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资助项目
0.05). For some populations, germination capacity in 12-h photoperiod was significantly higher than that in completed darkness（W-FD: P < 0.01, W-JD: P < 0.05）.Genetic variation within and among six populations was assessed using AFLP markers. Genetic diversity was higher at species level (PPL = 69.19%, HE = 0.221) than at population level (PPL = 26.22%, HE = 0.095, Is =0.140), and populations in southeast Yunnan were strongly differentiated from those in southwest Yunnan (Nei’s GST = 0.575; FST = 0.655). UPGMA analysis demonstrated a clear genetic division between the two populations from DeHong (SW Yunnan; D-JD and D-HG) and the four from WenShan (SE Yunnan; W-FD, W-LH, W-ML, and W-MG). Within-population genetic variation was significantly correlated with population isolation (r(PPL) = -0.94, P = 0.006; r(HE) = -0.85, P = 0.032; r(Is) = -0.87, P = 0.025), but not with population size (r(PPL) = 0.63, P = 0.178; r(HE) = 0.54, P = 0.268; r(Is) = 0.56, P = 0.249).","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACraigia%5C+yunnanensis%5C+W.%5C+W.%5C+Smith%5C+%5C%26%5C+W.%5C+E.%5C+Evans%5C+%5C%28Tiliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+deciduous%5C+tree%5C+species%5C+which%5C+has%5C+high%5C+scientific%5C+and%5C+economic%5C+value.%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+is%5C+seriously%5C+threatened%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+pushed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+verge%5C+of%5C+extinction%5C+due%5C+to%5C+vegetation%5C+destruction%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+consequent%5C+contraction%5C+of%5C+its%5C+distribution.%5C+Hence%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+nationally%5C+rare%5C+and%5C+endangered%5C+plant%5C+in%5C+1999%5C+and%5C+has%5C+also%5C+been%5C+proposed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+second%5C-ranked%5C+plant%5C+for%5C+national%5C+protection%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+included%5C+in%5C+IUCN%5C+red%5C+list.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+scientifically%5C+important%5C+and%5C+valued%5C+tree%5C+species%5C+with%5C+endangered%5C+status%2C%5C+the%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+therefore%5C+represent%5C+is%5C+a%5C+genetic%5C+resource%5C+that%5C+must%5C+be%5C+conserved.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+basic%5C+information%5C+for%5C+its%5C+conservation%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+dynamics%5C+and%5C+population%5C+size%5C+structures%2C%5C+pollination%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+eleven%5C+fitness%5C-related%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+variability%5C+based%5C+on%5C+AFLP%5C+were%5C+comprehensively%5C+studied.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+six%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+were%5C+found%5C+in%5C+two%5C+disjunct%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+WenShan%5C+%5C%28SE%5C+Yunnan%5C%29%5C+and%5C+DeHong%5C+%5C%28SW%5C+Yunnan%5C%29%2C%5C+from%5C+2005%5C+to%5C+2007.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+in%5C+all%5C+but%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+we%5C+detected%2C%5C+mature%5C+trees%5C+were%5C+felled%5C+between%5C+2005%5C+and%5C+2007%2C%5C+so%5C+destruction%5C+of%5C+most%5C+of%5C+these%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+ongoing.%5C+Across%5C+the%5C+six%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+extant%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+found%5C+during%5C+our%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+total%5C+number%5C+of%5C+mature%5C+%5C%28reproductive%5C%29%5C+individuals%5C+detected%5C+was%5C+584%5C+in%5C+2007%EF%BC%8Cplus%5C+larger%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+seedling%5C+and%5C+resprouts%5C+from%5C+cut%5C+trunks.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+of%5C+surveying%5C+Population%5C+structure%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+there%5C+are%5C+two%5C+regeneration%5C+types%5C+which%5C+are%5C+seedlings%5C+and%5C+sprouts.%5C+Seedlings%5C+occurred%5C+abundantly%5C+in%5C+gaps%5C+or%5C+open%5C+areas%5C+and%5C+the%5C+size%5C+class%5C+frequency%5C+distributions%5C+were%5C+often%5C+discontinuous%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+same%5C+general%5C+pattern%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+all%5C+the%5C+investigated%5C+populations%5C+for%5C+juveniles%5C+and%5C+adults.%5C+The%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+seed%5C-origin%5C+individuals%5C+did%5C+however%5C+decline%5C+sharply%5C+with%5C+increasing%5C+size%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+high%5C+mortality%5C+rate%5C+going%5C+from%5C+seedling%5C+to%5C+sapling%5C+stage%5C+may%5C+be%5C+a%5C+problem%5C+for%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+the%5C+cash%5C+crop%5C+cultivation%5C+and%5C+logging%5C+seriously%5C+threaten%5C+the%5C+survival%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species.%5C+We%5C+conducted%5C+field%5C+observations%5C+and%5C+artificial%5C+pollination%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+floral%5C+biology%2C%5C+pollination%5C+process%5C+and%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+Craigia%5C+yunnanensis%5C+in%5C+Fadou%2C%5C+Xichou%5C+county%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+province.%5C+The%5C+lifespan%5C+of%5C+a%5C+single%5C+hermaphrodite%5C+flower%5C+is%5C+approximately%5C+3%5C-4%5C+days.%5C+A%5C+cyme%5C+has%5C+2%5C-9%5C+flowered.%5C+The%5C+flowering%5C+period%5C+of%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+is%5C+usually%5C+5%5C-14%5C+days.%5C+The%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+were%5C+protandrous.%5C+The%5C+stamens%5C+were%5C+within%5C+petal%5C-like%5C+staminodes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+opening%5C+flowers%5C+until%5C+the%5C+flower%5C+withered.%5C+Without%5C+touchment%2C%5C+the%5C+bractlike%5C+staminodes%5C+can%E2%80%99t%5C+open.%5C+Self%5C-pollination%5C+was%5C+partially%5C+avoided%5C+by%5C+temporal%5C+and%5C+spatial%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+organs%5C+within%5C+the%5C+same%5C+flower.%5C+However%2C%5C+autogamous%5C+and%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+is%5C+unavoidable%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+large%5C+number%5C+of%5C+flowers%5C+on%5C+a%5C+single%5C+tree%5C+and%5C+the%5C+action%5C+of%5C+pollinators.%5C+The%5C+values%5C+of%5C+both%5C+OCI%5C+%5C%28%E2%89%A54%5C%29%5C+and%5C+P%5C%2FO%5C+%5C%281381%5C%29%5C+and%5C+the%5C+results%5C+of%5C+bagging%5C+tests%5C+indicated%5C+there%5C+was%5C+no%5C+apomixes%5C+in%5C+C.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+and%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+was%5C+outcrossing%5C+with%5C+partial%5C+self%5C-compatibility%5C+and%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species, usually called tree ferns, are considered as relicts of a time when dinosaurs were common. In recent several decades, the number of Cyatheaceae plants decreases dramatically. In order to find the reasons and provide directions for protecting these endangered plants, the biological characteristics of Cyatheaceae were surveyed. Using AFLP and cpDNA sequence variations, the genetic diversity and phylogeography of Sphaeropteris brunoniana were also analyzed. Based on these findings, implications for conservation strategies were discussed for this relict tree fern. Main results of the dissertation were summarized as follows, (1) Cyatheaceae plants have extensive distribution in Yunnan, China, and most of them distribute in southeast of Yunnan. In southeast, they usually inhabit margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests or secondary coniferous forests; however, the population update is very different and the age structure is unscientific. The spore of Cyatheaceae is trilete, radially symmetrical, and perinous. The spores of Alsophila species feature a ridged perine and a granular, verrucate or smooth exine. The spores of S. brunoniana are characterized by an incipient granular outermost layer and a verrucate exine. The metaphase chromosome numbers of gametophytes in the three examined species, viz. A. podophylla, A. gigantea and A. austro-yunnanensis, are 69, indicating that they are diploid and do not display variety in chromosome number. The chemical constituents of S. brunoniana are main simple and familiar compounds, such as saccharides, fatty acids and alcohols, and stigmasterols. (2) An unexpectedly high level of nDNA genetic diversity and low cpDNA diversity were detected in S. brunoniana. (3) This study showed that the genetic differentiation among populations within regions was low and between regions was significant. (4) There were several refugia of S. brunoniana in Yunnan during glacial periods. The Hainan populations were likely new colonizations and originated from Southeast Asia. (5) To retain existing genetic diversity, whether in situ or ex situ conservation or collection of germplasm is used, the populations of the two regions should be considered equally. Furthermore, ex situ conservation of this species should be preferably conducted on large populations.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACyatheaceae%5C+species%2C%5C+usually%5C+called%5C+tree%5C+ferns%2C%5C+are%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+relicts%5C+of%5C+a%5C+time%5C+when%5C+dinosaurs%5C+were%5C+common.%5C+In%5C+recent%5C+several%5C+decades%2C%5C+the%5C+number%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+plants%5C+decreases%5C+dramatically.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+find%5C+the%5C+reasons%5C+and%5C+provide%5C+directions%5C+for%5C+protecting%5C+these%5C+endangered%5C+plants%2C%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+were%5C+surveyed.%5C+Using%5C+AFLP%5C+and%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequence%5C+variations%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+Sphaeropteris%5C+brunoniana%5C+were%5C+also%5C+analyzed.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+these%5C+findings%2C%5C+implications%5C+for%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+for%5C+this%5C+relict%5C+tree%5C+fern.%5C+Main%5C+results%5C+of%5C+the%5C+dissertation%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%2C%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+plants%5C+have%5C+extensive%5C+distribution%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China%2C%5C+and%5C+most%5C+of%5C+them%5C+distribute%5C+in%5C+southeast%5C+of%5C+Yunnan.%5C+In%5C+southeast%2C%5C+they%5C+usually%5C+inhabit%5C+margins%5C+of%5C+evergreen%5C+broad%5C-leaved%5C+forests%5C+or%5C+secondary%5C+coniferous%5C+forests%5C%3B%5C+however%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+update%5C+is%5C+very%5C+different%5C+and%5C+the%5C+age%5C+structure%5C+is%5C+unscientific.%5C+The%5C+spore%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+is%5C+trilete%2C%5C+radially%5C+symmetrical%2C%5C+and%5C+perinous.%5C+The%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+Alsophila%5C+species%5C+feature%5C+a%5C+ridged%5C+perine%5C+and%5C+a%5C+granular%2C%5C+verrucate%5C+or%5C+smooth%5C+exine.%5C+The%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+are%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+an%5C+incipient%5C+granular%5C+outermost%5C+layer%5C+and%5C+a%5C+verrucate%5C+exine.%5C+The%5C+metaphase%5C+chromosome%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+gametophytes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+three%5C+examined%5C+species%2C%5C+viz.%5C+A.%5C+podophylla%2C%5C+A.%5C+gigantea%5C+and%5C+A.%5C+austro%5C-yunnanensis%2C%5C+are%5C+69%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+they%5C+are%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+do%5C+not%5C+display%5C+variety%5C+in%5C+chromosome%5C+number.%5C+The%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+are%5C+main%5C+simple%5C+and%5C+familiar%5C+compounds%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+saccharides%2C%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C+and%5C+alcohols%2C%5C+and%5C+stigmasterols.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+An%5C+unexpectedly%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+nDNA%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+low%5C+cpDNA%5C+diversity%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+in%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana.%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+This%5C+study%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+within%5C+regions%5C+was%5C+low%5C+and%5C+between%5C+regions%5C+was%5C+significant.%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%5C+There%5C+were%5C+several%5C+refugia%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods.%5C+The%5C+Hainan%5C+populations%5C+were%5C+likely%5C+new%5C+colonizations%5C+and%5C+originated%5C+from%5C+Southeast%5C+Asia.%5C+%5C%285%5C%29%5C+To%5C+retain%5C+existing%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%2C%5C+whether%5C+in%5C+situ%5C+or%5C+ex%5C+situ%5C+conservation%5C+or%5C+collection%5C+of%5C+germplasm%5C+is%5C+used%2C%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+regions%5C+should%5C+be%5C+considered%5C+equally.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+ex%5C+situ%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+should%5C+be%5C+preferably%5C+conducted%5C+on%5C+large%5C+populations."},{"jsname":"International Science & Technology Innovation Cooperation program of China[2016YFE0126100]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AInternational%5C+Science%5C+%5C%26%5C+Technology%5C+Innovation%5C+Cooperation%5C+program%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B2016YFE0126100%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) of Ministry of Education of China[KLEM-ZZ201806]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AKey%5C+Laboratory%5C+of%5C+Ethnomedicine%5C+%5C%28Minzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%29%5C+of%5C+Ministry%5C+of%5C+Education%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5BKLEM%5C-ZZ201806%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Ministry of Education of China","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinistry%5C+of%5C+Education%5C+of%5C+China"},{"jsname":"Minzu University of China[2015MDTD16C]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B2015MDTD16C%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Minzu University of China[YLDXXK201819]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5BYLDXXK201819%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Mt. Jiaozi from Yunnan is located in the eastern of the Central Yunnan Plateau, falling between the Pudu river and the Xiaojiang river, between the Jinshajiang river to the north and the Zhuanlong town of Luquan county to the south. It stands in the boundary of the Sino-Himalayan forest subkingdom and the Sino-Japan forest subkingdom, so it has a significant status, dew to the heterogeneous geographical environment and the sharp elevation drop in addition. Through field survey, specimens collection and identification and literatures consultion, we have obtained a brief list of Mt. Jiaozi, about 1517 species in 141 families and 531 genera, including varieties and subspices, among of which, there are 23 species in 7 families and 12 genera of gymnosperm. Based on statistic analysis, we get some conclusions as below. 1. As a type locality for many species, with various biodiversity and as much as endemism and some endangered plants, the flora of Mt. Jiaozi is viewed as a key area which should be paid special attention to. The flora constitution of this area has complex origins and multiple elements through the statistics. 2. The modern flora of Mt. jiaozi mainly includes the Chinese endemic elements and the Asian endemic elements, these two parts take up 81.65%. The characteristic of this flora is typically temperate. 3. Mt. Jiaozi is the north or the south distribution limitation to some important species as a floristic node. For example, species as Ephedra likiangensis, Solms-Laubachia pulcherrima, Soroseris hirsute, Paraquilegia microphylla which were used to be throught as limited in the northwestern of Yunnan had been found in this area. It indicates that, Mt. Jiaozi should become one of the foci of the flora regionalization in Yunnan, even in China. 4. In the view of the endemism of 6 families and 66 genera and 544 species in East Asian, this eara is a part of the East Asiatic Kingdom. The status of the flora of Mt. jiaozi in the East Asiatic Kingdom should be classified as Central Yunnan plateau subregion--Yunnan plateau region--Sino-Himalayan forest subkingdom.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+located%5C+in%5C+the%5C+eastern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+falling%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Pudu%5C+river%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Xiaojiang%5C+river%2C%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Jinshajiang%5C+river%5C+to%5C+the%5C+north%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Zhuanlong%5C+town%5C+of%5C+Luquan%5C+county%5C+to%5C+the%5C+south.%5C+It%5C+stands%5C+in%5C+the%5C+boundary%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Japan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom%2C%5C+so%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+status%2C%5C+dew%5C+to%5C+the%5C+heterogeneous%5C+geographical%5C+environment%5C+and%5C+the%5C+sharp%5C+elevation%5C+drop%5C+in%5C+addition.%5C+Through%5C+field%5C+survey%2C%5C+specimens%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+identification%5C+and%5C+literatures%5C+consultion%2C%5C+we%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+a%5C+brief%5C+list%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%2C%5C+about%5C+1517%5C+species%5C+in%5C+141%5C+families%5C+and%5C+531%5C+genera%2C%5C+including%5C+varieties%5C+and%5C+subspices%2C%5C+among%5C+of%5C+which%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+23%5C+species%5C+in%5C+7%5C+families%5C+and%5C+12%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+gymnosperm.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+statistic%5C+analysis%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+some%5C+conclusions%5C+as%5C+below.%5C+1.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+type%5C+locality%5C+for%5C+many%5C+species%2C%5C+with%5C+various%5C+biodiversity%5C+and%5C+as%5C+much%5C+as%5C+endemism%5C+and%5C+some%5C+endangered%5C+plants%2C%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+is%5C+viewed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+key%5C+area%5C+which%5C+should%5C+be%5C+paid%5C+special%5C+attention%5C+to.%5C+The%5C+flora%5C+constitution%5C+of%5C+this%5C+area%5C+has%5C+complex%5C+origins%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+elements%5C+through%5C+the%5C+statistics.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+modern%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+jiaozi%5C+mainly%5C+includes%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+endemic%5C+elements%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+endemic%5C+elements%2C%5C+these%5C+two%5C+parts%5C+take%5C+up%5C+81.65%25.%5C+The%5C+characteristic%5C+of%5C+this%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+typically%5C+temperate.%5C+3.%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+is%5C+the%5C+north%5C+or%5C+the%5C+south%5C+distribution%5C+limitation%5C+to%5C+some%5C+important%5C+species%5C+as%5C+a%5C+floristic%5C+node.%5C+For%5C+example%2C%5C+species%5C+as%5C+Ephedra%5C+likiangensis%2C%5C+Solms%5C-Laubachia%5C+pulcherrima%2C%5C+Soroseris%5C+hirsute%2C%5C+Paraquilegia%5C+microphylla%5C+which%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+be%5C+throught%5C+as%5C+limited%5C+in%5C+the%5C+northwestern%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+had%5C+been%5C+found%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area.%5C+It%5C+indicates%5C+that%2C%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+should%5C+become%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+foci%5C+of%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+regionalization%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+even%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+4.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+view%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endemism%5C+of%5C+6%5C+families%5C+and%5C+66%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+544%5C+species%5C+in%5C+East%5C+Asian%2C%5C+this%5C+eara%5C+is%5C+a%5C+part%5C+of%5C+the%5C+East%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom.%5C+The%5C+status%5C+of%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+jiaozi%5C+in%5C+the%5C+East%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom%5C+should%5C+be%5C+classified%5C+as%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+plateau%5C+subregion%5C-%5C-Yunnan%5C+plateau%5C+region%5C-%5C-Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom."},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31161140345]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31161140345%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31400182]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31400182%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31761143001]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31761143001%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31770219]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31770219%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National Natural Science Foundation of China[31870316]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31870316%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"National R&D Infrastructure and Facility Development Program of China, Fundamental Science Data Sharing Platform[DKA2017-12-02-16]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Araceae&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ANational%5C+R%5C%26D%5C+Infrastructure%5C+and%5C+Facility%5C+Development%5C+Program%5C+of%5C+China%2C%5C+Fundamental%5C+Science%5C+Data%5C+Sharing%5C+Platform%5C%5BDKA2017%5C-12%5C-02%5C-16%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in angiosperm, but sadly they are among the most threatened of plants due to over collection and habitat loss. The conservation of orchids is more important and imminent under current climatic change scenarios. Orchids always have complex ecological interactions with pollinators, therefore it is critical to know their pollination strategies when apply conservation policy and techniques. The slipper orchids of Cypripedium Section Trigonopedia were thought to be pollinated by flies, yet no detailed experimental evidence was provided until now. The genus Calanthe comprises 150 species, only three of them have been observed their pollinators. In this dissertation, we investigated the pollination ecology of three orchids, Cypripedium fargesii Franch., Calanthe yaoshanensis Z. X. Ren et H. Wang and C. tricarinata Lindl. at the Yaoshan National Natural Reserve, Qiaojia, northeastern Yunnan, China. This study examined habitat, phenology, floral traits, pollinators, floral scent and reproductive success for each orchid. We dissected their pollination systems and deciphered attraction mechanisms involved. Finally we provided a conservation strategy for each orchid. 1. Breeding system, Cypripedium fargesii, Calanthe yaoshanensis and C. tricarinata are all self-compatible. However, there are no autogamy mechanisms under natural conditions; pollinators are needed for successful reproduction. The proportion of fully developed and viable embryos of cross-pollinated seeds is significantly higher than self-pollinated seeds. Post-zygotic fatality was the main cause for aborted embryo development of self-pollinated ovaries. 2. Pollination ecology of Cypripdium fargesii, Cypripedium fargesii is almost exclusively pollinated by mycophilous flat-footed flies in the genus Agathomyia (Platypezidae, Diptera). Our study is the first to report the flat-footed fly to be the pollinator of flowering plants. We suggest a novel deceptive pollination system that specifically targets flat-footed flies in C. fargesii. The orchid accomplishes its deception through morphology and offactory mimicry of ascomycete fungi infected leaves：(1) We found mycelia and conidia of Cladosporium sp. (Davidiellaceae) on the surface of mouthparts and tarsi of examined flies, this indicates that adult Agathomyia fly is feeding on fungal spores. Cladosporium always infects leaves and fruits of wild and cultivate plants and causes black mold spots on the surface of leaves and fruits. (2) The upper surface of orchid leaves are scattered with black or blackish maroon spots, also with a cluster of multicells chain-like trichome at the center of spots. These spots are similar to fungi infected mold spots on the surface of leaves. (3) The flower produce more than 50 scent molecules associated with a wide variety of flowers, leaves and fruits. 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-Hexanol are also detected from Cladosporium, and 3-methyl-1-butanol is a typical microbial organic compound. The leaves of orchids and scent molecules mimic of ascomycete fungi infected leaves to attract flat-footed flies to find fungal spores for food. The orchid utilizes the special food habit and feeding behaviours of flat-footed flies. 3. Pollination ecology of Calanthe yaoshanensis. Calanthe yaoshanensis Z. X. Ren et H. Wang is a new species published by author. The main pollinator is drone fly (Eristalis tenax). C. yaoshanensis provides no reward to insect visitors, its pollination strategy is generalized food deception. The pollinators of C. yaoshanensis are attracted to bright yellow-colored perianths and alcohol-related sweet scent of the flowers. 4. Pollination ecology of Calanthe tricarinata, The insect visitation to C. tricarinata is very scarce, and Bombus patagiatus, the primary pollinator, carries pollinaria on its head. The pollination strategy is generalized food deception. The bumble bees are probably attracted by the yellow-colored sepals and petals, and brick-red lip of the orchid flowers. The fruit set is very low, 1.20%, 2.96% and 2.74% for 2008 to 2010 years, significant difference among three years. Low fruit set is due to severe pollinator limitation in over-grazing habitat. 5. Conservation strategies, Cypripedium fargesii is suggested to be conserved in situ, and both in situ and ex situ are recommended for conservation of two Calanthe 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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