%5C+species%5C+with%5C+579%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+25%5C+populations%5C+%5C%2816%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+4%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+5%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%2C%5C+the%5C+potential%5C+hybrid%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%2C%5C+was%5C+investigated%5C+using%5C+39%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+2%5C+populations%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+%5C%2883%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+4%5C+populations%5C%29%5C+by%5C+the%5C+same%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+had%5C+a%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28A%5C+%3D%5C+14.3%2C%5C+Ne%3D%5C+5.7%2C%5C+HE%5C+%3D%5C+0.666%2C%5C+I%5C+%3D%5C+1.753%2C%5C+AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.2%2C%5C+PPB%5C+%3D%5C+100%25%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+several%5C+factors%5C+including%5C+K%5C-strategy%2C%5C+genetic%5C+background%2C%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations%2C%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+among%5C+species.%5C+Between%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+the%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+was%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+%5C%28Nm%5C+%3D%5C+1.197%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+genetic%5C+variation%5C+was%5C+less%5C+than%5C+20%25%5C+%5C%28GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.147%2C%5C+FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.173%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+other%5C+research%5C+results%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+its%5C+ancestry%5C+to%5C+same%5C+extent.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+a%5C+high%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+between%5C+geographic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+%5C%28r%5C+%3D%5C+0.372%2C%5C+P%5C+%3D%5C+0.001%5C%29%5C+of%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+accorded%5C+with%5C+isolation%5C+by%5C+distance%5C+model.%5C+Inferring%5C+from%5C+Bayesian%5C+clustering%5C+of%5C+genotypes%2C%5C+all%5C+individuals%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+were%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+groups%2C%5C+conflicting%5C+with%5C+the%5C+result%5C+based%5C+on%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+real%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+there%5C+were%5C+heavy%5C+and%5C+non%5C-random%5C+influences%5C+by%5C+human%5C+practices.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+allelic%5C+richness%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+differences%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3E%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+4.651%5C%29%2C%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.091%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.132%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+background%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plant%5C+was%5C+not%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+be%5C+changed%2C%5C+and%5C+there%5C+were%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations.%5C+However%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+difference%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3C%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.9%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.1%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+place%5C+in%5C+Yun%5C+county%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+the%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+garden%5C+and%5C+anthropogenic%5C+damages%5C+to%5C+the%5C+wild%5C+population.%5C+The%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+microsatellites%5C+analyses.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+locules%5C+in%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+are%5C+variable%2C%5C+which%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+morphological%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+mosaic.%5C+Except%5C+one%5C+private%5C+allele%2C%5C+Ninety%5C-nine%5C+percent%5C+alleles%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+were%5C+shared%5C+with%5C+these%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica.%5C+And%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+nested%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cluster%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+in%5C+the%5C+UPGMA%5C+tree.%5C+Conclusively%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+partly.%5C+The%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+asymmetrical%5C+introgression%5C+potentially.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+was%5C+one%5C+of%5C+its%5C+parents%2C%5C+but%5C+it%5C+still%5C+needs%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+was%5C+another%5C+parent."},{"jsname":"Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is an economically important multi-purpose tree indigenous to northwest India. Featured by richness in proteins, minerals and Vitamins, leaves of M. oleifera are used as highly nutrient vegetable and cattle fodder. Besides, the seed powder is used in water purification, and the seed oil is acquired for edibles, lubricating and cosmetics. Due to its multiple applications and commercial benefits, M. oleifera has been broadly introduced and cultivated around the world, and has been identified as the important one in agri-horti-silviculture programs. Mastering the reproductive characteristics and bionomics of a species is the foundation of fine variety breeding. And understanding the breeding system of M. oleifera provides basic evidence for the establishment of breeding techniques. Both traditional methods and modern DNA marker were applied to study the component parts of breeding system of M. oleifera introduced to Yunnan, China. Floral development, anthesis phenology, flowering pattern, species and visiting frequency of pollinating insects, as well as foraging behavior of pollinators were observed. Furthermore, the type of breeding system, outcrossing rate and gene flow were also tested by means of fluorescence, paraffin sections, outcrossing index, pollen-ovule ratio, and microsatellites. Then the findings are as follows. 1. Morphological differentiation of flower bud could be divided into 5 stages: bract differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Abnormality of male and female reproductive structure is rare that do not prevent successful breeding. 2. With a few individuals flowering throughout the year, florescence of population appears twice a year, respectively in spring and autumn. Each blooming period lasts about 2 months, among which the stage of full blossom lasts about 1 month. The blooming period of a single flower is 7d, and anthesis time is forenoon. Pollen viability lasts from blooming to 24h after flowering, tested by TTC. While stigma reception lasts from 24h to 72h after blooming, tested by benzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Mature anthers and stigma are apart from time and space. Flavor rises up right away after blossom and continues to 48h.3. The OCI is 5, and P/O is 988.9±564.4. The breeding system of M. oleifera is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. Self-incompatibility is gametophytic.4. A total of twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed by method of FIASCO. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six, with an average of three. The expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities ranged from 0.3608 to 0.7606 (average of 0.5455) and from 0.0000 to 0.8750 (average of 0.4562), respectively. Seven loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.5. Paternity analysis by SSR was used to estimate the outcrossing rate and gene flow of M. oleifera. The analysis was carried out in an experimental population with 12 maternal trees and 60 paternal trees. 155 seeds out of 288 seeds were confirmed pollen donors by 8 microsatellite loci at 95% strict confidence level. The multilocus outcrossing rate is tm=0.797，and single-locus outcrossing rate is ts=0.742. Most of pollen dispersal is within 20m, and the amount of downwind distribution is not significantly distinct from the upwind.6. The natural fruiting rate of M. oleifera is low under scale cultivation, and is limited by pollinators. Most reliable pollinators are Xylocopa valga andScolia vittifornis.7. Artificial xenogamy could improve fruit setting and the yield of seeds in practice.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=Rice%2Bwine&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMoringa%5C+oleifera%5C+Lam.%5C+%5C%28Moringaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+economically%5C+important%5C+multi%5C-purpose%5C+tree%5C+indigenous%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+India.%5C+Featured%5C+by%5C+richness%5C+in%5C+proteins%2C%5C+minerals%5C+and%5C+Vitamins%2C%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+are%5C+used%5C+as%5C+highly%5C+nutrient%5C+vegetable%5C+and%5C+cattle%5C+fodder.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+powder%5C+is%5C+used%5C+in%5C+water%5C+purification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+oil%5C+is%5C+acquired%5C+for%5C+edibles%2C%5C+lubricating%5C+and%5C+cosmetics.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+its%5C+multiple%5C+applications%5C+and%5C+commercial%5C+benefits%2C%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+has%5C+been%5C+broadly%5C+introduced%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+around%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+identified%5C+as%5C+the%5C+important%5C+one%5C+in%5C+agri%5C-horti%5C-silviculture%5C+programs.%5C+Mastering%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+characteristics%5C+and%5C+bionomics%5C+of%5C+a%5C+species%5C+is%5C+the%5C+foundation%5C+of%5C+fine%5C+variety%5C+breeding.%5C+And%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+provides%5C+basic%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+establishment%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+techniques.%5C+Both%5C+traditional%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+modern%5C+DNA%5C+marker%5C+were%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+component%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+introduced%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+Floral%5C+development%2C%5C+anthesis%5C+phenology%2C%5C+flowering%5C+pattern%2C%5C+species%5C+and%5C+visiting%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+pollinating%5C+insects%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+foraging%5C+behavior%5C+of%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+observed.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+were%5C+also%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+fluorescence%2C%5C+paraffin%5C+sections%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+index%2C%5C+pollen%5C-ovule%5C+ratio%2C%5C+and%5C+microsatellites.%5C+Then%5C+the%5C+findings%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows.%5C+1.%5C+Morphological%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+flower%5C+bud%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+5%5C+stages%5C%3A%5C+bract%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+sepal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+petal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+stamen%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+and%5C+pistil%5C+differentiation.%5C+Abnormality%5C+of%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+reproductive%5C+structure%5C+is%5C+rare%5C+that%5C+do%5C+not%5C+prevent%5C+successful%5C+breeding.%5C+2.%5C+With%5C+a%5C+few%5C+individuals%5C+flowering%5C+throughout%5C+the%5C+year%2C%5C+florescence%5C+of%5C+population%5C+appears%5C+twice%5C+a%5C+year%2C%5C+respectively%5C+in%5C+spring%5C+and%5C+autumn.%5C+Each%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+2%5C+months%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+the%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+full%5C+blossom%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+1%5C+month.%5C+The%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+of%5C+a%5C+single%5C+flower%5C+is%5C+7d%2C%5C+and%5C+anthesis%5C+time%5C+is%5C+forenoon.%5C+Pollen%5C+viability%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+blooming%5C+to%5C+24h%5C+after%5C+flowering%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+TTC.%5C+While%5C+stigma%5C+reception%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+24h%5C+to%5C+72h%5C+after%5C+blooming%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+benzidine%5C+and%5C+hydrogen%5C+peroxide.%5C+Mature%5C+anthers%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+are%5C+apart%5C+from%5C+time%5C+and%5C+space.%5C+Flavor%5C+rises%5C+up%5C+right%5C+away%5C+after%5C+blossom%5C+and%5C+continues%5C+to%5C+48h.3.%5C+The%5C+OCI%5C+is%5C+5%2C%5C+and%5C+P%5C%2FO%5C+is%5C+988.9%C2%B1564.4.%5C+The%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+is%5C+outcrossing%2C%5C+partially%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+and%5C+demand%5C+for%5C+pollinators.%5C+Self%5C-incompatibility%5C+is%5C+gametophytic.4.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+twenty%5C+polymorphic%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+by%5C+method%5C+of%5C+FIASCO.%5C+The%5C+number%5C+of%5C+alleles%5C+per%5C+locus%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+two%5C+to%5C+six%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+average%5C+of%5C+three.%5C+The%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+0.3608%5C+to%5C+0.7606%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.5455%5C%29%5C+and%5C+from%5C+0.0000%5C+to%5C+0.8750%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.4562%5C%29%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+significantly%5C+deviated%5C+from%5C+Hardy%5C-Weinberg%5C+equilibrium.5.%5C+Paternity%5C+analysis%5C+by%5C+SSR%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+estimate%5C+the%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera.%5C+The%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+an%5C+experimental%5C+population%5C+with%5C+12%5C+maternal%5C+trees%5C+and%5C+60%5C+paternal%5C+trees.%5C+155%5C+seeds%5C+out%5C+of%5C+288%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+confirmed%5C+pollen%5C+donors%5C+by%5C+8%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+at%5C+95%25%5C+strict%5C+confidence%5C+level.%5C+The%5C+multilocus%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+is%5C+tm%3D0.797%EF%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