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资助项目
GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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Plateau is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. The response of alpine ecosystem to climate change becomes a hot topic of scientific research. Plant phenology is best indicator of climate change. It will be meaningful to look at the response of alpine ecosystem to climate change from the plant phenology point of view. However, phenology research is still very weak on the Tibetan Plateau, and the ground observations are also very limited. Therefore, study on the growing season change and relation with temperature and precipitation will be scientifically and practically meaningful.In this study, we studied the interannual change of NDVI, temperature and precipitation and their correlation. Then the growing season on the Tibetan Plateau was simulated using both the slope method and NDVI ratio method. By comparing the results with ground observation, the NDVI ratio method with certain threshold was selected. Growing season from 1982-2006 was simulated with the selected method and then the spatial and temporal distribution of growing season was analyzed. Finally, we used multi-regression to derive the relation between growing season, temperature and precipitation. Some main conclusions were drawn from this study. NDVI ratio method performs better in simulating the growing season than slope method. The final thresholds selected for simulating the start and end dates of growing season are 0.2 and 0.6, respectively. Both the mean NDVI in May and June and beginning dates of growing season of meadow and steppe shows non-linear trend from 1982 to 2006. However, the beginning dates of growing season of meadow and steppe before 2000 display significant advance trend(0.48 d yr-1 and 0.62d yr-1,respectively), but delay after 2000；the end dats of meadow shows no significant trend during 1982 and 2000,but trend of the end dats of steppe is significant(0.52 d yr-1)；the lengths of growing season of meadow and steppe become longer before 2000(0.49d yr-1 and 0.55 d yr-1,respectively), then become shorter afterwards. Relation between temperature and precipitation with beginning dates of growing season is more significant than with end dates. The significantly rising temperature in winter delay the beginning dates of growing season because of the reduction of chilling requirement. Increase of spring temperature and precipitation promotes early beginning dates of growing season. The end dates of growing season are early due to the increase of temperature in July and August, but are late when temperature in September and precipitation from May to September increases.Finally, we figure out the shortcoming of the study and recommend possible way to solve the problem and more detailed future work is required.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=PLANT%2BCOMMUNITY&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATibetan%5C+Plateau%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+sensitive%5C+areas%5C+to%5C+global%5C+climate%5C+change.%5C+The%5C+response%5C+of%5C+alpine%5C+ecosystem%5C+to%5C+climate%5C+change%5C+becomes%5C+a%5C+hot%5C+topic%5C+of%5C+scientific%5C+research.%5C+Plant%5C+phenology%5C+is%5C+best%5C+indicator%5C+of%5C+climate%5C+change.%5C+It%5C+will%5C+be%5C+meaningful%5C+to%5C+look%5C+at%5C+the%5C+response%5C+of%5C+alpine%5C+ecosystem%5C+to%5C+climate%5C+change%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+phenology%5C+point%5C+of%5C+view.%5C+However%2C%5C+phenology%5C+research%5C+is%5C+still%5C+very%5C+weak%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Tibetan%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ground%5C+observations%5C+are%5C+also%5C+very%5C+limited.%5C+Therefore%2C%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+change%5C+and%5C+relation%5C+with%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+will%5C+be%5C+scientifically%5C+and%5C+practically%5C+meaningful.In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+the%5C+interannual%5C+change%5C+of%5C+NDVI%2C%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+and%5C+their%5C+correlation.%5C+Then%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Tibetan%5C+Plateau%5C+was%5C+simulated%5C+using%5C+both%5C+the%5C+slope%5C+method%5C+and%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method.%5C+By%5C+comparing%5C+the%5C+results%5C+with%5C+ground%5C+observation%2C%5C+the%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method%5C+with%5C+certain%5C+threshold%5C+was%5C+selected.%5C+Growing%5C+season%5C+from%5C+1982%5C-2006%5C+was%5C+simulated%5C+with%5C+the%5C+selected%5C+method%5C+and%5C+then%5C+the%5C+spatial%5C+and%5C+temporal%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+was%5C+analyzed.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+we%5C+used%5C+multi%5C-regression%5C+to%5C+derive%5C+the%5C+relation%5C+between%5C+growing%5C+season%2C%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation.%5C+Some%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+were%5C+drawn%5C+from%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method%5C+performs%5C+better%5C+in%5C+simulating%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+than%5C+slope%5C+method.%5C+The%5C+final%5C+thresholds%5C+selected%5C+for%5C+simulating%5C+the%5C+start%5C+and%5C+end%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+are%5C+0.2%5C+and%5C+0.6%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+mean%5C+NDVI%5C+in%5C+May%5C+and%5C+June%5C+and%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+shows%5C+non%5C-linear%5C+trend%5C+from%5C+1982%5C+to%5C+2006.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+before%5C+2000%5C+display%5C+significant%5C+advance%5C+trend%5C%280.48%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C+and%5C+0.62d%5C+yr%5C-1%2Crespectively%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+delay%5C+after%5C+2000%EF%BC%9Bthe%5C+end%5C+dats%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+shows%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+trend%5C+during%5C+1982%5C+and%5C+2000%2Cbut%5C+trend%5C+of%5C+the%5C+end%5C+dats%5C+of%5C+steppe%5C+is%5C+significant%5C%280.52%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C%29%EF%BC%9Bthe%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+become%5C+longer%5C+before%5C+2000%5C%280.49d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C+and%5C+0.55%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%2Crespectively%5C%29%2C%5C+then%5C+become%5C+shorter%5C+afterwards.%5C+Relation%5C+between%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+with%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+is%5C+more%5C+significant%5C+than%5C+with%5C+end%5C+dates.%5C+The%5C+significantly%5C+rising%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+winter%5C+delay%5C+the%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reduction%5C+of%5C+chilling%5C+requirement.%5C+Increase%5C+of%5C+spring%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+promotes%5C+early%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season.%5C+The%5C+end%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+are%5C+early%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+July%5C+and%5C+August%2C%5C+but%5C+are%5C+late%5C+when%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+September%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+from%5C+May%5C+to%5C+September%5C+increases.Finally%2C%5C+we%5C+figure%5C+out%5C+the%5C+shortcoming%5C+of%5C+the%5C+study%5C+and%5C+recommend%5C+possible%5C+way%5C+to%5C+solve%5C+the%5C+problem%5C+and%5C+more%5C+detailed%5C+future%5C+work%5C+is%5C+required."},{"jsname":"Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic variability.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=PLANT%2BCOMMUNITY&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATupistra%5C+pingbianensis%5C+J.%5C+L.%5C+Huang%5C+%5C%26%5C+X.%5C+Z.%5C+Liu%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+newly%5C+described%5C+perennial%5C+herb%5C+narrowly%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+South%5C-east%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+It%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+genera%5C+Tupistra%5C+Ker%5C+Gawler%5C%28Liliaceae%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+usually%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss.%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+unusual%5C+in%5C+that%5C+it%5C+exhibits%5C+rarity%5C+according%5C+to%5C+three%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+of%5C+measuring%5C+rarity%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+habitat%5C+specialist%2C%5C+and%5C+always%5C+has%5C+low%5C+abundance%5C+where%5C+it%5C+occurs.%5C+Because%5C+of%5C+this%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+has%5C+been%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+and%5C+catalogued%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+Species%5C+Red%5C+List.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+discuss%5C+the%5C+causes%5C+of%5C+rarity%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+multidisciplinary%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+and%5C+seedling%5C+establishment%2C%5C+cytology%2C%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+and%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endangered%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+thesis.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+also%5C+proposed%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Biological%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CT.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herbaceous%5C+with%5C+a%5C+creeping%5C+rhizome%2C%5C+thick%5C+basal%5C+leaves%2C%5C+and%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+that%5C+is%5C+a%5C+terminal%5C+spike.%5C+Florescence%5C+is%5C+from%5C+November%5C+to%5C+December%2C%5C+while%5C+fruiting%5C+occurs%5C+between%5C+November%5C+and%5C+December%5C+in%5C+the%5C+next%5C+year.%5C+Reproduction%5C+and%5C+spread%5C+also%5C+occurs%5C+clonally%5C+via%5C+rhizomes%2C%5C+most%5C+seeds%5C+simply%5C+fall%5C+from%5C+the%5C+mother%5C+plant%5C+and%5C+germinate%5C+where%5C+they%5C+land.%5C+It%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+habitat.%5C+Throughout%5C+its%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+occurs%5C+as%5C+discrete%2C%5C+small%5C+populations%5C+size.%5C+2.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CSeed%5C+morphology%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%2C%5C+light%2C%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+on%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+primarily.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+average%5C+seed%5C+size%5C+was%5C+%5C%281.17%C2%B10.02%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.79%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.77%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%5C%28length%5C+%C3%97%5C+width%5C+%C3%97%5C+thickness%5C%29%2C%5C+per%5C-hundred%5C-seed%5C-weight%5C+was%5C+about%5C+35.03%C2%B10.12g.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+three%5C+different%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%5C+and%5C+sowing%5C+depths%2C%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+germinate%5C+best%5C+in%5C+alkalescence%5C+soil%5C+and%5C+shallow%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+%5C%282cm%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+could%5C+germinate%5C+in%5C+the%5C+both%5C+light%5C+and%5C+dark%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+can%5C+be%5C+accelerated%5C+by%5C+light%5C+obviously.%5C+Its%5C+seed%5C+has%5C+high%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+not%5C+just%5C+in%5C+greenhouse%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+in%5C+the%5C+field.%5C+We%5C+considered%5C+that%5C+this%5C+is%5C+a%5C+good%5C+strategy%5C+to%5C+expand%5C+its%5C+population%5C+in%5C+the%5C+special%5C+habit.3.%5C+Karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CThe%5C+karyotype%5C+of%5C+total%5C+eight%5C+species%5C+in%5C+Campylandra%2C%5C+Tupistra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra%5C+from%5C+China%5C+were%5C+reported.%5C+Considering%5C+Tupistra%5C+has%5C+the%5C+similar%5C+morphological%5C+character%5C+with%5C+Campylandra%5C+but%5C+resemble%5C+Aspidistra%5C+in%5C+karyotype.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+support%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+study%5C+that%5C+Tupistra%5C+is%5C+a%5C+transition%5C+between%5C+Compylandra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+showes%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+and%5C+T.%5C+fungilliformis%5C+has%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+than%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+this%5C+genera%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+these%5C+species%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status.%5C+4.%5C+Reproduction%5C+ecology%5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now, little data about the plant reproductive characters and ecological adaptation have been documented in the species-rich Sino-Himalaya region. Anemone rivularis (Ranunculaceae), mainly occurs in this area, and is of particular interest for its unique flower heliotropic movement and sex allocation strategy. In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology and adaptation mechanism of A. rivularis on the Yulong Snow Mountain Lijiang, northwestern Yunnan. The main results were summarized as follows: 1 Reproductive biology, The mating system, flowering phenology, floral morphology and pollination efficiency were examined in Anemone rivularis. This species is a perennial plant with hermaphroditic flowers, and its inflorescence is an acropetal cyme with protogynous flowers. In contrast to some self-incompatible species reported in Anemone, our results proved that A. rivularis was self-compatible. The seed set under natural pollination was more than 70%, indicating that there was no pollen limitation. Meanwhile, the seed set of artificial-cross-pollinated flowers was significantly higher than that of artificial-self-pollinated flowers, suggesting that the mixed mating system of A. rivularis was based on cross-pollination, and the results also supported a favor of outcrossing reproductive strategy for perennial herbs as some previous reports. Clearly, the reproductive strategy of A. rivularis prefer to cross-pollination in the alpine Sino-Himalayan region, in order to improve the reproductive fitness. 2 Flower heliotropism, The flower heliotropic movement mechanism, influences and adaptive significance were investigated in Anemone rivularis. The results indicated that under natural conditions, a treatment of pistils and stamens removal, flowers of A. rivularis retained accurately sun-tracking behavior through daytime, and the petals were found to close in the evening; but flowers would lose heliotropic movement if tepals were removed, with peduncles keeping a vertical orientation. This indicated that the tepals were crucial for heliotropic behavior. The flower heliotropism of A. rivularis was sensitive to blue light frequencies rather than red frequencies, suggesting that the light signal must be received by tepals, which driving the peduncles to bend due to differential cell elongation along the two sides of peduncle. Furthermore, there was a close relationship between diurnal heliotropic movements and temperature of flower interior in A. rivularis. Flowers with tepals could provide a relatively narrow range of temperatures, in comparison with flowers lacking tepals, in order to maintain reproductive organs in functional floral temperature range. Our study demonstrated that both the development of pistils and stamens and the visiting of insects could benefit from flower heliotropism in A. rivularis.3 Sex allocation, Floral traits, male and female functions, reproductive fitness, and sex allocation hypotheses were assessed in intra-inflorescence of Anemone rivularis. Though the inflorescence showed an acropetal flower-opening sequence as well as in many flowering species (early flowers are proximal and late flowers are distal), it engaged different sex allocation strategy. Our observations documented that the late-opening flowers of each inflorescence produce significantly more ovules and fewer pollen grains compared to early-opening flowers, and the pollen:ovule ratio (P:O) declined obviously from primary flower position to tertiary flower position, suggesting that later flowers would tend to favor female-bias investment. The nature-pollinating seed set among flower positions was constant, and there was no resource trade-off between flower size and sexual organs in this species, and the first-removal treatment did not lead to a significant increase in seed set of flowers in the later position. Thus, early-opening flower may not represent a significant competitor for resources with late-opening flowers on the same inflorescence, suggesting that the pattern of floral design and floral display may be determined prior to flowering and is inalterable by resources during flowering. So the female-biased allocation of distal flowers in A. rivularis may be resulted from the the selection by variation in the mating 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a town of Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture, was chosen as the main field site for studying the structure and characters of traditional agricultural ecosystem, by using approaches of ethnobotany, cultural anthropology and ecology. Combined with interviewing exercises in Hanpi village, Jiantang Township, this paper also discussed the impact of traditional management on the biocultural diversity. The results showed: Traditional agroecosystem in Shangri-la is an integrated system with three subsystems, which are farming, forest and grazing subsystem. The seasonal shifting grazing activity in Shangri-la, following the natural season change and the recover process of plants, is a sustainable management that protects the local biodiversity. However, along with the decay of shifting grazing tradition recently, the local Tibetans turned to use grass land and forest which is close to villages as the main grazing lands. It increased the pasturing pressure to these areas and caused productivity decreasing and biodiversity. As a symbolic part of Tibetan culture in Shangri-la, the sacred mountain culture has played a significant role in biodiversity conservation by restricting human’s behavior. The Tibetan traditional culture, indigenous knowledge and traditional ecosystem management in Shangri-la has contributed to the biodiversity conservation in this area. However, this research indicated that under the pressure of mainstream culture and market economy, traditional knowledge is vanishing; old crop land races are decreasing; diverse land use management is inclining to be single and seasonal shifting grazing tradition is fading away. The change of diversity to singularity might cause some negative impacts on the local environment and ecosystem. In this paper, advices were also given on how to combine Tibetan traditional knowledge and management experiences into sustainable development of modern agriculture. In this thesis, genetic diversity of Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li, a plant endemic to southwest China, was also discussed through the approach of SSR markers. The wild populations of M. lasiocarpa are very rare now due to the habitat fragment and long time human’s disturbance. By conducting broad field investigation, we have found 5 wild populations near the boarder of Yunnan and Sichuan province. Seventeen microsatellite markers were isolated from M. lasiocarpa by using FIASCO method. 8 primers were selected to do the further genetic population structure and genetic diversity analysis. The results showed that genetic diversity of M. lasiocarpa’s wild populations is higher than cultivated populations. The genetic diversity difference between wild and cultivated populations is related to the different reproduction systems. Adopting the way of asexuality reproduction, the genetic basis of cultivated populations become narrow that decrease the genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis showed that 37.19% genetic differentiation is among populations and 62.81% is within population. Genetic differentiation among different populations is related to the limited gene communication. POPGENE analysis indicated that there is very little gene flow among different populations (0.4916), which is the main reason of high genetic differentiation among M. lasiocarpa populations.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=PLANT%2BCOMMUNITY&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AXiaozhongdian%2C%5C+a%5C+town%5C+of%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+County%2C%5C+Diqing%5C+Prefecture%2C%5C+was%5C+chosen%5C+as%5C+the%5C+main%5C+field%5C+site%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+agricultural%5C+ecosystem%2C%5C+by%5C+using%5C+approaches%5C+of%5C+ethnobotany%2C%5C+cultural%5C+anthropology%5C+and%5C+ecology.%5C+Combined%5C+with%5C+interviewing%5C+exercises%5C+in%5C+Hanpi%5C+village%2C%5C+Jiantang%5C+Township%2C%5C+this%5C+paper%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+the%5C+impact%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+management%5C+on%5C+the%5C+biocultural%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C%3A%5C+Traditional%5C+agroecosystem%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+is%5C+an%5C+integrated%5C+system%5C+with%5C+three%5C+subsystems%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+farming%2C%5C+forest%5C+and%5C+grazing%5C+subsystem.%5C+The%5C+seasonal%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+activity%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%2C%5C+following%5C+the%5C+natural%5C+season%5C+change%5C+and%5C+the%5C+recover%5C+process%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+sustainable%5C+management%5C+that%5C+protects%5C+the%5C+local%5C+biodiversity.%5C+However%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+the%5C+decay%5C+of%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+tradition%5C+recently%2C%5C+the%5C+local%5C+Tibetans%5C+turned%5C+to%5C+use%5C+grass%5C+land%5C+and%5C+forest%5C+which%5C+is%5C+close%5C+to%5C+villages%5C+as%5C+the%5C+main%5C+grazing%5C+lands.%5C+It%5C+increased%5C+the%5C+pasturing%5C+pressure%5C+to%5C+these%5C+areas%5C+and%5C+caused%5C+productivity%5C+decreasing%5C+and%5C+biodiversity.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+symbolic%5C+part%5C+of%5C+Tibetan%5C+culture%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%2C%5C+the%5C+sacred%5C+mountain%5C+culture%5C+has%5C+played%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+role%5C+in%5C+biodiversity%5C+conservation%5C+by%5C+restricting%5C+human%E2%80%99s%5C+behavior.%5C+The%5C+Tibetan%5C+traditional%5C+culture%2C%5C+indigenous%5C+knowledge%5C+and%5C+traditional%5C+ecosystem%5C+management%5C+in%5C+Shangri%5C-la%5C+has%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+biodiversity%5C+conservation%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area.%5C+However%2C%5C+this%5C+research%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+under%5C+the%5C+pressure%5C+of%5C+mainstream%5C+culture%5C+and%5C+market%5C+economy%2C%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+is%5C+vanishing%5C%3B%5C+old%5C+crop%5C+land%5C+races%5C+are%5C+decreasing%5C%3B%5C+diverse%5C+land%5C+use%5C+management%5C+is%5C+inclining%5C+to%5C+be%5C+single%5C+and%5C+seasonal%5C+shifting%5C+grazing%5C+tradition%5C+is%5C+fading%5C+away.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+of%5C+diversity%5C+to%5C+singularity%5C+might%5C+cause%5C+some%5C+negative%5C+impacts%5C+on%5C+the%5C+local%5C+environment%5C+and%5C+ecosystem.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+advices%5C+were%5C+also%5C+given%5C+on%5C+how%5C+to%5C+combine%5C+Tibetan%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+and%5C+management%5C+experiences%5C+into%5C+sustainable%5C+development%5C+of%5C+modern%5C+agriculture.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+thesis%2C%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+Musella%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+%5C%28Franch.%5C%29%5C+C.%5C+Y.%5C+Wu%5C+ex%5C+H.%5C+W.%5C+Li%2C%5C+a%5C+plant%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+was%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+through%5C+the%5C+approach%5C+of%5C+SSR%5C+markers.%5C+The%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+are%5C+very%5C+rare%5C+now%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+habitat%5C+fragment%5C+and%5C+long%5C+time%5C+human%E2%80%99s%5C+disturbance.%5C+By%5C+conducting%5C+broad%5C+field%5C+investigation%2C%5C+we%5C+have%5C+found%5C+5%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+near%5C+the%5C+boarder%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+Sichuan%5C+province.%5C+Seventeen%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+by%5C+using%5C+FIASCO%5C+method.%5C+8%5C+primers%5C+were%5C+selected%5C+to%5C+do%5C+the%5C+further%5C+genetic%5C+population%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%E2%80%99s%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+cultivated%5C+populations.%5C+The%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+difference%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+different%5C+reproduction%5C+systems.%5C+Adopting%5C+the%5C+way%5C+of%5C+asexuality%5C+reproduction%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C+become%5C+narrow%5C+that%5C+decrease%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%5C+AMOVA%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+37.19%25%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+is%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+62.81%25%5C+is%5C+within%5C+population.%5C+Genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+gene%5C+communication.%5C+POPGENE%5C+analysis%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+there%5C+is%5C+very%5C+little%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+among%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+%5C%280.4916%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+the%5C+main%5C+reason%5C+of%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+M.%5C+lasiocarpa%5C+populations."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-05-20"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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