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资助项目
GST,p < 0.001) and low levels of seed-based gene flow. C. debaoensis (Cycadaceae) is an endangered species restricted to the border of Guangxi and Yunnan province in southwest China. This species has been classified into two types: sand and karst, according to the soil matrix they grow on. We examined chloroplast sequence variation of the cpDNA sequences from 11 populations of this species. Significant population genetic differentiation was detected (GST= 0.684 and FST = 0.74160). There was marked genetic differentiation between populations in the sand and karst regions and no expansion was detected. Climate changes during glacial periods have had significant effects on the current distribution of cycads. The molecular phylogenetic data, together with the geographic distribution of the haplotypes, suggest that C. debaoensis experienced range contraction during glacial periods, and that the current populations are still confined to the original refugia in southwest China which have favorable habitats in glacial period. These results imply that small refugia were maintained in both sand and karst regions during the LGM (last glacial maximum). This species had no postglacial recolonization and only stayed in these refugia up to now. The low within-population diversity of C. debaoensis suggests that there were strong bottleneck events or founder effects within each separate region during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. Relatively high genetic and haplotype diversities were detected in the newly discovered populations, which located at intermediate locality of sand regions and had morphological variation; this is probably the consequence of the admixture of different haplotypes colonizing the area from separate sources. C. micholitzii occurs in the Annan Highlands in central Vietnam near the Laos border. C. bifida occurs in North Vietnam; its distribution extends across the border into adjacent localities in Guangxi and Yunnan in China. For the comparability between them,theywere considered as the same species C. micholitzii by many academicians. The cpDNA sequences from 11 populations showed that these very controversial species, C. micholitzii and C. bifida, is paraphyletic and should belong to the same species C. micholitzii. AMOVA analysis showed that the component of among-population within region/species (76.46%) was unexpectedly larger than the among-species/region component (14.97%), which also indicates that there is no justification for recognizing two species as C. micholitzii and C. bifida. This hypothesis was also supported by the geological data, especially the neotectonic history of the indo-china block, which started to move south since Oligocene and cause the geographic isolation of these two groups. Therefore, the most likely explanation to the phenotypic similarities between these two groups may be the retention of ancestral polymorphisms in the paraphyletic group due to incomplete lineage sorting. Furthermore, the similarities may also be ascribed to pollen-mediated gene flow among geographically proximate populations and/or phenotypic convergence under similar selection schemes in the same region. C.micholitzi had the higest genetic diversity (HT = 0.980,) and genetic differentiation (GST = 0.830, NST = 0.915) among the C. micholitzii complex. The high genetic diversity might be attributed to its long evolutionary history, highly diverse habitats. The ineffective mode of seed dispersal and dramatic neotectonic movement in the distribution range of this species could result in the high genetic differentiation. 2. Phylogeographic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal sequences, We sequenced the nrDNA ITS in all 27 populations sampled, 7 haplotypes were identified, among which C. micholitzii had 6, while C. multipinnata, C. longipetiolula and C. debaoensis shared the remaining one. Compared to chloroplast genes, nuclear genes had higher correlation between genetic and geographical distance, but lower interspecies differentiation (54.42% vs 25.24%). Phylogeographical structure of C. micholitzii and C.bifida based on ITS Variation was consistent with the morphology differentiation. This similar in nuclear gene should be ascribed to pollen-mediated gene flow among geographically proximate populations.Long-distance gene flow over the two groups was clearly interrupted, which brought on the nrDNA genetic differenciation between the geographically isolated groups, to a certain extent affected the morphological variation. 3. Interspecies relationships among Cycas micholitzii complex, We analysed chloroplast sequence variation of the atpB-rbcL and psbA-trnH intergenic spacers in 27 populations sampled of C. micholitzii complex, AMOVA analysis showed that the component of among-species/region component (59.21%). However, phylogenic analysis showed that the haplotypes of C. micholitzii complex couldn`t grouped into four clusters closely corresponding to the narrowly defined C. micholitzi, C. multipinnata, C. debaoensis and C. longipetiolula. We concluded that the conflict may result from several factors: firstly incomplete lineage sorting of C. micholitzii; secondly hybridization/introgression of sympatrically cycads, which would be supported by evidence base on nrDNA ITS sequences; thirdly intramolecular recombination in cpDNA of cycads; eventually the neotectonic movement in the distribution range of this species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACycas%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+5%5C+species%5C%3A%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+Dyer%2C%5C+C.%5C+bifida%5C+%5C%28Dyer%5C%29%5C+K.%5C+D.%5C+Hill%2CC.%5C+longipetiolula%5C+D.%5C+Y.%5C+Wang%2C%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+Y.%5C+C.%5C+Zhong%5C+et%5C+C%5C+J.%5C+Chen%2C%5C+C.%5C+multipinnata%5C+C%5C+J.%5C+Chen%5C+et%5C+S.%5C+Y.%5C+Yang%EF%BC%8Cand%5C+distributed%5C+from%5C+southwest%5C+China%5C+to%5C+central%5C+Vietnam%5C+and%5C+eastern%5C+Laos.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+sequence%5C+data%5C+from%5C+two%5C+maternally%5C+inherited%5C+cpDNA%5C+and%5C+one%5C+biparentally%5C+nuclear%5C+DNA%5C+fragments%2C%5C+our%5C+study%5C+revealed%5C+the%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+explored%5C+the%5C+potential%5C+causes.%5C+The%5C+evolutionary%5C+and%5C+demographic%5C+histories%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+genetic%5C+relationship%5C+among%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+also%5C+clarified.The%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CWe%5C+examined%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequence%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+atpB%5C-rbcLand%5C+psbA%5C-trnHintergenic%5C+spacers%5C+in%5C+27%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+complex%2C%5C+recovering%5C+26%5C+haplotypes.%5C+The%5C+average%5C+within%5C-population%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HS%5C+%3D%5C+0.140%5C%29%5C+was%5C+low%5C+while%5C+total%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.911%5C%29%5C+was%5C+high.%5C+Population%5C+differentiation%5C+was%5C+also%5C+high%5C%28GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.846%2C%5C+NST%5C+%3D%5C+0.919%5C%29%2C%5C+indicating%5C+significant%5C+phylogeographical%5C+structure%5C+%5C%28NST%5C+%3E%5C+GST%2Cp%5C+%3C%5C+0.001%5C%29%5C+and%5C+low%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+seed%5C-based%5C+gene%5C+flow.%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+%5C%28Cycadaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+restricted%5C+to%5C+the%5C+border%5C+of%5C+Guangxi%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+has%5C+been%5C+classified%5C+into%5C+two%5C+types%5C%3A%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%2C%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+soil%5C+matrix%5C+they%5C+grow%5C+on.%5C+We%5C+examined%5C+chloroplast%5C+sequence%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequences%5C+from%5C+11%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Significant%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+was%5C+detected%5C+%5C%28GST%3D%5C+0.684%5C+and%5C+FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.74160%5C%29.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+marked%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+between%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+the%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%5C+regions%5C+and%5C+no%5C+expansion%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+Climate%5C+changes%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods%5C+have%5C+had%5C+significant%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+the%5C+current%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+cycads.%5C+The%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+data%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+experienced%5C+range%5C+contraction%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods%2C%5C+and%5C+that%5C+the%5C+current%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+still%5C+confined%5C+to%5C+the%5C+original%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%5C+which%5C+have%5C+favorable%5C+habitats%5C+in%5C+glacial%5C+period.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+imply%5C+that%5C+small%5C+refugia%5C+were%5C+maintained%5C+in%5C+both%5C+sand%5C+and%5C+karst%5C+regions%5C+during%5C+the%5C+LGM%5C+%5C%28last%5C+glacial%5C+maximum%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+had%5C+no%5C+postglacial%5C+recolonization%5C+and%5C+only%5C+stayed%5C+in%5C+these%5C+refugia%5C+up%5C+to%5C+now.%5C+The%5C+low%5C+within%5C-population%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+debaoensis%5C+suggests%5C+that%5C+there%5C+were%5C+strong%5C+bottleneck%5C+events%5C+or%5C+founder%5C+effects%5C+within%5C+each%5C+separate%5C+region%5C+during%5C+the%5C+Quaternary%5C+climatic%5C+oscillations.%5C+Relatively%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+and%5C+haplotype%5C+diversities%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+in%5C+the%5C+newly%5C+discovered%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+located%5C+at%5C+intermediate%5C+locality%5C+of%5C+sand%5C+regions%5C+and%5C+had%5C+morphological%5C+variation%5C%3B%5C+this%5C+is%5C+probably%5C+the%5C+consequence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+admixture%5C+of%5C+different%5C+haplotypes%5C+colonizing%5C+the%5C+area%5C+from%5C+separate%5C+sources.%5C+%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Annan%5C+Highlands%5C+in%5C+central%5C+Vietnam%5C+near%5C+the%5C+Laos%5C+border.%5C+C.%5C+bifida%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+North%5C+Vietnam%5C%3B%5C+its%5C+distribution%5C+extends%5C+across%5C+the%5C+border%5C+into%5C+adjacent%5C+localities%5C+in%5C+Guangxi%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+For%5C+the%5C+comparability%5C+between%5C+them%2Ctheywere%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+species%5C+C.%5C+micholitzii%5C+by%5C+many%5C+academicians.%5C+The%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequences%5C+from%5C+11%5C+populations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Light International Fellowship for Chinese Botanists at Missouri Botanical Garden","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AGlory%5C+Light%5C+International%5C+Fellowship%5C+for%5C+Chinese%5C+Botanists%5C+at%5C+Missouri%5C+Botanical%5C+Garden"},{"jsname":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science[1264402271]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AJapan%5C+Society%5C+for%5C+the%5C+Promotion%5C+of%5C+Science%5C%5B1264402271%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AKunming%5C+Institute%5C+of%5C+Botany%2C%5C+Chinese%5C+Academy%5C+of%5C+Sciences"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31370229]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31370229%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31400196]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31400196%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31600164]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31600164%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31628002]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31628002%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province[2015FB169]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANatural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%5C%5B2015FB169%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Pedicularis sect. Cyathophora is a distinctive group endemic to the eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. It was regarded as a ‘grex’ or section and included all four general corolla types of Pedicularis. A unique feature is that the leaf and bract bases are fused together to form a cup-like structure around the stem at each node. Our molecular phylogenetic study indicated that P. sect. Cyathophora was a monophyletic lineage, although the relationships among species were not fully resolved. P. rex C. B. Clarke ex Maxim. is the most various and wide-distributed species in P. sect. Cyathophora. It is extremely variable in wild populations, and elicits a vast quantity of morpho-variations, which qualifies the species as one of the most diverse and complex taxa of the genus Pedicularis. In this study, the phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on four chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F) and one nuclear gene, ITS, using 78 samples, with an emphasis on the P. rex complex. Also morphometric analyses were used to assess the morphological variation in P. rex complex and taxonomic revisions were presented for some taxa of this complex. Thirteen microsatellite markers were developed from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique, which could be used for further studies on the genetic diversity and population structure of this species and its congeners. Main results were summarized as follows: 1. Molecular phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora H. L. Li， The phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on chloroplast matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and one nuclear gene, ITS, involving six species and 11 outgroups with a total of 78 samples. Our study showed that the monophyly of this group was strongly supported, in which P. superba was monophyletic based on chloroplast genes. The samples of P. cyathophylloides from Sichuan nested within P. cyathophylla. Ancient hybridization may occur between the two species. P. xiangchengensis is better to treat as a synonym of P. cyathophylla. Especially, P. ser. Reges was complicated, in which the individuals from different populations in the same species were rarely monophyletic. In addition, individuals forming monophyletic groups were not geographically close. In P. ser. Reges, lineage sorting of chloroplast DNA variations following rapid divergence is likely to have caused complex phylogeny of the taxa, which was reconstructed in our study. Hybridzation, introgression, lineage sorting and adaptive radiation may play important roles in the evolution of these taxa studied. Multiple, independent data sets are needed for resolving phylogenetic relationships of rapidly diverged lineages in P. sect. Cyathophora. 2. The taxonomic revision of P. rex complex，A total of 165 specimens with about 14 vegetative and eight reproductive characters were involved in the morphometric analysis. The results of PCA did not support six taxa for it emerged considerable morphological overlap. P. rex var. rockii was promoted to subspecies level for its prominent performance in PCA. Three taxa, P. rex subsp. pseudocyathus, P. rex subsp. zayuensis and P. rex subsp. parva, were merged into P. rex subsp. rex. Then P. rex subsp. lipskyana kept still at its rank for its purple red corolla color. The result of DA led to the selection of diagnostic traits between the P. rex and P. thamnophila. P. rex has less dissected leaves than P. thamnophila. P. rex is various in leaves number in whole, but P. thamnophila has stable three leaves in whole. Itpossesses a smaller corolla than P. rex. But P. thamnophila subsp. cupuliformis is a little different from P. thamnophila subsp. thamnophila in some vegetative characters, and it has purple stripes with the lower lip, so it is kept at the subspecies level. 3. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from P. rex， We developed 13 microsatellite markers from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique. Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 22 individuals with representation of five populations of P. rex. Additionally, among the 13 identified microsatellite markers, eleven of them were successfully amplified in species P. thamnophila, and five of them showed polymorphisms. This study may provide important information for further investigation on the population genetics, introduction and acclimatization of P. rex and its congeners.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APedicularis%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+distinctive%5C+group%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+the%5C+eastern%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+region.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+regarded%5C+as%5C+a%5C+%E2%80%98grex%E2%80%99%5C+or%5C+section%5C+and%5C+included%5C+all%5C+four%5C+general%5C+corolla%5C+types%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+A%5C+unique%5C+feature%5C+is%5C+that%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+and%5C+bract%5C+bases%5C+are%5C+fused%5C+together%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+cup%5C-like%5C+structure%5C+around%5C+the%5C+stem%5C+at%5C+each%5C+node.%5C+Our%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+study%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+a%5C+monophyletic%5C+lineage%2C%5C+although%5C+the%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+species%5C+were%5C+not%5C+fully%5C+resolved.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+C.%5C+B.%5C+Clarke%5C+ex%5C+Maxim.%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+various%5C+and%5C+wide%5C-distributed%5C+species%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+extremely%5C+variable%5C+in%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+and%5C+elicits%5C+a%5C+vast%5C+quantity%5C+of%5C+morpho%5C-variations%2C%5C+which%5C+qualifies%5C+the%5C+species%5C+as%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+diverse%5C+and%5C+complex%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+four%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes%5C+%5C%28matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+and%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C%29%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+using%5C+78%5C+samples%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex.%5C+Also%5C+morphometric%5C+analyses%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+assess%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex.%5C+Thirteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+three%5C+microsatellite%5C-enriched%5C+libraries%5C+%5C%28AG%2C%5C+AC%5C+and%5C+AAG%5C%29%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+with%5C+a%5C+modified%5C+biotin%5C-streptavidin%5C+capture%5C+technique%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+used%5C+for%5C+further%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+population%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+and%5C+its%5C+congeners.%5C+Main%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+H.%5C+L.%5C+Li%EF%BC%8C%5C+The%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+involving%5C+six%5C+species%5C+and%5C+11%5C+outgroups%5C+with%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+78%5C+samples.%5C+Our%5C+study%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+this%5C+group%5C+was%5C+strongly%5C+supported%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+P.%5C+superba%5C+was%5C+monophyletic%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes.%5C+The%5C+samples%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylloides%5C+from%5C+Sichuan%5C+nested%5C+within%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Ancient%5C+hybridization%5C+may%5C+occur%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+species.%5C+P.%5C+xiangchengensis%5C+is%5C+better%5C+to%5C+treat%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Especially%2C%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%5C+was%5C+complicated%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+species%5C+were%5C+rarely%5C+monophyletic.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+individuals%5C+forming%5C+monophyletic%5C+groups%5C+were%5C+not%5C+geographically%5C+close.%5C+In%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+of%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+variations%5C+following%5C+rapid%5C+divergence%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+caused%5C+complex%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+taxa%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+in%5C+our%5C+study.%5C+Hybridzation%2C%5C+introgression%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+and%5C+adaptive%5C+radiation%5C+may%5C+play%5C+important%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+these%5C+taxa%5C+studied.%5C+Multiple%2C%5C+independent%5C+data%5C+sets%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+for%5C+resolving%5C+phylogenetic%5C+relationships%5C+of%5C+rapidly%5C+diverged%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+taxonomic%5C+revision%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%EF%BC%8CA%5C+total%5C+of%5C+165%5C+specimens%5C+with%5C+about%5C+14%5C+vegetative%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+reproductive%5C+characters%5C+were%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+the%5C+morphometric%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+PCA%5C+did%5C+not%5C+support%5C+six%5C+taxa%5C+for%5C+it%5C+emerged%5C+considerable%5C+morphological%5C+overlap.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+var.%5C+rockii%5C+was%5C+promoted%5C+to%5C+subspecies%5C+level%5C+for%5C+its%5C+prominent%5C+performance%5C+in%5C+PCA.%5C+Three%5C+taxa%2C%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+pseudocyathus%2C%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+zayuensis%5C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Work of the fourth National survey on Chinese Materia Medica Resources[2017-2019]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APilot%5C+Work%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fourth%5C+National%5C+survey%5C+on%5C+Chinese%5C+Materia%5C+Medica%5C+Resources%5C%5B2017%5C-2019%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Zhang Hong-Da (Chang Hung-Ta) Science Foundation at Sun Yat-sen University","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=DISCORDANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AZhang%5C+Hong%5C-Da%5C+%5C%28Chang%5C+Hung%5C-Ta%5C%29%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+at%5C+Sun%5C+Yat%5C-sen%5C+University"},{"jsname":"the combination of Rodgersia, Astilboides, Darmera, Oresitrophe, Bergenia, and Mukdenia by Soltis with the name of Darmera group was supported. The key taxonomic traits of leave arrangement and pubescence were not suppoted by molecular result, especially for taxa from Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. Multiple sampled Rodgersia aesculifolia was not monophyly, samples from Hengduan Mountains (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) were nested with R. pinnata and R. sambucifolia, while samples from southeast Tibet (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) form a clade sister to the former taxa. Samples of R. aesculifolia from Qingling and Daba mountains (R. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia = Triditional R. asculifolia) are distinct with all the above. R. aesculifolia var. henrici is distinct from A. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia and is suggested be raised to spcies level again as Rosgersia henrici Franchet. Populations of R. henrici from western Yunnan are grouping with R. pinnata, natural hybridization are supposed to occur. Rodgersia podophylla from Korea and Japan is sister to Chinese Rodgersia. The furthermore study of infraspecific taxonomy of R. aesculifolia is suggested.The relict Rodgersia nepalensis from eastern Nepal branched first in the combined ITS and plastid tree, which is different from evidences of the traditional morphology and cytology. This might due to its narrow distribution disjuct from other species of Rodgersia, low level of gene flow and subsequent conserved genetic system. It may evolved by polyploidy, the spcecialized morphological character of R. nepalensis may be a strategy for ecological tolerance and self-protection. Our molecular phylogeny of Rodgersia is accordant with the former morphological and cytological evidences. Hybridization and polyploidy may play an important role in evolution and speciation in Rodgersia. Rodgersia may origin from northestern Asia and migrated into Hengduan mountains and Himalayas through Qingling and Daba mountains. Based on present molecular results, as well as original description papers and Type specimen, six species and two variaties were recognized in Rodgersia. 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