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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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genus Clematis, with about 355 species, is one of the largest genera of Ranunculaceae. The genus is distributed through out the world except Antarctica, primarily in temperate and subtropical zone. Numerous infra-generic classification systems have been proposed, whereas the infra-generic ranks were confusing. In the present study, we used four molecular regions, ITS, psbA-trnH, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC to reconstruct the phylogeny of Clematis. On the basis of comparison with traditional classification system, criteria of the infra-generic ranks are discussed. In addition, investigations of reproductive biology and seed germination were also conducted. The main important results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Species diversity and geographical distribution of the Genus Clematis in Yunnan province，According to the latest system of Wang and Li in 2005, there are 59 species and 24 varieties in 6 sections of 3 subgenera recognized within the genus of Clematis in Yunnan, which is the richest province in terms of species numbers in China. The Hengduan Mountains is regarded as an origination, differentiation and endemic center of the genus. West, Northwest and Northeast of Yunnan have some relationship with its differentiation. There are 56 species (including varieties) endemic to China, accounting for 67.2% of Yunnan’s total number of species. There are 16 species (including varieties) endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 35.0% of China’s endemic number of species distributed in Yunnan. Among the adjacent provinces, Sichuan has the largest common number of Clematis to Yunnan, while Tibet has the smallest. The floristic links with Myanmar is also relatively weak.2. Molecular phylogeny of Clematis,Phylogenetic relationships within and out of Clematis were analysed using nucleotide sequences of chloroplast DNA psbA-trnQ, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC, and the nuclear ITS regions. The phylogenetic trees suggested that the genus Clematis was paraphyletic. The genera Archiclematis and Naravelia were found to be nested within the genus Clematis, and should be included in it. The molecular results did not agree with Wang and Li’s taxonomic system and other classifications of Clematis at the phylogeneric level. And the sections we studied were found to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The complicated relationship between sections and species indicated the recent radiation of the genus and the possibility of hybrid origin. Our results suggested that flower characters which have been used for previous infrageneric classification do not correlate with the phylogenic tree. Phyllotaxy of seedlings as the primarily diagnostic characters may reflect the phylogeny within Clematis, the following characters should be considered at the same time: presence/absence of petals, carpel number, and flowering at the new-born\\former-born branches. 3. Nomenclature notes of Clematis and other plants,Two gatherings of Clematis chrysocoma Franchet and Anemoclama glaucifolia (Franchet) W. T. Wang were cited in the protologues, whereas none of them was indicated as type or holotype. After examining the cited specimens, we designate one specimen of them as lectotype in according with ICBN. We list the incorrect author(s) citation of infra-generic names by Wang and Li in their new Clematis classification systems. Additionally, four names, Atalantia acuminata C. C. Huang, Asarum longerhizomatosum C. F. Liang & C. S. Yang, Atalantia fongkaica C. C. Huang and Fortunella wawangica C. C. Huang, are validated.4. Reproductive biology of three Clematis species,An integrative study was undertaken, focusing on pollination and reproductive biology of three species representing all three floral types of Clematis. Floral traits were measured, and pollinator assemblages were observed in the field. Bagging, hand-pollination and removal treatments were used to examine breeding system. The values of inbreeding depression and pollen limitation were calculated based on experimental data obtained from breeding system. Their floral traits were distinctly different. Floral traits were highly associated with pollination syndrome and breeding system. Among them, Clematis akebioides and C. rehderiana were facultative autogamy (the former was delayed selfing, and the later competing selfing), and C. chrysocoma was nearly obligate outcrossing. This conclusion was reflected by their stamen-pistil ratios. The levels of inbreeding depression negatively associated with autonomous self-pollination. Selfing evolution of C. akebioides and C. rehderiana, and reproduction of the three Clematis species no pollen limitation were discussed. Present study integrating with previous results will help us to comprehensively recognize and understand pollination system and reproductive characteristics of Clematis.5. Correlation among floral traits of Clematis chrysocoma, Floral traits of C. chrysocoma including sepal length and width and anther length were measured, stamen and pistil number were counted, single and total sepal size, and total anther size were calculated in three continued years from 2007 to 2009. These traits of three years were analyzed as united and independent data, respectively, which was used to compare the stability of floral traits among three years, and to test sexual allocation theory. Our results show that floral traits except sepal length are stable in three continued years, correlation among floral traits of three years as whole and independence, respectively, some of which are consistent, and some of which are inconsistent or negative. The consistent traits demonstrate that they highly co-evolve, whereas the inconsistent or negative traits may be results from the stochastically errors or that they may have some correlation but not close. Association of stamen number with anther length is not negative, but with pistil number is significantly positive. Correlation among pistil number, total anther size and total sepal size, all of that are significantly positive. Therefore, sexual allocation strategies of C. chrysocoma should be determined by genetics and resource pool in contrary to the model of “compensation” as traditionally view.6. Seed germination of six Clematis species,Seed germination of six species of Clematis were studied by setting different conditions including pretreatment, GA3 treatments, light and temperature regimes, and substrates. The results of the test were as follows: flushing treatment had a significant promoting on seed germination percentage and mean germination time 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genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two 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relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate is widely used to reconstruct paleoclimates of Cenozoic floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA show regional constraints. Until now, no equation has been set up directly from Chinese forests. This relationship is exhaustively studied based on 50 samples from mesic to humid forests across China. Models including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Single Linear regression for Precipitation, and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), are set up and used to quantitatively reconstruct paleoclimates of Chinese Neogene floras. Meanwhile, a paleoflora, i.e., Yangjie flora, which belongs to the Upper Pliocene Sanying formation in West Yunnan Province, is studied. The species assemblage, paleoclimate and paleoecology of Yangjie flora are discussed. Conclusions in this dissertation are as following: 1. Chinese leaf physiognomy-climate models based on regression analyses，LMA is a widely used method that applies present-day linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. The Chinese data indicate that P shows a strong linear correlation with MAT, but the actual relationship is slightly different from those recognized from other regions. Among all currently used LMA equations, the one resulting from North and Central American and Japanese data, rather than the widely used East Asian LMA equation, yields the closest values to the actual MATs of the Chinese samples (mean absolute error = 1.9°C). A new equation derived from the Chinese forests is therefore developed, where MAT = 1.038 + 27.6 × P. This study not only demonstrates the similarity of the relationship between P and MAT in the Northern Hemisphere, but also improves the reliability of LMA for paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese paleofloras. Besides, regression analyses are used to explore the relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation. In contrast to former studies, entire leaf margin shows the highest correlation with the Growing Season Precipitation (GSP). A new equation is proposed: GSP = 228.0 + 1707.0 × P. 2. The new calibrated CLAMP dataset – PHYSGCHINA，CLAMP, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis, is improved by the inclusion of 50 Chinese samples. The result indicates that, new calibrated data from 50 Chinese sample sites are situated away from the former 144 samples in the physiognomic space, which may be caused by the unique characters of leaf physiognomy under monsoon condition. Therefore, a new calibrated CLAMP dataset, i.e., PHYSGCHINA, is set up based on 50 new Chinese samples, and 144 former samples from PHYSG3BRC. This new dataset could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions for floras under the monsoon climate condition. When it is applied to Chinese Neogene floras, PHYSGCHINA could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate parameters, especially parameters related to precipitation. 3. Paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese Cenozoic floras，Paleoclimates of Chinese Cenozoic floras are reconstructed using leaf physiognomy- climate models being set up in this study. The Chinese paleoclimate history in Eocene is similar to the trend from worldwide record. That is, hot climate presented in early Eocene and early Middle Eocene, and then, climate cooled down from late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene in China. Moreover, paleoclimates of two Late Miocene floras from Yunnan province, i.e., Xiaolongtan flora and Bangmai flora, are reconstructed using different models. The results indicate that, temperature of Yunnan is slightly higher than that in nowadays, but the precipitation is much higher than that at present day, which may be caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain. 4. Late Pliocene Yangjie flora in West Yunnan Province, China，A Late Pliocene Yangjie flora form Yongping County, western Yunnan province, which belongs to Sanying formation, is studied in this dissertation. Yangjie flora is dominated by Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. (evergreen sclerophyllous oaks), and this forest type is quite common in SW China at present. The discovery of Yangjie flora provides evidence that, vegetations of Yunnan in Miocene were dominated by evergreen forests, and the dominant families were Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In Pliocene, this vegetation type changed gradually to evergreen sclerophyllous oak forests. This vegetation change may have been caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain in Neogene. A polypodiaceous fern, Drynaria callispora sp. nov., is described from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation in western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The species with well-preserved pinnae and in situ spores is the first convincing Drynaria fossil record. Detailed morphological investigation reveals that D. callispora is characterized by 1) pinnatifid fronds with entire-margined pinnae having straight or zigzag secondary veins; 2) finer venation showing void quadrangular areoles, but occasionally with one unbranched veinlet; 3) one row of circular sori on each side of the strong primary vein; and 4) in situ spores with verrucate exospores elliptical in polar view and bean-shaped in equatorial view. A morphological comparison shows that D. callispora is significantly different from all the fossil species previously identified as drynarioids. A phylogenetic analysis of D. callispora supports that the fossil is closely related to D. sinica Diels and D. mollis Bedd., two extant species distributing in the Himalayas. The discovery of the new fern indicates that the genus Drynaria became diversified in its modern distribution region no later than the late Pliocene and had retained the similar ecology to that of many modern drynarioid ferns ever since. 5. Paleoclimate reconstruction of Yangjie flora，LMA, Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA are applied to reconstruct paleoclimate of Yangjie flora. MAT calculated by LMA and CLAMP is 22.0 ± 2.4°C and 20.0 ± 1.4°C, respectively, and GSP calculated by Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA is 1521.9 ± 131.3 mm and 2084.7 ± 223.1 mm, respectively All methods agree that, both temperature and precipitation were higher in Late Pliocene than in nowadays. Meanwhile, precipitation parameters calculated by CLAMP gets high values. 6. Preliminary study of insect herbivory in Yangjie flora，Insect herbivory on leaves of Quercus preguyavaefolia Tao and Q. presenescens Zhou, two dominant species in Yangjie flora, is reported by the preliminary research. Each of these two species has a high diversity of insect damage. Among all damage types, margin feeding and surface feeding are most common, and skeletonization, piercing and sucking, and galling are less found. Most of these damage types belonge to the high host specialization (HS = 1). However, the proportion of leaves without insect damage in Q. presenescens is much higher than that in Q. preguyavaefolia. According to the log-log linear regression model, both Quercus preguyavaefolia and Q. presenescens have very high leaf mass per area (with 184.8 ± 6.7 g/m2 and 155.3 ± 10.7 g/m2, respectively). The high diversity of insect herbivory demonstrates a warm climate in the Late Pliocene of West Yunnan Province.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=floral%2Bevolution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+and%5C+climate%5C+is%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+to%5C+reconstruct%5C+paleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Cenozoic%5C+floras.%5C+Previous%5C+works%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C+LMA%5C+show%5C+regional%5C+constraints.%5C+Until%5C+now%2C%5C+no%5C+equation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+set%5C+up%5C+directly%5C+from%5C+Chinese%5C+forests.%5C+This%5C+relationship%5C+is%5C+exhaustively%5C+studied%5C+based%5C+on%5C+50%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+mesic%5C+to%5C+humid%5C+forests%5C+across%5C+China.%5C+Models%5C+including%5C+Leaf%5C+Margin%5C+Analysis%5C+%5C%28LMA%5C%29%2C%5C+Single%5C+Linear%5C+regression%5C+for%5C+Precipitation%2C%5C+and%5C+Climate%5C+Leaf%5C+Analysis%5C+Multivariate%5C+Program%5C+%5C%28CLAMP%5C%29%2C%5C+are%5C+set%5C+up%5C+and%5C+used%5C+to%5C+quantitatively%5C+reconstruct%5C+paleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Neogene%5C+floras.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+a%5C+paleoflora%2C%5C+i.e.%2C%5C+Yangjie%5C+flora%2C%5C+which%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+the%5C+Upper%5C+Pliocene%5C+Sanying%5C+formation%5C+in%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%2C%5C+is%5C+studied.%5C+The%5C+species%5C+assemblage%2C%5C+paleoclimate%5C+and%5C+paleoecology%5C+of%5C+Yangjie%5C+flora%5C+are%5C+discussed.%5C+Conclusions%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%5C+are%5C+as%5C+following%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Chinese%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C-climate%5C+models%5C+based%5C+on%5C+regression%5C+analyses%EF%BC%8CLMA%5C+is%5C+a%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+method%5C+that%5C+applies%5C+present%5C-day%5C+linear%5C+correlation%5C+between%5C+the%5C+proportion%5C+of%5C+woody%5C+dicotyledonous%5C+species%5C+with%5C+untoothed%5C+leaves%5C+%5C%28P%5C%29%5C+and%5C+mean%5C+annual%5C+temperature%5C+%5C%28MAT%5C%29%5C+to%5C+estimate%5C+paleotemperatures%5C+from%5C+fossil%5C+leaf%5C+floras.%5C+The%5C+Chinese%5C+data%5C+indicate%5C+that%5C+P%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+strong%5C+linear%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+MAT%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+actual%5C+relationship%5C+is%5C+slightly%5C+different%5C+from%5C+those%5C+recognized%5C+from%5C+other%5C+regions.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+currently%5C+used%5C+LMA%5C+equations%2C%5C+the%5C+one%5C+resulting%5C+from%5C+North%5C+and%5C+Central%5C+American%5C+and%5C+Japanese%5C+data%2C%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+the%5C+widely%5C+used%5C+East%5C+Asian%5C+LMA%5C+equation%2C%5C+yields%5C+the%5C+closest%5C+values%5C+to%5C+the%5C+actual%5C+MATs%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+samples%5C+%5C%28mean%5C+absolute%5C+error%5C+%3D%5C+1.9%C2%B0C%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+equation%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+forests%5C+is%5C+therefore%5C+developed%2C%5C+where%5C+MAT%5C+%3D%5C+1.038%5C+%5C%2B%5C+27.6%5C+%C3%97%5C+P.%5C+This%5C+study%5C+not%5C+only%5C+demonstrates%5C+the%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+P%5C+and%5C+MAT%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+improves%5C+the%5C+reliability%5C+of%5C+LMA%5C+for%5C+paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+paleofloras.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+regression%5C+analyses%5C+are%5C+used%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+and%5C+precipitation.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+former%5C+studies%2C%5C+entire%5C+leaf%5C+margin%5C+shows%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+the%5C+Growing%5C+Season%5C+Precipitation%5C+%5C%28GSP%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+equation%5C+is%5C+proposed%5C%3A%5C+GSP%5C+%3D%5C+228.0%5C+%5C%2B%5C+1707.0%5C+%C3%97%5C+P.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+CLAMP%5C+dataset%5C+%E2%80%93%5C+PHYSGCHINA%EF%BC%8CCLAMP%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+based%5C+on%5C+canonical%5C+correspondence%5C+analysis%2C%5C+is%5C+improved%5C+by%5C+the%5C+inclusion%5C+of%5C+50%5C+Chinese%5C+samples.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+that%2C%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+data%5C+from%5C+50%5C+Chinese%5C+sample%5C+sites%5C+are%5C+situated%5C+away%5C+from%5C+the%5C+former%5C+144%5C+samples%5C+in%5C+the%5C+physiognomic%5C+space%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+be%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+unique%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C+under%5C+monsoon%5C+condition.%5C+Therefore%2C%5C+a%5C+new%5C+calibrated%5C+CLAMP%5C+dataset%2C%5C+i.e.%2C%5C+PHYSGCHINA%2C%5C+is%5C+set%5C+up%5C+based%5C+on%5C+50%5C+new%5C+Chinese%5C+samples%2C%5C+and%5C+144%5C+former%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+PHYSG3BRC.%5C+This%5C+new%5C+dataset%5C+could%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+accuracy%5C+of%5C+paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+for%5C+floras%5C+under%5C+the%5C+monsoon%5C+climate%5C+condition.%5C+When%5C+it%5C+is%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+Chinese%5C+Neogene%5C+floras%2C%5C+PHYSGCHINA%5C+could%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+accuracy%5C+of%5C+paleoclimate%5C+parameters%2C%5C+especially%5C+parameters%5C+related%5C+to%5C+precipitation.%5C+3.%5C+Paleoclimate%5C+reconstructions%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Cenozoic%5C+floras%EF%BC%8CPaleoclimates%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+Cenozoic%5C+floras%5C+are%5C+reconstructed%5C+using%5C+leaf%5C+physiognomy%5C-%5C+climate%5C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investigating sympatric distribution of Rhododendron irroratum, examing the variation of floral characters and sequencing the ITS and other chloroplast segements, we find that (1) R. irroratum might be of hybrid origin, with its maternal parent R. delavayi or R. decorum. (2) The ancestral haplotype of R. irroratum might be identical to that of R. decorum, and it is under ongoing introgression from R. delavayi. 1. The natural distribution, Seven distribution sites of R. irroratum in Guizhou and Yunnan province were investigated. The result shows that R. irroratum is sympatric with R. delavayi, R. decorum and R. agastum. R. delavayi is widespread across the above-mentioned seven sites, whereas R. agastum is scarce in DaPingDi, HuaDianBa and HeQing sites. R. irroratum and R. agastum distribute at the higher elevation compared to that of R. decorum, while R. delavayi is of widespread distribution across both regions of R. decorum and R. irroratum.2. Floral variation of R. irroratum among populations, The floral characters remain vary within and among populations except for the stamen number and the petal number. Seven floral characters correlates with each other among populations, of 28 different combinations, 26 reveal significant correlation, and 23 extremely significant correlation. The PCA analysis shows that the first two components account for 52.18% of the total variation. The dendrogram tree is divided into four main parts, roughly representing the respective populations, which is constructed using 22 R. irroratum individuals. 3. Putative Development and the transferability test of SSR makers, Fifteen microsatellite loci were developed and characterized in R. delavayi. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 4 per locus, ranging from 3 to 6. The ranges of expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities were 0.0365-0.7091 and 0.0263-0.9512, respectively. Seven loci (R-111, R-112, R-147, R-299, R-320, R-335, and R-544) deviated significantly from the HWE (P﹤0.01). No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between locus pairs except for three locus pairs: R-299 and R-544, R-166 and R-320, R-111 and R-320. Cross-species amplification in R. agastum, R. decorum, and R. irroratum showed that a subset of these markers holds promise for congeneric species study.4. ITS, matK, trnH-psbA and rbcL sequences. R. delavayi has six sites different from that of R. decorum in its ITS region, whereas R. agastum reveals double peaks at the corresponding sites and R. irroratum is identical to that of R. delavayi. The chloroplast segements show that some R. irroratum individuals share the same haplotype with R. delavayi and others share them with R. decorum.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=floral%2Bevolution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThrough%5C+investigating%5C+sympatric%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+Rhododendron%5C+irroratum%2C%5C+examing%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+sequencing%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+and%5C+other%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%2C%5C+we%5C+find%5C+that%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%2C%5C+with%5C+its%5C+maternal%5C+parent%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+or%5C+R.%5C+decorum.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+The%5C+ancestral%5C+haplotype%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+might%5C+be%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+is%5C+under%5C+ongoing%5C+introgression%5C+from%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+1.%5C+The%5C+natural%5C+distribution%2C%5C+Seven%5C+distribution%5C+sites%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+in%5C+Guizhou%5C+and%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+sympatric%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+widespread%5C+across%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+seven%5C+sites%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+is%5C+scarce%5C+in%5C+DaPingDi%2C%5C+HuaDianBa%5C+and%5C+HeQing%5C+sites.%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+distribute%5C+at%5C+the%5C+higher%5C+elevation%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+while%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+is%5C+of%5C+widespread%5C+distribution%5C+across%5C+both%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum.2.%5C+Floral%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+The%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+remain%5C+vary%5C+within%5C+and%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+except%5C+for%5C+the%5C+stamen%5C+number%5C+and%5C+the%5C+petal%5C+number.%5C+Seven%5C+floral%5C+characters%5C+correlates%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+of%5C+28%5C+different%5C+combinations%2C%5C+26%5C+reveal%5C+significant%5C+correlation%2C%5C+and%5C+23%5C+extremely%5C+significant%5C+correlation.%5C+The%5C+PCA%5C+analysis%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+the%5C+first%5C+two%5C+components%5C+account%5C+for%5C+52.18%25%5C+of%5C+the%5C+total%5C+variation.%5C+The%5C+dendrogram%5C+tree%5C+is%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+main%5C+parts%2C%5C+roughly%5C+representing%5C+the%5C+respective%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+constructed%5C+using%5C+22%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals.%5C+3.%5C+Putative%5C+Development%5C+and%5C+the%5C+transferability%5C+test%5C+of%5C+SSR%5C+makers%2C%5C+Fifteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+and%5C+characterized%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+average%5C+allele%5C+number%5C+of%5C+these%5C+microsatellites%5C+was%5C+4%5C+per%5C+locus%2C%5C+ranging%5C+from%5C+3%5C+to%5C+6.%5C+The%5C+ranges%5C+of%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+were%5C+0.0365%5C-0.7091%5C+and%5C+0.0263%5C-0.9512%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+%5C%28R%5C-111%2C%5C+R%5C-112%2C%5C+R%5C-147%2C%5C+R%5C-299%2C%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-335%2C%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%5C%29%5C+deviated%5C+significantly%5C+from%5C+the%5C+HWE%5C+%5C%28P%EF%B9%A40.01%5C%29.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+linkage%5C+disequilibrium%5C+was%5C+detected%5C+between%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C+except%5C+for%5C+three%5C+locus%5C+pairs%5C%3A%5C+R%5C-299%5C+and%5C+R%5C-544%2C%5C+R%5C-166%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320%2C%5C+R%5C-111%5C+and%5C+R%5C-320.%5C+Cross%5C-species%5C+amplification%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+agastum%2C%5C+R.%5C+decorum%2C%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+a%5C+subset%5C+of%5C+these%5C+markers%5C+holds%5C+promise%5C+for%5C+congeneric%5C+species%5C+study.4.%5C+ITS%2C%5C+matK%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%5C+and%5C+rbcL%5C+sequences.%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+has%5C+six%5C+sites%5C+different%5C+from%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+decorum%5C+in%5C+its%5C+ITS%5C+region%2C%5C+whereas%5C+R.%5C+agastum%5C+reveals%5C+double%5C+peaks%5C+at%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+sites%5C+and%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+is%5C+identical%5C+to%5C+that%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+delavayi.%5C+The%5C+chloroplast%5C+segements%5C+show%5C+that%5C+some%5C+R.%5C+irroratum%5C+individuals%5C+share%5C+the%5C+same%5C+haplotype%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+delavayi%5C+and%5C+others%5C+share%5C+them%5C+with%5C+R.%5C+decorum."},{"jsname":"Transposable elements (TEs) have been found to be a significant fraction of eukaryotic genomes. Moreover, they make great contributions to the structure, function and evolution of genomes as well as genes. However, some questions such as the mechanisms of retainment of TEs in the genome and their adaptive evolution have not been fully elucidated so far. In this study, the distributions of 17 TE-gene associations among Oryza species were investigated. In addition, the nucleotide diversity was analysed and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions were performed. Based on the above-observed patterns, evolutionary relationships between species in the AA genome group were discussed. The main results are as follows: For each TE-gene association, PCR and electrophoresis were conducted for a total of 107 strains, belonging to different Oryza species. The patterns of each TE-gene association in different species were obtained. It is our finding that 2 associations distribute through all Oryza species. By contrast, other 15 associations were only observed in some Oryza species. On basis of the above-mentioned results, it is likely that insertion events under study occurred in their common ancestor, and then they dispersed with subsequent divergence of different AA genome species. Our datas strongly support that O. meridionalis is the most basal lineage of AA genome group, instead of O. longistaminata.For several TE-gene associations fixed in populations of ancestor, the nucleotide diversity was estimated and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions between populations with and without TE insertions were performed. No significant result was obtained. It is possible that the fixation of mutations with TE insetion is a random process; alternatively, this process is attributable to nature selection. Since the fixation has finished, it is difficult to detect the signature at the sequence level.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=floral%2Bevolution&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATransposable%5C+elements%5C+%5C%28TEs%5C%29%5C+have%5C+been%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+eukaryotic%5C+genomes.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+they%5C+make%5C+great%5C+contributions%5C+to%5C+the%5C+structure%2C%5C+function%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+genomes%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+genes.%5C+However%2C%5C+some%5C+questions%5C+such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+retainment%5C+of%5C+TEs%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+their%5C+adaptive%5C+evolution%5C+have%5C+not%5C+been%5C+fully%5C+elucidated%5C+so%5C+far.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+distributions%5C+of%5C+17%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+among%5C+Oryza%5C+species%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+above%5C-observed%5C+patterns%2C%5C+evolutionary%5C+relationships%5C+between%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+For%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%2C%5C+PCR%5C+and%5C+electrophoresis%5C+were%5C+conducted%5C+for%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+107%5C+strains%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+different%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+The%5C+patterns%5C+of%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%5C+in%5C+different%5C+species%5C+were%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+our%5C+finding%5C+that%5C+2%5C+associations%5C+distribute%5C+through%5C+all%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+By%5C+contrast%2C%5C+other%5C+15%5C+associations%5C+were%5C+only%5C+observed%5C+in%5C+some%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+On%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+that%5C+insertion%5C+events%5C+under%5C+study%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+their%5C+common%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+and%5C+then%5C+they%5C+dispersed%5C+with%5C+subsequent%5C+divergence%5C+of%5C+different%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+species.%5C+Our%5C+datas%5C+strongly%5C+support%5C+that%5C+O.%5C+meridionalis%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+basal%5C+lineage%5C+of%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%2C%5C+instead%5C+of%5C+O.%5C+longistaminata.For%5C+several%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+fixed%5C+in%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+estimated%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+between%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+result%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+of%5C+mutations%5C+with%5C+TE%5C+insetion%5C+is%5C+a%5C+random%5C+process%5C%3B%5C+alternatively%2C%5C+this%5C+process%5C+is%5C+attributable%5C+to%5C+nature%5C+selection.%5C+Since%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+has%5C+finished%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+difficult%5C+to%5C+detect%5C+the%5C+signature%5C+at%5C+the%5C+sequence%5C+level."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-04-15"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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