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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=%25E6%259F%2593%25E8%2589%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%2595%25B0%25E7%259B%25AE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"Through investigating sympatric distribution of Rhododendron irroratum, examing the variation of floral characters and sequencing the ITS and other chloroplast segements, we find that (1) R. irroratum might be of hybrid origin, with its maternal parent R. delavayi or R. decorum. (2) The ancestral haplotype of R. irroratum might be identical to that of R. decorum, and it is under ongoing introgression from R. delavayi. 1. The natural distribution, Seven distribution sites of R. irroratum in Guizhou and Yunnan province were investigated. The result shows that R. irroratum is sympatric with R. delavayi, R. decorum and R. agastum. R. delavayi is widespread across the above-mentioned seven sites, whereas R. agastum is scarce in DaPingDi, HuaDianBa and HeQing sites. R. irroratum and R. agastum distribute at the higher elevation compared to that of R. decorum, while R. delavayi is of widespread distribution across both regions of R. decorum and R. irroratum.2. Floral variation of R. irroratum among populations, The floral characters remain vary within and among populations except for the stamen number and the petal number. Seven floral characters correlates with each other among populations, of 28 different combinations, 26 reveal significant correlation, and 23 extremely significant correlation. The PCA analysis shows that the first two components account for 52.18% of the total variation. The dendrogram tree is divided into four main parts, roughly representing the respective populations, which is constructed using 22 R. irroratum individuals. 3. Putative Development and the transferability test of SSR makers, Fifteen microsatellite loci were developed and characterized in R. delavayi. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 4 per locus, ranging from 3 to 6. The ranges of expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities were 0.0365-0.7091 and 0.0263-0.9512, respectively. Seven loci (R-111, R-112, R-147, R-299, R-320, R-335, and R-544) deviated significantly from the HWE (P﹤0.01). No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between locus pairs except for three locus pairs: R-299 and R-544, R-166 and R-320, R-111 and R-320. Cross-species amplification in R. agastum, R. decorum, and R. irroratum showed that a subset of these markers holds promise for congeneric species study.4. ITS, matK, trnH-psbA and rbcL sequences. R. delavayi has six sites different from that of R. decorum in its ITS region, whereas R. agastum reveals double peaks at the corresponding sites and R. irroratum is identical to that of R. delavayi. The chloroplast segements show that some R. irroratum individuals share the same haplotype with R. delavayi and others share them with R. decorum.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=%25E6%259F%2593%25E8%2589%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%2595%25B0%25E7%259B%25AE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThrough%5C+investigating%5C+sympatric%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+Rhododendron%5C+irroratum%2C%5C+examing%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+sequencing%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+and%5C+other%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%2C%5C+we%5C+find%5C+that%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%2C%5C+with%5C+its%5C+maternal%5C+parent%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+or%5C+R.%5C+decorum.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+The%5C+ancestral%5C+haplotype%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+is%5C+under%5C+ongoing%5C+introgression%5C+from%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+1.%5C+The%5C+natural%5C+distribution%2C%5C+Seven%5C+distribution%5C+sites%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+in%5C+Guizhou%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+sympatric%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+widespread%5C+across%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+seven%5C+sites%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+is%5C+scarce%5C+in%5C+DaPingDi%2C%5C+HuaDianBa%5C+and%5C+HeQing%5C+sites.%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+distribute%5C+at%5C+the%5C+higher%5C+elevation%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+while%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+of%5C+widespread%5C+distribution%5C+across%5C+both%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum.2.%5C+Floral%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+The%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+remain%5C+vary%5C+within%5C+and%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+except%5C+for%5C+the%5C+stamen%5C+number%5C+and%5C+the%5C+petal%5C+number.%5C+Seven%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+correlates%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+of%5C+28%5C+different%5C+combinations%2C%5C+26%5C+reveal%5C+significant%5C+correlation%2C%5C+and%5C+23%5C+extremely%5C+significant%5C+correlation.%5C+The%5C+PCA%5C+analysis%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+the%5C+first%5C+two%5C+components%5C+account%5C+for%5C+52.18%25%5C+of%5C+the%5C+total%5C+variation.%5C+The%5C+dendrogram%5C+tree%5C+is%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+main%5C+parts%2C%5C+roughly%5C+representing%5C+the%5C+respective%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+constructed%5C+using%5C+22%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals.%5C+3.%5C+Putative%5C+Development%5C+and%5C+the%5C+transferability%5C+test%5C+of%5C+SSR%5C+makers%2C%5C+Fifteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+and%5C+characterized%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+average%5C+allele%5C+number%5C+of%5C+these%5C+microsatellites%5C+was%5C+4%5C+per%5C+locus%2C%5C+ranging%5C+from%5C+3%5C+to%5C+6.%5C+The%5C+ranges%5C+of%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+were%5C+0.0365%5C-0.7091%5C+and%5C+0.0263%5C-0.9512%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+%5C%28R%5C-111%2C%5C+R%5C-112%2C%5C+R%5C-147%2C%5C+R%5C-299%2C%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-335%2C%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%5C%29%5C+deviated%5C+significantly%5C+from%5C+the%5C+HWE%5C+%5C%28P%EF%B9%A40.01%5C%29.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+linkage%5C+disequilibrium%5C+was%5C+detected%5C+between%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C+except%5C+for%5C+three%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C%3A%5C+R%5C-299%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%2C%5C+R%5C-166%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-111%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320.%5C+Cross%5C-species%5C+amplification%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+agastum%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+a%5C+subset%5C+of%5C+these%5C+markers%5C+holds%5C+promise%5C+for%5C+congeneric%5C+species%5C+study.4.%5C+ITS%2C%5C+matK%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%5C+and%5C+rbcL%5C+sequences.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+has%5C+six%5C+sites%5C+different%5C+from%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+in%5C+its%5C+ITS%5C+region%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+reveals%5C+double%5C+peaks%5C+at%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+sites%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%5C+show%5C+that%5C+some%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals%5C+share%5C+the%5C+same%5C+haplotype%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+and%5C+others%5C+share%5C+them%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+decorum."},{"jsname":"Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic 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a town of Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture, was chosen as the main field site for studying the structure and characters of traditional agricultural ecosystem, by using approaches of ethnobotany, cultural anthropology and ecology. Combined with interviewing exercises in Hanpi village, Jiantang Township, this paper also discussed the impact of traditional management on the biocultural diversity. The results showed: Traditional agroecosystem in Shangri-la is an integrated system with three subsystems, which are farming, forest and grazing subsystem. The seasonal shifting grazing activity in Shangri-la, following the natural season change and the recover process of plants, is a sustainable management that protects the local biodiversity. However, along with the decay of shifting grazing tradition recently, the local Tibetans turned to use grass land and forest which is close to villages as the main grazing lands. It increased the pasturing pressure to these areas and caused productivity decreasing and biodiversity. As a symbolic part of Tibetan culture in Shangri-la, the sacred mountain culture has played a significant role in biodiversity conservation by restricting human’s behavior. The Tibetan traditional culture, indigenous knowledge and traditional ecosystem management in Shangri-la has contributed to the biodiversity conservation in this area. However, this research indicated that under the pressure of mainstream culture and market economy, traditional knowledge is vanishing; old crop land races are decreasing; diverse land use management is inclining to be single and seasonal shifting grazing tradition is fading away. The change of diversity to singularity might cause some negative impacts on the local environment and ecosystem. In this paper, advices were also given on how to combine Tibetan traditional knowledge and management experiences into sustainable development of modern agriculture. In this thesis, genetic diversity of Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li, a plant endemic to southwest China, was also discussed through the approach of SSR markers. The wild populations of M. lasiocarpa are very rare now due to the habitat fragment and long time human’s disturbance. By conducting broad field investigation, we have found 5 wild populations near the boarder of Yunnan and Sichuan province. Seventeen microsatellite markers were isolated from M. lasiocarpa by using FIASCO method. 8 primers were selected to do the further genetic population structure and genetic diversity analysis. The results showed that genetic diversity of M. lasiocarpa’s wild populations is higher than cultivated populations. The genetic diversity difference between wild and cultivated populations is related to the different reproduction systems. Adopting the way of asexuality reproduction, the genetic basis of cultivated populations become narrow that decrease the genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis showed that 37.19% genetic differentiation is among populations and 62.81% is within population. Genetic differentiation among different populations is related to the limited gene communication. POPGENE analysis indicated that there is very little gene flow among different populations (0.4916), which is the main reason of high genetic differentiation among M. lasiocarpa populations.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=%25E6%259F%2593%25E8%2589%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%2595%25B0%25E7%259B%25AE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AXiaozhongdian%2C%5C+a%5C+town%5C+of%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+County%2C%5C+Diqing%5C+Prefecture%2C%5C+was%5C+chosen%5C+as%5C+the%5C+main%5C+field%5C+site%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+agricultural%5C+ecosystem%2C%5C+by%5C+using%5C+approaches%5C+of%5C+ethnobotany%2C%5C+cultural%5C+anthropology%5C+and%5C+ecology.%5C+Combined%5C+with%5C+interviewing%5C+exercises%5C+in%5C+Hanpi%5C+village%2C%5C+Jiantang%5C+Township%2C%5C+this%5C+paper%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+the%5C+impact%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+management%5C+on%5C+the%5C+biocultural%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C%3A%5C+Traditional%5C+agroecosystem%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+is%5C+an%5C+integrated%5C+system%5C+with%5C+three%5C+subsystems%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+farming%2C%5C+forest%5C+and%5C+grazing%5C+subsystem.%5C+The%5C+seasonal%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+activity%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%2C%5C+following%5C+the%5C+natural%5C+season%5C+change%5C+and%5C+the%5C+recover%5C+process%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+sustainable%5C+management%5C+that%5C+protects%5C+the%5C+local%5C+biodiversity.%5C+However%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+the%5C+decay%5C+of%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+tradition%5C+recently%2C%5C+the%5C+local%5C+Tibetans%5C+turned%5C+to%5C+use%5C+grass%5C+land%5C+and%5C+forest%5C+which%5C+is%5C+close%5C+to%5C+villages%5C+as%5C+the%5C+main%5C+grazing%5C+lands.%5C+It%5C+increased%5C+the%5C+pasturing%5C+pressure%5C+to%5C+these%5C+areas%5C+and%5C+caused%5C+productivity%5C+decreasing%5C+and%5C+biodiversity.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+symbolic%5C+part%5C+of%5C+Tibetan%5C+culture%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%2C%5C+the%5C+sacred%5C+mountain%5C+culture%5C+has%5C+played%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+role%5C+in%5C+biodiversity%5C+conservation%5C+by%5C+restricting%5C+human%E2%80%99s%5C+behavior.%5C+The%5C+Tibetan%5C+traditional%5C+culture%2C%5C+indigenous%5C+knowledge%5C+and%5C+traditional%5C+ecosystem%5C+management%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+has%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+biodiversity%5C+conservation%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area.%5C+However%2C%5C+this%5C+research%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+under%5C+the%5C+pressure%5C+of%5C+mainstream%5C+culture%5C+and%5C+market%5C+economy%2C%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+is%5C+vanishing%5C%3B%5C+old%5C+crop%5C+land%5C+races%5C+are%5C+decreasing%5C%3B%5C+diverse%5C+land%5C+use%5C+management%5C+is%5C+inclining%5C+to%5C+be%5C+single%5C+and%5C+seasonal%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+tradition%5C+is%5C+fading%5C+away.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+of%5C+diversity%5C+to%5C+singularity%5C+might%5C+cause%5C+some%5C+negative%5C+impacts%5C+on%5C+the%5C+local%5C+environment%5C+and%5C+ecosystem.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+advices%5C+were%5C+also%5C+given%5C+on%5C+how%5C+to%5C+combine%5C+Tibetan%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+and%5C+management%5C+experiences%5C+into%5C+sustainable%5C+development%5C+of%5C+modern%5C+agriculture.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+thesis%2C%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+Musella%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+%5C%28Franch.%5C%29%5C+C.%5C+Y.%5C+Wu%5C+ex%5C+H.%5C+W.%5C+Li%2C%5C+a%5C+plant%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+was%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+through%5C+the%5C+approach%5C+of%5C+SSR%5C+markers.%5C+The%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+are%5C+very%5C+rare%5C+now%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+habitat%5C+fragment%5C+and%5C+long%5C+time%5C+human%E2%80%99s%5C+disturbance.%5C+By%5C+conducting%5C+broad%5C+field%5C+investigation%2C%5C+we%5C+have%5C+found%5C+5%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+near%5C+the%5C+boarder%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+Sichuan%5C+province.%5C+Seventeen%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+by%5C+using%5C+FIASCO%5C+method.%5C+8%5C+primers%5C+were%5C+selected%5C+to%5C+do%5C+the%5C+further%5C+genetic%5C+population%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%E2%80%99s%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+cultivated%5C+populations.%5C+The%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+difference%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+different%5C+reproduction%5C+systems.%5C+Adopting%5C+the%5C+way%5C+of%5C+asexuality%5C+reproduction%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C+become%5C+narrow%5C+that%5C+decrease%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%5C+AMOVA%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+37.19%25%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+is%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+62.81%25%5C+is%5C+within%5C+population.%5C+Genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+gene%5C+communication.%5C+POPGENE%5C+analysis%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+there%5C+is%5C+very%5C+little%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+among%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+%5C%280.4916%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+th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combination of Rodgersia, Astilboides, Darmera, Oresitrophe, Bergenia, and Mukdenia by Soltis with the name of Darmera group was supported. The key taxonomic traits of leave arrangement and pubescence were not suppoted by molecular result, especially for taxa from Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. Multiple sampled Rodgersia aesculifolia was not monophyly, samples from Hengduan Mountains (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) were nested with R. pinnata and R. sambucifolia, while samples from southeast Tibet (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) form a clade sister to the former taxa. Samples of R. aesculifolia from Qingling and Daba mountains (R. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia = Triditional R. asculifolia) are distinct with all the above. R. aesculifolia var. henrici is distinct from A. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia and is suggested be raised to spcies level again as Rosgersia henrici Franchet. Populations of R. henrici from western Yunnan are grouping with R. pinnata, natural hybridization are supposed to occur. Rodgersia podophylla from Korea and Japan is sister to Chinese Rodgersia. The furthermore study of infraspecific taxonomy of R. aesculifolia is suggested.The relict Rodgersia nepalensis from eastern Nepal branched first in the combined ITS and plastid tree, which is different from evidences of the traditional morphology and cytology. This might due to its narrow distribution disjuct from other species of Rodgersia, low level of gene flow and subsequent conserved genetic system. It may evolved by polyploidy, the spcecialized morphological character of R. nepalensis may be a strategy for ecological tolerance and self-protection. Our molecular phylogeny of Rodgersia is accordant with the former morphological and cytological evidences. Hybridization and polyploidy may play an important role in evolution and speciation in Rodgersia. Rodgersia may origin from northestern Asia and migrated into Hengduan mountains and Himalayas through Qingling and Daba mountains. Based on present molecular results, as well as original description papers and Type specimen, six species and two variaties were recognized in Rodgersia. Rodgersia henrici was recognized in our study, and was supported to be raised to species level again","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.type_filter&advanced=false&query1=%25E6%259F%2593%25E8%2589%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%2595%25B0%25E7%259B%25AE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3Athe%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+Rodgersia%2C%5C+Astilboides%2C%5C+Darmera%2C%5C+Oresitrophe%2C%5C+Bergenia%2C%5C+and%5C+Mukdenia%5C+by%5C+Soltis%5C+with%5C+the%5C+name%5C+of%5C+Darmera%5C+group%5C+was%5C+supported.%5C+The%5C+key%5C+taxonomic%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+leave%5C+arrangement%5C+and%5C+pubescence%5C+were%5C+not%5C+suppoted%5C+by%5C+molecular%5C+result%2C%5C+especially%5C+for%5C+taxa%5C+from%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+and%5C+Himalayas.%5C+Multiple%5C+sampled%5C+Rodgersia%5C+aesculifolia%5C+was%5C+not%5C+monophyly%2C%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+%5C%28R.%5C+henrici%5C+%3D%5C+R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+var.%5C+henrici%5C%29%5C+were%5C+nested%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+pinnata%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+sambucifolia%2C%5C+while%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+southeast%5C+Tibet%5C+%5C%28R.%5C+henrici%5C+%3D%5C+R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+var.%5C+henrici%5C%29%5C+form%5C+a%5C+clade%5C+sister%5C+to%5C+the%5C+former%5C+taxa.%5C+Samples%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+from%5C+Qingling%5C+and%5C+Daba%5C+mountains%5C+%5C%28R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+var.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+%3D%5C+Triditional%5C+R.%5C+asculifolia%5C%29%5C+are%5C+distinct%5C+with%5C+all%5C+the%5C+above.%5C+R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+var.%5C+henrici%5C+is%5C+distinct%5C+from%5C+A.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+var.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+and%5C+is%5C+suggested%5C+be%5C+raised%5C+to%5C+spcies%5C+level%5C+again%5C+as%5C+Rosgersia%5C+henrici%5C+Franchet.%5C+Populations%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+henrici%5C+from%5C+western%5C+Yunnan%5C+are%5C+grouping%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+pinnata%2C%5C+natural%5C+hybridization%5C+are%5C+supposed%5C+to%5C+occur.%5C+Rodgersia%5C+podophylla%5C+from%5C+Korea%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+is%5C+sister%5C+to%5C+Chinese%5C+Rodgersia.%5C+The%5C+furthermore%5C+study%5C+of%5C+infraspecific%5C+taxonomy%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+aesculifolia%5C+is%5C+suggested.The%5C+relict%5C+Rodgersia%5C+nepalensis%5C+from%5C+eastern%5C+Nepal%5C+branched%5C+first%5C+in%5C+the%5C+combined%5C+ITS%5C+and%5C+plastid%5C+tree%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+different%5C+from%5C+evidences%5C+of%5C+the%5C+traditional%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+cytology.%5C+This%5C+might%5C+due%5C+to%5C+its%5C+narrow%5C+distribution%5C+disjuct%5C+from%5C+other%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Rodgersia%2C%5C+low%5C+level%5C+of%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+and%5C+subsequent%5C+conserved%5C+genetic%5C+system.%5C+It%5C+may%5C+evolved%5C+by%5C+polyploidy%2C%5C+the%5C+spcecialized%5C+morphological%5C+character%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+nepalensis%5C+may%5C+be%5C+a%5C+strategy%5C+for%5C+ecological%5C+tolerance%5C+and%5C+self%5C-protection.%5C+Our%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+Rodgersia%5C+is%5C+accordant%5C+with%5C+the%5C+former%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+cytological%5C+evidences.%5C+Hybridization%5C+and%5C+polyploidy%5C+may%5C+play%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+speciation%5C+in%5C+Rodgersia.%5C+Rodgersia%5C+may%5C+origin%5C+from%5C+northestern%5C+Asia%5C+and%5C+migrated%5C+into%5C+Hengduan%5C+mountains%5C+and%5C+Himalayas%5C+through%5C+Qingling%5C+and%5C+Daba%5C+mountains.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+present%5C+molecular%5C+results%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+original%5C+description%5C+papers%5C+and%5C+Type%5C+specimen%2C%5C+six%5C+species%5C+and%5C+two%5C+variaties%5C+were%5C+recognized%5C+in%5C+Rodgersia.%5C+Rodgersia%5C+henrici%5C+was%5C+recognized%5C+in%5C+our%5C+study%2C%5C+and%5C+was%5C+supported%5C+to%5C+be%5C+raised%5C+to%5C+species%5C+level%5C+again"},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-09-26"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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