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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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floritistic composition, characteristics, endemism, origin and evolution were studied on the base of literature checked, field investigation, specimens checked and previous research work. The main result are as follows: 1. Guishan Region is rich in seed-plants. The Guishan Region flora consists of 129 families and 488 genera and 1069 species of which 6 species in 5 genera and 3 families belong to Gymnosperm, 842 species in 381 genera and 100 families belong to dicotyledon, 421 species in 102 genera and 26 families belong to monocotyledon.2. Flora Composition: The floristic elements of 62.02% tropical families and 37.98% temperate one indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically. The floristic elements of 44.68% tropical genera and 52.96% temperate one reveals dominant temperate property, which one of the typical floristic characters in subtropical mountain region; the floristic elements of 53.83% tropical species(excluding species which are endemic to china and distribute world-wide ), 46.17% temperate ones indicates that the flora is subtropical in nature. 433 species are endemic to China ,43.96% of all the species (excluding the species world-wide).Very few species (44 species endemic to China accounted for 10.16%) distribute to the North, most of which distribute only to Shanxi, Henan, Gansu Province., indicating weak feature of temperate flora of Guishan region in nature. Statistical analysis showed that indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically, shows transitional features in flora between tropical to temperate flora.. 3. By the comparison with five adjacent limestone and non-limestone flora on the level of family and genus, we found that the flora of Guishan Region is most closely related to the flora of Shishan Mountain and Xiaobaicaoling and Wuliang Mountain all of which situate in Central Yunnan. So the flora position of Guishan Region is: Central Yunnan Plaetau Subregion, the Yunnan Plaetau Region, the Sino-Himalayan forest Subkingdom, the east Asiatic Kingdom.4. The endemic plants in Guishan Region are rich, and the flora of Guishan Region shows limestone features. 10 genera are endemic to China, 433 species are endemic to China. Among the Chineses endemic plants, 1 genes and 7 species are endemic to Guishan Region in which 1 genes(Parasiometrum) and 3 species (Begonia guishanensis, Petrocosmea guishanensis, Parasiometrum mileens) are limestone exclusive.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Oxalidaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+floritistic%5C+composition%2C%5C+characteristics%2C%5C+endemism%2C%5C+origin%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+on%5C+the%5C+base%5C+of%5C+literature%5C+checked%2C%5C+field%5C+investigation%2C%5C+specimens%5C+checked%5C+and%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+work.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+result%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+seed%5C-plants.%5C+The%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+flora%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+129%5C+families%5C+and%5C+488%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+1069%5C+species%5C+of%5C+which%5C+6%5C+species%5C+in%5C+5%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+3%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+Gymnosperm%2C%5C+842%5C+species%5C+in%5C+381%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+100%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+dicotyledon%2C%5C+421%5C+species%5C+in%5C+102%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+26%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+monocotyledon.2.%5C+Flora%5C+Composition%5C%3A%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+62.02%25%5C+tropical%5C+families%5C+and%5C+37.98%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically.%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+44.68%25%5C+tropical%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+52.96%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+reveals%5C+dominant%5C+temperate%5C+property%2C%5C+which%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+typical%5C+floristic%5C+characters%5C+in%5C+subtropical%5C+mountain%5C+region%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+53.83%25%5C+tropical%5C+species%5C%28excluding%5C+species%5C+which%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+china%5C+and%5C+distribute%5C+world%5C-wide%5C+%5C%29%2C%5C+46.17%25%5C+temperate%5C+ones%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+subtropical%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+%2C43.96%25%5C+of%5C+all%5C+the%5C+species%5C+%5C%28excluding%5C+the%5C+%5C+species%5C+world%5C-wide%5C%29.Very%5C+few%5C+species%5C+%5C%2844%5C+species%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+accounted%5C+for%5C+10.16%25%5C%29%5C+distribute%5C+to%5C+the%5C+North%2C%5C+most%5C+of%5C+which%5C+distribute%5C+only%5C+to%5C+Shanxi%2C%5C+Henan%2C%5C+Gansu%5C+Province.%2C%5C+indicating%5C+weak%5C+feature%5C+of%5C+temperate%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+region%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+Statistical%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically%2C%5C+shows%5C+transitional%5C+features%5C+in%5C+flora%5C+between%5C+tropical%5C+to%5C+temperate%5C+flora..%5C+3.%5C+By%5C+the%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+five%5C+adjacent%5C+limestone%5C+and%5C+non%5C-limestone%5C+flora%5C+on%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+family%5C+and%5C+genus%2C%5C+we%5C+found%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+most%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Shishan%5C+Mountain%5C+and%5C+Xiaobaicaoling%5C+and%5C+Wuliang%5C+Mountain%5C+all%5C+of%5C+which%5C+situate%5C+in%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan.%5C+So%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+position%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C%3A%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Subregion%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Region%2C%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+Subkingdom%2C%5C+the%5C+east%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom.4.%5C+The%5C+endemic%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+are%5C+rich%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+shows%5C+limestone%5C+features.%5C+10%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+Chineses%5C+endemic%5C+plants%2C%5C+1%5C+genes%5C+and%5C+7%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+in%5C+which%5C+1%5C+genes%5C%28Parasiometrum%5C%29%5C+and%5C+3%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Begonia%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Petrocosmea%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Parasiometrum%5C+mileens%5C%29%5C+are%5C+limestone%5C+exclusive."},{"jsname":"This thesis includes two parts: the investigation of medicinal plants in the communities of De''ang people, and the phytochemical studies on three medicinal plants used by the De''ang people traditionally. The De''ang people is an old indigenous minority in China. Most De''ang people live in the Southwest of Yunan Province. They have accumulated abundant traditional knowledge about utilization of medicinal plants in their long-time live and produce. However, without written script of their own and with the influence of alien cultures, their indigenous knowledge is facing the risk of being assimilated or extinct. We carried out an ethnoparmacological investigation of medicinal plants in De''ang communities. It has been found that 92 species were highly valuable for medicinal uses including heat-clearing and detoxication, anti-inflammatory pain, bone fracture and injury, relieving rigidity of muscles and promoting blood circulation, snake bite and so on. Of the 92 plants recorded, 23 species were newly recorded for the De''ang people, and new medicinal properties of one plant species (Tacca chantrieri) was the first record too. In order to know well of the medicinal properties of traditional medicinal plants used by the De''ang people, we selected three plants (Piper boehmeriaefolium, Remusatia vivipara and Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata) for the chemical constituents research. Forty-six compounds including 13 new ones were isolated from the above mentioned folk medicinal plants. The types of these compounds involved amide alkaloids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, flavanoids and so on. In addition, some of the isolates were tested for their bioactivities. Thirty compounds, including 8 new ones, were isolated from the whole plant of Piper boehmeriaefolium (Piperaceae). The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to the alkaloids of amides. A new phenylpropanoid glucoside, caffeyl alcohol-3-O-b-d-glucopyranoside, together with nine known compounds, was isolated from the dry corms of Remusatia vivipara (Araceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by the spectroscopic method and acidic hydrolysis. The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to phenlpropanoids, neolignans, steroid saponin, triterpenoid saponin and amides. All compounds were isolated from the genus Remusatia for the first time. Three new humulane-type sesquiterpenes, and a new copaborneol derivative, , together with two known compounds have been isolated from the whole plant of Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata (Urticaceae). All compounds were isolated from the genus Pilea for the first time.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Oxalidaceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+thesis%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+communities%5C+of%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+phytochemical%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+three%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+traditionally.%5C+The%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+is%5C+an%5C+old%5C+indigenous%5C+minority%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+Most%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+live%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Southwest%5C+of%5C+Yunan%5C+Province.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+accumulated%5C+abundant%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+about%5C+utilization%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+their%5C+long%5C-time%5C+live%5C+and%5C+produce.%5C+However%2C%5C+without%5C+written%5C+script%5C+of%5C+their%5C+own%5C+and%5C+with%5C+the%5C+influence%5C+of%5C+alien%5C+cultures%2C%5C+their%5C+indigenous%5C+knowledge%5C+is%5C+facing%5C+the%5C+risk%5C+of%5C+being%5C+assimilated%5C+or%5C+extinct.%5C+We%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+an%5C+ethnoparmacological%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+communities.%5C+It%5C+has%5C+been%5C+found%5C+that%5C+92%5C+species%5C+were%5C+highly%5C+valuable%5C+for%5C+medicinal%5C+uses%5C+including%5C+heat%5C-clearing%5C+and%5C+detoxication%2C%5C+anti%5C-inflammatory%5C+pain%2C%5C+bone%5C+fracture%5C+and%5C+injury%2C%5C+relieving%5C+rigidity%5C+of%5C+muscles%5C+and%5C+promoting%5C+blood%5C+circulation%2C%5C+snake%5C+bite%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+Of%5C+the%5C+92%5C+plants%5C+recorded%2C%5C+23%5C+species%5C+were%5C+newly%5C+recorded%5C+for%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+new%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+one%5C+plant%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Tacca%5C+chantrieri%5C%29%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+record%5C+too.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+know%5C+well%5C+of%5C+the%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+we%5C+selected%5C+three%5C+plants%5C+%5C%28Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%2C%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+and%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C%29%5C+for%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+research.%5C+Forty%5C-six%5C+compounds%5C+including%5C+13%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+folk%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+The%5C+types%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+involved%5C+amide%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+lignans%2C%5C+phenylpropanoids%2C%5C+terpenoids%2C%5C+flavanoids%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+isolates%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+for%5C+their%5C+bioactivities.%5C+Thirty%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+8%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%5C+%5C%28Piperaceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+the%5C+alkaloids%5C+of%5C+amides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+phenylpropanoid%5C+glucoside%2C%5C+caffeyl%5C+alcohol%5C-3%5C-O%5C-b%5C-d%5C-glucopyranoside%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+nine%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+dry%5C+corms%5C+of%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+%5C%28Araceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+was%5C+determined%5C+by%5C+the%5C+spectroscopic%5C+method%5C+and%5C+acidic%5C+hydrolysis.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+phenlpropanoids%2C%5C+neolignans%2C%5C+steroid%5C+saponin%2C%5C+triterpenoid%5C+saponin%5C+and%5C+amides.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Remusatia%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+humulane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpenes%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+copaborneol%5C+derivative%2C%5C+%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+two%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C+%5C%28Urticaceae%5C%29.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pilea%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time."},{"jsname":"Xiaozhongdian, a town of Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture, was chosen as the main field site for studying the structure and characters of traditional agricultural ecosystem, by using approaches of ethnobotany, cultural anthropology and ecology. Combined with interviewing exercises in Hanpi village, Jiantang Township, this paper also discussed the impact of traditional management on the biocultural diversity. The results showed: Traditional agroecosystem in Shangri-la is an integrated system with three subsystems, which are farming, forest and grazing subsystem. The seasonal shifting grazing activity in Shangri-la, following the natural season change and the recover process of plants, is a sustainable management that protects the local biodiversity. However, along with the decay of shifting grazing tradition recently, the local Tibetans turned to use grass land and forest which is close to villages as the main grazing lands. It increased the pasturing pressure to these areas and caused productivity decreasing and biodiversity. As a symbolic part of Tibetan culture in Shangri-la, the sacred mountain culture has played a significant role in biodiversity conservation by restricting human’s behavior. The Tibetan traditional culture, indigenous knowledge and traditional ecosystem management in Shangri-la has contributed to the biodiversity conservation in this area. However, this research indicated that under the pressure of mainstream culture and market economy, traditional knowledge is vanishing; old crop land races are decreasing; diverse land use management is inclining to be single and seasonal shifting grazing tradition is fading away. The change of diversity to singularity might cause some negative impacts on the local environment and ecosystem. In this paper, advices were also given on how to combine Tibetan traditional knowledge and management experiences into sustainable development of modern agriculture. In this thesis, genetic diversity of Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li, a plant endemic to southwest China, was also discussed through the approach of SSR markers. The wild populations of M. lasiocarpa are very rare now due to the habitat fragment and long time human’s disturbance. By conducting broad field investigation, we have found 5 wild populations near the boarder of Yunnan and Sichuan province. Seventeen microsatellite markers were isolated from M. lasiocarpa by using FIASCO method. 8 primers were selected to do the further genetic population structure and genetic diversity analysis. The results showed that genetic diversity of M. lasiocarpa’s wild populations is higher than cultivated populations. The genetic diversity difference between wild and cultivated populations is related to the different reproduction systems. Adopting the way of asexuality reproduction, the genetic basis of cultivated populations become narrow that decrease the genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis showed that 37.19% genetic differentiation is among populations and 62.81% is within population. Genetic differentiation among different populations is related to the limited gene communication. POPGENE analysis indicated that there is very little gene flow among different populations (0.4916), which is the main reason of high genetic differentiation among M. lasiocarpa 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