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资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural selection.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+close%5C+relatives%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+undergo%5C+considerable%5C+divergence%5C+in%5C+the%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+life%5C+forms%2C%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+habitats.%5C+In%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%2C%5C+leaf%5C+lifespans%2C%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+area%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%2C%5C+nutrient%5C+use%5C+efficiencies%2C%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+costs%2C%5C+and%5C+maintenance%5C+costs%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+ecophysiological%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+types%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+related%5C+ecological%5C+and%5C+evolutionary%5C+significances.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+drought%5C+tolerance%5C+from%5C+its%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structure%5C+including%5C+fleshy%5C+leaf%2C%5C+thicker%5C+surface%5C+cuticle%2C%5C+huge%5C+abaxial%5C+epidermis%5C+cells%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+palisade%5C+and%5C+spongy%5C+mesophyll%5C+layers%2C%5C+the%5C+prominent%5C+of%5C+mucilaginous%5C+substances%2C%5C+supportable%5C+leaf%5C+main%5C+vein%2C%5C+lower%5C+total%5C+stoma%5C+area%5C+%5C%28%25%5C%29%2C%5C+sunken%5C+stomata%5C+and%5C+special%5C+stoma%5C+structure.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+to%5C+the%5C+contrary%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+embodied%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+both%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+previous%5C+observation%5C+that%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+the%5C+only%5C+genus%5C+that%5C+did%5C+not%5C+possess%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+chloroplasts.2.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+leaves%5C+were%5C+different%5C+with%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+ages.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+1%5C-2%5C+years%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+1%5C+year%5C+and%5C+2%5C-4%5C+years.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+60%5C+days%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+30%5C+days%2C%5C+90%5C+days%5C+and%5C+120%5C+days.%5C+3.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+positions%5C+were%5C+mainly%5C+affected%5C+by%5C+leaf%5C+ages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+four%5C+leaves%5C+lying%5C+on%5C+the%5C+top%5C+did%5C+the%5C+most%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+assimilation%5C+products%5C+in%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+sequence%5C+number%5C+%3E%5C+6%5C+could%5C+use%5C+lots%5C+of%5C+photosynthates%2C%5C+but%5C+contributed%5C+little%5C+to%5C+the%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+biomass.%5C+4.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+decreased%5C+a%5C+little%5C+at%5C+the%5C+noon%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+at%5C+10%5C%3A00h%5C+in%5C+the%5C+greenhouse.%5C+The%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+trend%5C+as%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance.%5C+Higher%5C+relative%5C+humidity%5C+seemed%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+key%5C+for%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+5.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+was%5C+statistically%5C+larger%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+concentration%2Cleaf%5C+phosphorus%5C+concentration%5C+and%5C+enzyme%5C+activities.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+extremely%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+might%5C+greatly%5C+limit%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+might%5C+partially%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+lack%5C+of%5C+chloroplasts%5C+in%5C+the%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+flavum%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+more%5C+fond%5C+of%5C+shade%5C+environment.6.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+had%5C+bigger%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+and%5C+greater%5C+potential%5C+for%5C+fast%5C+growth.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+longer%5C+LL%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+enhanced%5C+nutrient%5C+conservation%5C+which%5C+could%5C+compensate%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+usually%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+dark%5C+respiration%5C+rate%2C%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+decreased%5C+fast%5C+with%5C+leaf%5C+age.%5C+However%2C%5C+for%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+the%5C+situation%5C+was%5C+the%5C+opposite.%5C+7.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+water%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency.%5C+8.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+and%5C+longer%5C+repayment%5C+time%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+their%5C+habitats.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+water%5C+and%5C+resource%5C-conserving%5C+traits%5C+in%5C+the%5C+karst%5C+habitat.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+water%5C+and%5C+nutrients%5C+but%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+change%5C+with%5C+seasons.Our%5C+results%5C+provided%5C+evidence%5C+of%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+congeneric%5C+orchids%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+selection."},{"jsname":"Plants respond to unpredictable alpine environments by a high degree of specialization in the structural and functional aspects of their flowers and pollination. However, few original data about the reproductive biology of these plants has been documented, particularly in the species-rich Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. Incarvillea Juss. is notable for being a temperate and herbaceous member in the primarily tropical and woody family Bignoniaceae. Most species of the genus occur in alpine areas of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. We investigated the reproductive biology of two alpine species, I. mairei and I. lutea. Incarvillea mairei was highly self-compatible, but depended on pollinators for seed production. The main pollinators were Halictus sp and Apis sp. at low altitude, and bumblebee at high altitude. Seed production was severely limited by pollinators, as indicated by supplemental hand-pollination experiments. The extended floral longevity and stigma receptivity greatly compensated for pollinator limitation. Outcrossing rates were high from 0.834 to 0.988 with altitude and cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.088, indicating a predominant outcrossing mating system. The combination of floral traits (approach herkogamy, sensitive stigma, anther appendages) and pollinator activities ensure a remarkably efficient pollination mechanism, as well as make it possible to ensure reproduction success in alpine habitats. Incarvillea lutea is self-compatible, but depends on insects for seed production. Both the fruit and seed set were high under natural conditions. The main pollinator is Halictus sp. The larger floral displays of I. lutea received more visitations, but facilitated geitonogamous pollination simultaneously. The cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.373. The corolla tube changed color with age from yellow to red. Young yellow flowers had a significant greater pollen and nectar reward. The co-occurrence of the change in amount of reward and flower color enabled I. lutea to direct pollinators to visit reproductive, highly rewarding yellow flowers. We suggest floral color change in I. lutea may serve as a mechanism for reducing geitonogamous pollination and increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer to enhance plant fitness.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+unpredictable%5C+alpine%5C+environments%5C+by%5C+a%5C+high%5C+degree%5C+of%5C+specialization%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+and%5C+functional%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+their%5C+flowers%5C+and%5C+pollination.%5C+However%2C%5C+few%5C+original%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+these%5C+plants%5C+has%5C+been%5C+documented%2C%5C+particularly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+Juss.%5C+is%5C+notable%5C+for%5C+being%5C+a%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+herbaceous%5C+member%5C+in%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+woody%5C+family%5C+Bignoniaceae.%5C+Most%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+We%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+two%5C+alpine%5C+species%2C%5C+I.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+I.%5C+lutea.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+mairei%5C+was%5C+highly%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+pollinators%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+Halictus%5C+sp%5C+and%5C+Apis%5C+sp.%5C+at%5C+low%5C+altitude%2C%5C+and%5C+bumblebee%5C+at%5C+high%5C+altitude.%5C+Seed%5C+production%5C+was%5C+severely%5C+limited%5C+by%5C+pollinators%2C%5C+as%5C+indicated%5C+by%5C+supplemental%5C+hand%5C-pollination%5C+experiments.%5C+The%5C+extended%5C+floral%5C+longevity%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+receptivity%5C+greatly%5C+compensated%5C+for%5C+pollinator%5C+limitation.%5C+Outcrossing%5C+rates%5C+were%5C+high%5C+from%5C+0.834%5C+to%5C+0.988%5C+with%5C+altitude%5C+and%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.088%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+predominant%5C+outcrossing%5C+mating%5C+system.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28approach%5C+herkogamy%2C%5C+sensitive%5C+stigma%2C%5C+anther%5C+appendages%5C%29%5C+and%5C+pollinator%5C+activities%5C+ensure%5C+a%5C+remarkably%5C+efficient%5C+pollination%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+make%5C+it%5C+possible%5C+to%5C+ensure%5C+reproduction%5C+success%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+lutea%5C+is%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depends%5C+on%5C+insects%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+were%5C+high%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinator%5C+is%5C+Halictus%5C+sp.%5C+The%5C+larger%5C+floral%5C+displays%5C+of%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+received%5C+more%5C+visitations%2C%5C+but%5C+facilitated%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+simultaneously.%5C+The%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.373.%5C+The%5C+corolla%5C+tube%5C+changed%5C+color%5C+with%5C+age%5C+from%5C+yellow%5C+to%5C+red.%5C+Young%5C+yellow%5C+flowers%5C+had%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+greater%5C+pollen%5C+and%5C+nectar%5C+reward.%5C+The%5C+co%5C-occurrence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+change%5C+in%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+reward%5C+and%5C+flower%5C+color%5C+enabled%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+to%5C+direct%5C+pollinators%5C+to%5C+visit%5C+reproductive%2C%5C+highly%5C+rewarding%5C+yellow%5C+flowers.%5C+We%5C+suggest%5C+floral%5C+color%5C+change%5C+in%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+may%5C+serve%5C+as%5C+a%5C+mechanism%5C+for%5C+reducing%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+and%5C+increasing%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+pollen%5C+transfer%5C+to%5C+enhance%5C+plant%5C+fitness."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy appears to be the most significant mode of sympatric speciation, it is a prevalent phenomenon in species. In this research to investigate the distribution pattern we analysed 27 populations over 500 individuals’ karyotypes and compared morphological characters between different populations to investigate the morphological polymorphism of different ploidy. Parsimony analysis within 2 non-coding loci from chloroplast genome and rDNA ITS, combined the karyotype and morphological results to disscussed the way and the frequency of tetraploids origin. The major results are shown as follows:1. Karyotypes of different populations in A. mairei，27 populations were studied, 13 diploid and 14 tetraploid populations have been detected. No populations have both ploidy coexist. Three karyotype formulas in diploid: 2n=16m，2n=14m+2sm and 2n=12m+4sm; Four karyotype formulas in tetraploid: 2n=30m+2sm，2n=28m+4sm，2n=26m+6sm，2n=28m+2sm+2st. The karyotypes of all populations showed great similarity. Most chromosomes types are “m” and“sm”,only one “st”found in Songming population. The As.K.% ranged from 54.70% to 57.96% .All karyotype found showed original with type 1A or 2A. Based on the evolutionary trend of karyotype is symmetry to asymmetry, A. mairei is very original in karyotype even compared with other species in the genus Allium.2 .The distribution pattern of populations with different ploidy，Both cytotypes occur across a wide range in the distribution area. But the diploid cytotype was rarely found in the east of Yunnan province, and diploid cytotype prefer higher altitude. The tetraploid is extremely common in the east of Yunnan but rarely found in the west, and tetraploid prefer lower altitudes. No correlation found between the distribution patterns and the karyotype asymmetry. Bisides few populations, the karyotype asymmetry in most tetraploid population are similar with diploid, and the smallest karyotype asymmetry found in tetraploid. So based on the karyotype couldn’t found the evolution trend between two poloidy in A. maimei. This result may implied the multiple origins of the tetraploid in A. maimei, some progenitors of tetraploid were distinct, caused no correlation found between two ploidy. Another possibility is the tetraploid spread very quickly after origins, so the change of the karyotype is not obvious. 3. Morphological Polymorphism of different ploidy，The analysis of variation and multiple comparisons with a result of all characters significantly different among /in populations.Characters using numerical taxonomic method Q cluster reveals that ploidy level has little correlation with the morphological variation. The morphological variations in A. mairei are more correlate with Climte and environment. Because the diploids in west Yunnan have more morphological variations. No obvious morphological differentiation between diploid and tetraploid，the tetraploids in A. maimei are autopolyploid from the sight of morphology.4. Autopolyploid and multiple origins of tetraploids in A. mairei，The parsimony analyses of ITS sequence based on the sampling strategy of A. mairei populations with different species of Allium. The strict consensus tree show the diploids and tetraploids of A. mairei to be monophyletic (100% bootstrap). No hybridization between A. mairei and relatives. The result indicates independent polyploidization processes in A. mairei, and support tetraploids in A. mairei are autopolyploid. Based on 27 haplotypes derived form two cpDNA fragments (rpl32-trnL and psbD-trhT), the network analyses showed tetraploids in A.mairei have arisen at least three times. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS variation types showed the reproductive isolation between diploid and teraploid may not exist.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%5C+appears%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+most%5C+significant%5C+mode%5C+of%5C+sympatric%5C+speciation%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+a%5C+prevalent%5C+phenomenon%5C+in%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+research%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+we%5C+analysed%5C+27%5C+populations%5C+over%5C+500%5C+individuals%E2%80%99%5C+karyotypes%5C+and%5C+compared%5C+morphological%5C+characters%5C+between%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+polymorphism%5C+of%5C+different%5C+ploidy.%5C+Parsimony%5C+analysis%5C+within%5C+2%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+loci%5C+from%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+rDNA%5C+ITS%2C%5C+combined%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+and%5C+morphological%5C+results%5C+to%5C+disscussed%5C+the%5C+way%5C+and%5C+the%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+origin.%5C+The%5C+major%5C+results%5C+are%5C+shown%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Karyotypes%5C+of%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%EF%BC%8C27%5C+populations%5C+were%5C+studied%2C%5C+13%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+14%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+have%5C+been%5C+detected.%5C+No%5C+populations%5C+have%5C+both%5C+ploidy%5C+coexist.%5C+Three%5C+karyotype%5C+formulas%5C+in%5C+diploid%5C%3A%5C+2n%3D16m%EF%BC%8C2n%3D14m%5C%2B2sm%5C+and%5C+2n%3D12m%5C%2B4sm%5C%3B%5C+Four%5C+karyotype%5C+formulas%5C+in%5C+tetraploid%5C%3A%5C+2n%3D30m%5C%2B2sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D28m%5C%2B4sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D26m%5C%2B6sm%EF%BC%8C2n%3D28m%5C%2B2sm%5C%2B2st.%5C+The%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+all%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+great%5C+similarity.%5C+Most%5C+chromosomes%5C+types%5C+are%5C+%E2%80%9Cm%E2%80%9D%5C+and%E2%80%9Csm%E2%80%9D%2Conly%5C+one%5C+%E2%80%9Cst%E2%80%9Dfound%5C+in%5C+Songming%5C+population.%5C+The%5C+As.K.%25%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+54.70%25%5C+to%5C+57.96%25%5C+.All%5C+karyotype%5C+found%5C+showed%5C+original%5C+with%5C+type%5C+1A%5C+or%5C+2A.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+evolutionary%5C+trend%5C+of%5C+karyotype%5C+is%5C+symmetry%5C+to%5C+asymmetry%2C%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+is%5C+very%5C+original%5C+in%5C+karyotype%5C+even%5C+compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Allium.2%5C+.The%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%EF%BC%8CBoth%5C+cytotypes%5C+occur%5C+across%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+range%5C+in%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+area.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+diploid%5C+cytotype%5C+was%5C+rarely%5C+found%5C+in%5C+the%5C+east%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+and%5C+diploid%5C+cytotype%5C+prefer%5C+higher%5C+altitude.%5C+The%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+extremely%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+east%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+but%5C+rarely%5C+found%5C+in%5C+the%5C+west%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+prefer%5C+lower%5C+altitudes.%5C+No%5C+correlation%5C+found%5C+between%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+patterns%5C+and%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry.%5C+Bisides%5C+few%5C+populations%2C%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+in%5C+most%5C+tetraploid%5C+population%5C+are%5C+similar%5C+with%5C+diploid%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+smallest%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+found%5C+in%5C+tetraploid.%5C+So%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+couldn%E2%80%99t%5C+found%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+trend%5C+between%5C+two%5C+poloidy%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei.%5C+This%5C+result%5C+may%5C+implied%5C+the%5C+multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei%2C%5C+some%5C+progenitors%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+were%5C+distinct%2C%5C+caused%5C+no%5C+correlation%5C+found%5C+between%5C+two%5C+ploidy.%5C+Another%5C+possibility%5C+is%5C+the%5C+tetraploid%5C+spread%5C+very%5C+quickly%5C+after%5C+origins%2C%5C+so%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+the%5C+karyotype%5C+is%5C+not%5C+obvious.%5C+3.%5C+Morphological%5C+Polymorphism%5C+of%5C+different%5C+ploidy%EF%BC%8CThe%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+variation%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+comparisons%5C+with%5C+a%5C+result%5C+of%5C+all%5C+characters%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+among%5C+%5C%2Fin%5C+populations.Characters%5C+using%5C+numerical%5C+taxonomic%5C+method%5C+Q%5C+cluster%5C+reveals%5C+that%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+has%5C+little%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+variation.%5C+The%5C+morphological%5C+variations%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+are%5C+more%5C+correlate%5C+with%5C+Climte%5C+and%5C+environment.%5C+Because%5C+the%5C+diploids%5C+in%5C+west%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+more%5C+morphological%5C+variations.%5C+No%5C+obvious%5C+morphological%5C+differentiation%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%EF%BC%8Cthe%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+maimei%5C+are%5C+autopolyploid%5C+from%5C+the%5C+sight%5C+of%5C+morphology.4.%5C+Autopolyploid%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%EF%BC%8CThe%5C+parsimony%5C+analyses%5C+of%5C+ITS%5C+sequence%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+sampling%5C+strategy%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+different%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Allium.%5C+The%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+show%5C+the%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+to%5C+be%5C+monophyletic%5C+%5C%28100%25%5C+bootstrap%5C%29.%5C+No%5C+hybridization%5C+between%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+relatives.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+independent%5C+polyploidization%5C+processes%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%2C%5C+and%5C+support%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+mairei%5C+are%5C+autopolyploid.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+27%5C+haplotypes%5C+derived%5C+form%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28rpl32%5C-trnL%5C+and%5C+psbD%5C-trhT%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+network%5C+analyses%5C+showed%5C+tetraploids%5C+in%5C+A.mairei%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+Phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+variation%5C+types%5C+showed%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+teraploid%5C+may%5C+not%5C+exist."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy, the presence of three or more genomes in an organism, has occurred extensively in plants, and plays a major role in the evolution and speciation of angiosperm. Despite extensive study of the cytotypes distribution and origin of polyploidy, few studies have been reported in China, especially in southwest region. Allium wallichii Kunth (Alliaceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in southwest China, northen India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The multiple ploidy levels and rapid differentiation has made A. wallichii a good candidate for studying polyploidy. The cytotypes distribution and origin of A. wallichii polyploidy has been studied in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateu, a main distribution area of this plant. Root-tip squashes were used to identify the ploidy level and karyotypes of 412 plants from 17 populations sampled from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Based on nuclear ITS DNA sequences in 83 individuals from 17 populations, phylogentic analysis were performed to investigate types of A. wallichii polyloids, and determine if the reproductive isolation has been established between diploids and tetraploids. Based on two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16), haplotypes were identified , and the origination of tetraploids were analyzed. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Distribution of cytotypes, Cytotype distribution was analyzed based on 412 newly studied plants from seventeen populations and published literatures. Nine diploid populations, six diploid-tetraploid mixed populations occur in central to northwest Yunnan, while twelve tetraploid populations occur in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Furthermore, tetraploids has a wider altitude range (1400-3726 m) than diploids (2100-3638 m), which suggests the adaptative ability of tetraploid is much stronger than its diploid pregnancies. Tetraploid populations distributed in northwest Yunnan have much lower karyotype asymmetry with the asymmetry indexes (AI) ranges from 1.83 to 2.87 compared to other populations of other areas (AI, 2.03-3.02). This suggests tetraploid in northwest Yunnan is likely to have an earlier derivation. 2. Autoploidization origin of the tetraploids, Diploids are all 2A type except that Zhongdian D and Baoshan populations are 3A type, and tetraploids are all 2A type but Huize and Hezhang populations are 2B type. It shows high similarity of karyotypes of diploid and tetraploids. In addition, the undistinguishable morphology of A. wallichii with different ploidy levels in northwest Yunnan and the monophyly of A. wallichii in ITS strict consensus tree all suggest autopolyploid origins of tetraploids A. wallichii. 3. Multiple origins of tetraploids, Based on two cpDNA fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16) in 85 individuals from 17 populations across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a total of 17 haplotypes were identified, among them, 3 in diploids only, 11 in tetraploids only, and 3 found in both cytotypes. This, plus network analyses, indicated that tetraploids have arisen independently from diploids at least three times. 4. Productive isolation between diploids and teraploids, ITS phylogenetic analyses between diploid and tetraploid A. wallichii shows that diploids and tetraploids are both monophyly, with bootstrap value 100% and 88% respectively, indicating that the reproductive isolation has been established between them. Based on cpDNA haplotypes and ITS variation types analyses, extensive hybridization and gene introgression may have occurred among tetraploids.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%2C%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+three%5C+or%5C+more%5C+genomes%5C+in%5C+an%5C+organism%2C%5C+has%5C+occurred%5C+extensively%5C+in%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+plays%5C+a%5C+major%5C+role%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+angiosperm.%5C+Despite%5C+extensive%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+polyploidy%2C%5C+few%5C+studies%5C+have%5C+been%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+China%2C%5C+especially%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+region.%5C+Allium%5C+wallichii%5C+Kunth%5C+%5C%28Alliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herb%2C%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+northen%5C+India%2C%5C+Nepal%2C%5C+Sikkim%5C+and%5C+Bhutan.%5C+The%5C+multiple%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+rapid%5C+differentiation%5C+has%5C+made%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+a%5C+good%5C+candidate%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+polyploidy.%5C+The%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyploidy%5C+has%5C+been%5C+studied%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateu%2C%5C+a%5C+main%5C+distribution%5C+area%5C+of%5C+this%5C+plant.%5C+Root%5C-tip%5C+squashes%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+identify%5C+the%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+and%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+412%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+sampled%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+DNA%5C+sequences%5C+in%5C+83%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%2C%5C+phylogentic%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+types%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyloids%2C%5C+and%5C+determine%5C+if%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%2C%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+origination%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+were%5C+analyzed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Distribution%5C+of%5C+cytotypes%2C%5C+Cytotype%5C+distribution%5C+was%5C+analyzed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+412%5C+newly%5C+studied%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+seventeen%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+published%5C+literatures.%5C+Nine%5C+diploid%5C+populations%2C%5C+six%5C+diploid%5C-tetraploid%5C+mixed%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+central%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+twelve%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+tetraploids%5C+has%5C+a%5C+wider%5C+altitude%5C+range%5C+%5C%281400%5C-3726%5C+m%5C%29%5C+than%5C+diploids%5C+%5C%282100%5C-3638%5C+m%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+suggests%5C+the%5C+adaptative%5C+ability%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+much%5C+stronger%5C+than%5C+its%5C+diploid%5C+pregnancies.%5C+Tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+much%5C+lower%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+with%5C+the%5C+asymmetry%5C+indexes%5C+%5C%28AI%5C%29%5C+ranges%5C+from%5C+1.83%5C+to%5C+2.87%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+other%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+other%5C+areas%5C+%5C%28AI%2C%5C+2.03%5C-3.02%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+suggests%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+an%5C+earlier%5C+derivation.%5C+2.%5C+Autoploidization%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Diploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+except%5C+that%5C+Zhongdian%5C+D%5C+and%5C+Baoshan%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+3A%5C+type%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+but%5C+Huize%5C+and%5C+Hezhang%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+2B%5C+type.%5C+It%5C+shows%5C+high%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+undistinguishable%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+in%5C+ITS%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+all%5C+suggest%5C+autopolyploid%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+A.%5C+wallichii.%5C+3.%5C+Multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%5C+in%5C+85%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+across%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+17%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+among%5C+them%2C%5C+3%5C+in%5C+diploids%5C+only%2C%5C+11%5C+in%5C+tetraploids%5C+only%2C%5C+and%5C+3%5C+found%5C+in%5C+both%5C+cytotypes.%5C+This%2C%5C+plus%5C+network%5C+analyses%2C%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+tetraploids%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+independently%5C+from%5C+diploids%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+4.%5C+Productive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+teraploids%2C%5C+ITS%5C+phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+both%5C+monophyly%2C%5C+with%5C+bootstrap%5C+value%5C+100%25%5C+and%5C+88%25%5C+respectively%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+them.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+and%5C+ITS%5C+variation%5C+types%5C+analyses%2C%5C+extensive%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+introgression%5C+may%5C+have%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+tetraploids."},{"jsname":"The Master degree thesis studied on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas which both have insecticidal activity. 58 compounds, including four new ones, were isolated and identified from this two species by various chromatographic processes. The cytotoxicities of some compounds obtained from Azadirachta indica were evaluated. Finally, this thesis also made a review on the chemical constituents and bioactivities from plants of genus Melia. Chapter 1 Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Azadirachta indica，From the methanol extract of branches and leaves of Azadirachta indicia, 53 compounds, including four new ones, were isolated and identified based on spectral techniques. These compounds referred to sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. Two of the new compounds were C30 triterpenoids and the other two were tetranortriterpenoids. 26 compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities and some were found to have potential cytotoxicities. The abundant constituent, nimbolide, showed strong cytotoxicities against all the tested cell lines. Chapter 2 Chemical constituents of Jatropha curcas，Nine known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of branches and leaves of J. curcas. Chapter 3 Review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of genus Melia，This chapter made a review on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of genus Melia based on the literatures which were reported before 2010.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Master%5C+degree%5C+thesis%5C+studied%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%5C+and%5C+Jatropha%5C+curcas%5C+which%5C+both%5C+have%5C+insecticidal%5C+activity.%5C+58%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+this%5C+two%5C+species%5C+by%5C+various%5C+chromatographic%5C+processes.%5C+The%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+of%5C+some%5C+compounds%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%5C+were%5C+evaluated.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+this%5C+thesis%5C+also%5C+made%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+from%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia.%5C+Chapter%5C+1%5C+Chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%EF%BC%8CFrom%5C+the%5C+methanol%5C+extract%5C+of%5C+branches%5C+and%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indicia%2C%5C+53%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+based%5C+on%5C+spectral%5C+techniques.%5C+These%5C+compounds%5C+referred%5C+to%5C+sesquiterpenoids%2C%5C+triterpenoids%2C%5C+steroids%5C+and%5C+flavonoids.%5C+Two%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+C30%5C+triterpenoids%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+were%5C+tetranortriterpenoids.%5C+26%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+and%5C+some%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+have%5C+potential%5C+cytotoxicities.%5C+The%5C+abundant%5C+constituent%2C%5C+nimbolide%2C%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+against%5C+all%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+cell%5C+lines.%5C+Chapter%5C+2%5C+Chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+Jatropha%5C+curcas%EF%BC%8CNine%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+methanol%5C+extract%5C+of%5C+branches%5C+and%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+J.%5C+curcas.%5C+Chapter%5C+3%5C+Review%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia%EF%BC%8CThis%5C+chapter%5C+made%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+literatures%5C+which%5C+were%5C+reported%5C+before%5C+2010."},{"jsname":"The Taxus wallichiana complex represents an old relict conifer lineage that survived through the Tertiary. It is currently distributed in the mountain forests in South and Southwest China south of the Qinling Mountains. In the present study, we explored phylogeography of the complex by using two chloroplast DNA regions, one nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer region and eight microsatellite (SSR) loci. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:1. Phylogeographic pattern based on chloroplast haplotypes，There were 11 cpDNA haplotypes identified in the T. wallichiana complex The complex showed a high level of genetic diversity and obvious genetic differentiation. The 44 sampled populations showed obvious genetic structure, which could be divided into five groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba group, the Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. There was extremely high genetic differentiation among groups, but not significant within group. The divergence times of the five lineages, estimated using average mutation rates of trnL-trnF, fell in the Pliocene. 2. Phylogeographic patterns based on ITS sequences，These included 38 unique ‘haplotypes’ based on ITS data. Their analysis showed that the T. wallichiana complex possessed a high genetic diversity. These populations could be divided into four groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba/Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. Based on all results, it appears that the major lineages constituting the T. wallichiana complex have arisen before Quaternary glaciation cycles, and may have survived isolated in different refugia. During interglacial periods some lineages appear to have come in contact and hybridizedbut other lineages merged forming populations with mixed haplotypes without signs of hybridization. The present-day phylogeographical distribution pattern of the T. wallichiana complex might thus be the result of repeated expansion / contractions of populations during interglacial / glacial cycles.3. Population genetic analysis using microsatellite (SSR) markers，Eight SSR loci were used for population genetic analysis on the T. wallichiana complex. A lower level of genetic diversity at the population level and high genetic differentiation among population was detected. The results of structure analysis were similar to those on the ITS data, dividing the populations into four groups (lineages). According to the results here, it was deduced that each of the 4 lineages of the T. wallichiana complex may possessed respective glacial refugia, and some lineages (such as the Qinling and Huanan lineage) might have survived in multiple refugia in the Quaternay glaciations. The present distribution pattern of this complex was likely influenced by the uplift of the QTP and Quaternary glaciation.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Taxus%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+represents%5C+an%5C+old%5C+relict%5C+conifer%5C+lineage%5C+that%5C+survived%5C+through%5C+the%5C+Tertiary.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+currently%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mountain%5C+forests%5C+in%5C+South%5C+and%5C+Southwest%5C+China%5C+south%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountains.%C2%A0In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+explored%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+by%5C+using%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+regions%2C%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+ribosomal%5C+DNA%5C+spacer%5C+region%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+loci.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+can%5C+be%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+haplotypes%EF%BC%8CThere%5C+were%5C+11%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+The%5C+complex%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation.%5C+The%5C+44%5C+sampled%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+structure%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Emei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+extremely%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+groups%2C%5C+but%5C+not%5C+significant%5C+within%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+divergence%5C+times%5C+of%5C+the%5C+five%5C+lineages%2C%5C+estimated%5C+using%5C+average%5C+mutation%5C+rates%5C+of%5C+trnL%5C-trnF%2C%5C+fell%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Pliocene.%C2%A02.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+patterns%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CThese%5C+included%5C+38%5C+unique%5C+%E2%80%98haplotypes%E2%80%99%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+data.%5C+Their%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%C2%A0These%5C+populations%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C%2FEmei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+all%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+appears%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+constituting%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+before%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation%5C+cycles%2C%5C+and%5C+may%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+isolated%5C+in%5C+different%5C+refugia.%5C+During%5C+interglacial%5C+periods%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+appear%5C+to%5C+have%5C+come%5C+in%5C+contact%5C+and%5C+hybridizedbut%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+merged%5C+forming%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+mixed%5C+haplotypes%5C+without%5C+signs%5C+of%5C+hybridization.%5C+The%5C+present%5C-day%5C+phylogeographical%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+might%5C+thus%5C+be%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+repeated%5C+expansion%5C+%5C%2F%5C+contractions%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+during%5C+interglacial%5C+%5C%2F%5C+glacial%5C+cycles.3.%5C+Population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+using%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+markers%EF%BC%8CEight%5C+SSR%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+for%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex.%5C+A%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+at%5C+the%5C+population%5C+level%5C+and%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+population%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+structure%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+those%5C+on%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+data%2C%5C+dividing%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%5C+%5C%28lineages%5C%29.%C2%A0According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+here%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+each%5C+of%5C+the%5C+4%5C+lineages%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+may%5C+possessed%5C+respective%5C+glacial%5C+refugia%2C%5C+and%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+%5C%28such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+and%5C+Huanan%5C+lineage%5C%29%5C+might%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Quaternay%5C+glaciations.%5C+The%5C+present%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+likely%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+the%5C+uplift%5C+of%5C+the%5C+QTP%5C+and%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation."},{"jsname":"The dissertation deals with the chemical constituents of six plants, Brainea insignis, Dipteris chinensis, Lygodium japonicum, Hypericum lagarocladum, Hypericum androsaemum, and Uncaria macrophylla. More than 100 compounds, including 18 new ones, were obtained using varied chromatography methods, and the structures of them were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The classifications of new compounds include flavonoids, diterpenoids, polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), and oxindole alkaloids, etc. Brainicin was an unusual flavan derivative with a linkage between C-4 of epicatechin and the side chain of a phenylpropyl unit isolated from B. insignis. The type of linkage was found for the first time in nature. A series of new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) possessing a spirocyclic skeleton, were found in H. lagarocladum. Hyperandrone A, a complex adamantyl derivative was the first example of PPAPs from H. androsaemum. Macrophyllionium, the first example of a zwitterionic oxindole alkaloid was isolated from the aerial parts of U. macrophylla. It extended the structural variety of the known betaines. Macrophyllines A and B were a pair of isomers with acetonyl in skeleton compared with other analogues, and they were proved to be natural products. In addition, some compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines and vasodilative effects on KCl-/phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction. As a result, corynantheidine exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 and SW480 cells with IC50 values of 13.96 and 23.28 μM, respectively; macrophylline A, isorhynchophylline, and dihydrocorynantheine showed strong inhibitory action on KCl-/PE-induced contraction. It was noteworthy that dihydrocorynantheine almost inhibited completely PE-induced contraction in rats thoracic aorta at 30 μg/ml. In contrast to the relatively smaller inhibitory effects of verapamil on PE-induced contraction at 3 and 10 μg/ml, dihydrocorynantheine showed significant inhibitory actions. It was shown to be a potent vasorelaxant of aorta. Finally, a review titled advances of chemistry and pharmacology of the genus Uncaria is presented.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+deals%5C+with%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+six%5C+plants%2C%5C+Brainea%5C+insignis%2C%5C+Dipteris%5C+chinensis%2C%5C+Lygodium%5C+japonicum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+lagarocladum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+androsaemum%2C%5C+and%5C+Uncaria%5C+macrophylla.%5C+More%5C+than%5C+100%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+18%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatography%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+classifications%5C+of%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+flavonoids%2C%5C+diterpenoids%2C%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+etc.%5C+Brainicin%5C+was%5C+an%5C+unusual%5C+flavan%5C+derivative%5C+with%5C+a%5C+linkage%5C+between%5C+C%5C-4%5C+of%5C+epicatechin%5C+and%5C+the%5C+side%5C+chain%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phenylpropyl%5C+unit%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+B.%5C+insignis.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+linkage%5C+was%5C+found%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+in%5C+nature.%C2%A0A%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%5C+possessing%5C+a%5C+spirocyclic%5C+skeleton%2C%5C+were%5C+found%5C+in%5C+H.%5C+lagarocladum.%5C+Hyperandrone%5C+A%2C%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+adamantyl%5C+derivative%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+PPAPs%5C+from%5C+H.%5C+androsaemum.%5C+Macrophyllionium%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+a%5C+zwitterionic%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloid%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+aerial%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+U.%5C+macrophylla.%5C+It%5C+extended%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+variety%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+betaines.%5C+Macrophyllines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+were%5C+a%5C+pair%5C+of%5C+isomers%5C+with%5C+acetonyl%5C+in%5C+skeleton%5C+compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+analogues%2C%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+proved%5C+to%5C+be%5C+natural%5C+products.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+and%5C+vasodilative%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2Fphenylephrine%5C+%5C%28PE%5C%29%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+corynantheidine%5C+exhibited%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+HL%5C-60%5C+and%5C+SW480%5C+cells%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+values%5C+of%5C+13.96%5C+and%5C+23.28%5C+%CE%BCM%2C%5C+respectively%5C%3B%5C+macrophylline%5C+A%2C%5C+isorhynchophylline%2C%5C+and%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+inhibitory%5C+action%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2FPE%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+noteworthy%5C+that%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+almost%5C+inhibited%5C+completely%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+in%5C+rats%5C+thoracic%5C+aorta%5C+at%5C+30%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+the%5C+relatively%5C+smaller%5C+inhibitory%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+verapamil%5C+on%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+at%5C+3%5C+and%5C+10%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml%2C%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+significant%5C+inhibitory%5C+actions.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+shown%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+potent%5C+vasorelaxant%5C+of%5C+aorta.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+a%5C+review%5C+titled%5C+advances%5C+of%5C+chemistry%5C+and%5C+pharmacology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Uncaria%5C+is%5C+presented."},{"jsname":"The membrane system of cell performs many important functions, such as separates cells from the environment, keeps the biochemical reactions in order ect.. The integrity of membrane is very important for plants to survive, especially under the environmental stress. Among all environmental factors, temperature has the closest relationship with membrane and intensively study on this area has been reported. Most researches are mainly focused on the relationship between the composition of fatty acid about membrane and low temperature, while that with high temperature are rare. Nowadays, the increasing concentration of CO2 resulted in increasing temperature and high temperature has become an important inhibition to crop productivity. Thus, it’s necessary and emergent to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature.In the present dissertation, Arabidopsis and its high temperature sensitive mutant were chosen to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature. The ESI-MS/MS was used to examine the composition of membrane lipids. High temperature includes two categories, one is heat stress and the other is moderate heat stress. Heat stress can be divided into two processes: with and without heat acclimation. Five results have been obtained grounding on these works. Firstly, different change models of membrane lipids during heat stress and moderate stress had been found. The degradation of membrane lipids during moderate heat stress was controlled, while that of heat stress was out of control. During moderate heat stress, the degradation mainly happened on chloroplast, such as DGDG and PG, especially those lipids which has polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under heat stress, the degradation about plasma membrane and chloroplast membrane shared same rates. Secondly, the degradation of membrane lipids was reduced when plants had experienced heat acclimation before heat stress, and this change had nothing to do with accumulation of HSP101. The results suggested the acquired thermo-tolerance not only had related with HSP101, but also with membrane lipids. Thirdly, the amount of phosphatidic acid (PA) played an important role during heat stress. If the amount of PA rose to proper extent, it benefited the plants, while if it rose to high level, it destroyed the membrane structure. At last, the HSP101 mutant had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids than that of wild Arabidopsis under long term moderate heat stress. The dissertation also included other two parts: the drought-tolerance of Thellungiella halophila and the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor. Thellungiella halophila shared the same characteristic with Arabidopsis in many aspects, such as dwarf phenotype, short life cycle, fertility and small genome. The research indicated that at cDNA level, they were also very similar. Besides these Thellungiella halophila was more tolerant to stress condition. The previous research about Thellungiella halophila mainly focused on the high-salinity stress, and the researches of drought stress were rare. In this dissertation we focused on the drought-resistance of Thellungiella halophila. Compare to Arabidopsis, Thellungiella halophila could keep water content in high level, more resist to ROS, good photosynthesis activity and keep the membrane system integrity under drought stress. It was interesting that the substances, which rose when Arabidopsis under stress, were at high level in normal Thellungiella halophila, such as: proline, ABA. The degradation of membrane lipids mainly happened on chloroplast membrane of Arabidopsis. In contrast, the membrane of Thellungiella halophila didn’t change. All these evidence indicated that Thellungiella halophila was more drought-tolerant than Arabidopsis. During the research about the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor, we isolated 46 endophytes from different parts of plants . 34 species of them were selected for bioactivity test, and the bioactivity test show that 50% of them have some bioactivity. We also isolated 24 compounds from 6 endophytes, and 22 of them have been identified by spectra data, including: macrolides, azaphilones, anthraquinones, and steroids. 8 of them are novel compounds. Judging from results, we know the Trewia nudiflor is good resources to isolate endophytes and the endophytes are good resources to search for novel and bioactivity compounds.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=GC-MS%2Banalysis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+membrane%5C+system%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+performs%5C+many%5C+important%5C+functions%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+separates%5C+cells%5C+from%5C+the%5C+environment%2C%5C+keeps%5C+the%5C+biochemical%5C+reactions%5C+in%5C+order%5C+ect..%5C+The%5C+integrity%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+important%5C+for%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+survive%2C%5C+especially%5C+under%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+stress.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+environmental%5C+factors%2C%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+the%5C+closest%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+intensively%5C+study%5C+on%5C+this%5C+area%5C+has%5C+been%5C+reported.%5C+Most%5C+researches%5C+are%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+about%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+low%5C+temperature%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+with%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+are%5C+rare.%5C+Nowadays%2C%5C+the%5C+increasing%5C+concentration%5C+of%5C+CO2%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+increasing%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+become%5C+an%5C+important%5C+inhibition%5C+to%5C+crop%5C+productivity.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+it%E2%80%99s%5C+necessary%5C+and%5C+emergent%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+and%5C+its%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+sensitive%5C+mutant%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.%5C+The%5C+ESI%5C-MS%5C%2FMS%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+examine%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+High%5C+temperature%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+categories%2C%5C+one%5C+is%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+is%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+Heat%5C+stress%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+processes%5C%3A%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+heat%5C+acclimation.%5C+Five%5C+results%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+grounding%5C+on%5C+these%5C+works.%5C+Firstly%2C%5C+different%5C+change%5C+models%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+moderate%5C+stress%5C+had%5C+been%5C+found.%5C+The%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+controlled%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+of%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+out%5C+of%5C+control.%5C+During%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+mainly%5C+happened%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+DGDG%5C+and%5C+PG%2C%5C+especially%5C+those%5C+lipids%5C+which%5C+has%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C+Under%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+about%5C+plasma%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+chloroplast%5C+membrane%5C+shared%5C+same%5C+rates.%5C+Secondly%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+was%5C+reduced%5C+when%5C+plants%5C+had%5C+experienced%5C+heat%5C+acclimation%5C+before%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+this%5C+change%5C+had%5C+nothing%5C+to%5C+do%5C+with%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+HSP101.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggested%5C+the%5C+acquired%5C+thermo%5C-tolerance%5C+not%5C+only%5C+had%5C+related%5C+with%5C+HSP101%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+Thirdly%2C%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+proper%5C+extent%2C%5C+it%5C+benefited%5C+the%5C+plants%2C%5C+while%5C+if%5C+it%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+high%5C+level%2C%5C+it%5C+destroyed%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+structure.%5C+At%5C+last%2C%5C+the%5C+HSP101%5C+mutant%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C%2F%5C+saturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+wild%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+long%5C+term%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+The%5C+dissertation%5C+also%5C+included%5C+other%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+drought%5C-tolerance%5C+of%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+and%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+the%5C+second%5C+metabolites%5C+from%5C+endophytes%2C%5C+which%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Trewia%5C+nudiflor.%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+shared%5C+the%5C+same%5C+characteristic%5C+with%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+in%5C+many%5C+aspects%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+dwarf%5C+phenotype%2C%5C+short%5C+life%5C+cycle%2C%5C+fertility%5C+and%5C+small%5C+genome.%5C+The%5C+research%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+at%5C+cDNA%5C+level%2C%5C+they%5C+were%5C+also%5C+very%5C+similar.%5C+Besides%5C+these%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+was%5C+more%5C+tolerant%5C+to%5C+stress%5C+condition.%5C+The%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+about%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+high%5C-salinity%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+researches%5C+of%5C+drought%5C+stress%5C+were%5C+rare.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%5C+we%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+drought%5C-resistance%5C+of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origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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