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资助项目
0.05) between wild (AR = 4.651), semi-cultivated (AR = 5.091) and cultivated (AR = 5.132) populations of C. taliensis, which suggested that the genetic background of long-lived woody plant was not easy to be changed, and there were moderate high gene flow between populations. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between wild (AR = 5.9) and cultivated (AR = 7.1) populations distributed in the same place in Yun county, Yunnan province, which may result from the hybridization and introgression of species in the tea garden and anthropogenic damages to the wild population. The hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata was tested by morphological and microsatellites analyses. Compared with other species, the locules in ovary of C. grandibracteata are variable, which showed a morphological intermediate and mosaic. Except one private allele, Ninety-nine percent alleles of C. grandibracteata were shared with these of C. taliensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. And C. grandibracteata was nested in the cluster of C. taliensis in the UPGMA tree. Conclusively, our results supported the hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata partly. The speciation of C. grandibracteata was derived from hybridization and asymmetrical introgression potentially. It is possible that C. taliensis was one of its parents, but it still needs more evidences to prove that C. sinensis var. assamica was another 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onclusively%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+partly.%5C+The%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+asymmetrical%5C+introgression%5C+potentially.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+was%5C+one%5C+of%5C+its%5C+parents%2C%5C+but%5C+it%5C+still%5C+needs%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+was%5C+another%5C+parent."},{"jsname":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AChina%5C+Postdoctoral%5C+Science%5C+Foundation"},{"jsname":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AGerman%5C+Academic%5C+Exchange%5C+Service%5C+%5C%28DAAD%5C%29"},{"jsname":"In our continuing efforts to find anti - HBV (hepatitis B virus ) agents from natural sources, the chemical constituents of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.were investigated intensively to result in the isolation and identification of 83 compounds from the 90% EtOH extract of rhizomers. The types of isolates involved in phenols and phenolic glycosides, cycloartenols and cycloartane saponins, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, cycolodipeptides, liglans, orcinosides A-C), four phenolic derivatives (orcinosides H-J and orcinol A) linked with heterocycle, and two phenolic glycosides (orcinosides K-L) contained chlorine atom, were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, ROESY, IR, MS, UV). Additionally, our investigation revealed the presence of C. orchioides for the first time. cyclic dipeptides from steroids, heterocycles, sugars, and fatty acids. Among them, 26 new compounds, including three novel dimeric phenol glycosides (Those findings enlarged the knowledge of chemical constituents from C. orchioides. The isolateswere evaluated for their anti-HBV activities in the HBV transfected Hep G 2.2.15 cell line in vitro. The results demonstrated that the phenolic glycoside dimers, phenolic derivatives linked with heterocycle, phenolic glycosides contained chlorine atom, and cyclic dipeptides had inhibitory action on the production of HBsAg and HBeAg. The most active compound, orcinol B (21), showed an IC50 value of 2.22 mM in inhibiting HBsAg secretion with a selectivity index (SI = 1.75) and an IC50 value of 0.83 mM (SI = 4.66) in inhibiting HBeAg secretion of the Hep G2.2.15 cells. Compound 11, possessed a heterocycle in the molecule, exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against HBsAg and HBeAg with IC50 value of 2.17 and 1.60 mM, respectively; T he compound 13, connected with two chlorine atom, showed an IC50 value of 1.38 mM in inhibiting HBsAg secretion and an IC50 value of 1.76 mM inhibiting HBeAg secretion of the Hep G2.2.15 cells. Compounds 5 and 20 showed potent anti-HBV activity, inhibiting HBsAg secretion with IC50 of 1.85 mM and 3.51 mM, respectively. Our extensive investigation on the chemical constituents of C. orchioides led to the isolation of phenolic glycoside dimers, phenolic dervatives linked with heterocycle, phenolic glycosides contained chlorine atom, and cyclic dipeptides from C. orchioides. To the best of our knowledge, it was the first time to investigate the anti - HBV activities of C. orchioides; it was also for the first time to report the phenolic dervatives from C. orchioides with anti-HBV activity. Up to now, no other documents reported the dimeric phenol glycosides from the family Hypoxidaceae except our latest paper. It was also found for the first time that the heterocycle moieties, existed as a substituent of phenolic glycosides in C. orchioides, characterized by the different linkage pattern for heterocycle with the C-atom in the phenolic glycosides, or with the substitutes in the phenolic glycosides. Those finding including phenolic glycoside dimers, phenolic dervatives linked with heterocycle, phenolic glycosides contained chlorine atom, and cyclo-dipeptides from C. orchioides provided fundamental substance for further exploring of C. orchioides.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AIn%5C+our%5C+continuing%5C+efforts%5C+to%5C+find%5C+anti%5C+%5C-%5C+HBV%5C+%5C%28hepatitis%5C+B%5C+virus%5C+%5C%29%5C+agents%5C+from%5C+natural%5C+sources%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+Curculigo%5C+orchioides%5C+Gaertn.were%5C+investigated%5C+intensively%5C+to%5C+result%5C+in%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+and%5C+identification%5C+of%5C+83%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+90%25%5C+EtOH%5C+extract%5C+of%5C+rhizomers.%5C+The%5C+types%5C+of%5C+isolates%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+phenols%5C+and%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%2C%5C+cycloartenols%5C+and%5C+cycloartane%5C+saponins%2C%5C+monoterpenoids%2C%5C+sesquiterpenoids%2C%5C+cycolodipeptides%2C%5C+liglans%2C%5C+orcinosides%5C+A%5C-C%5C%29%2C%5C+four%5C+phenolic%5C+derivatives%5C+%5C%28orcinosides%5C+H%5C-J%5C+and%5C+orcinol%5C+A%5C%29%5C+linked%5C+with%5C+heterocycle%2C%5C+and%5C+two%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%5C+%5C%28orcinosides%5C+K%5C-L%5C%29%5C+contained%5C+chlorine%5C+atom%2C%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+based%5C+on%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281H%5C+NMR%2C%5C+13C%5C+NMR%2C%5C+HSQC%2C%5C+HMBC%2C%5C+COSY%2C%5C+ROESY%2C%5C+IR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+UV%5C%29.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+our%5C+investigation%5C+revealed%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+cyclic%5C+dipeptides%5C+from%5C+steroids%2C%5C+heterocycles%2C%5C+sugars%2C%5C+and%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C+Among%5C+them%2C%5C+26%5C+new%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+three%5C+novel%5C+dimeric%5C+phenol%5C+glycosides%5C+%5C%28Those%5C+findings%5C+enlarged%5C+the%5C+knowledge%5C+of%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+C.%5C+orchioides.%5C+The%5C+isolateswere%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+anti%5C-HBV%5C+activities%5C+in%5C+the%5C+HBV%5C+transfected%5C+Hep%5C+G%5C+2.2.15%5C+cell%5C+line%5C+in%5C+vitro.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+phenolic%5C+glycoside%5C+dimers%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+derivatives%5C+linked%5C+with%5C+heterocycle%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%5C+contained%5C+chlorine%5C+atom%2C%5C+and%5C+cyclic%5C+dipeptides%5C+had%5C+inhibitory%5C+action%5C+on%5C+the%5C+production%5C+of%5C+HBsAg%5C+and%5C+HBeAg.%5C+The%5C+most%5C+active%5C+compound%2C%5C+orcinol%5C+B%5C+%5C%2821%5C%29%2C%5C+showed%5C+an%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+2.22%5C+mM%5C+in%5C+inhibiting%5C+HBsAg%5C+secretion%5C+with%5C+a%5C+selectivity%5C+index%5C+%5C%28SI%5C+%3D%5C+1.75%5C%29%5C+and%5C+an%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+0.83%5C+mM%5C+%5C%28SI%5C+%3D%5C+4.66%5C%29%5C+in%5C+inhibiting%5C+HBeAg%5C+secretion%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Hep%5C+G2.2.15%5C+cells.%5C+Compound%5C+11%2C%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+heterocycle%5C+in%5C+the%5C+molecule%2C%5C+exhibited%5C+moderate%5C+inhibitory%5C+activities%5C+against%5C+HBsAg%5C+and%5C+HBeAg%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+2.17%5C+and%5C+1.60%5C+mM%2C%5C+respectively%5C%3B%5C+T%5C+he%5C+compound%5C+13%2C%5C+connected%5C+with%5C+two%5C+chlorine%5C+atom%2C%5C+showed%5C+an%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+1.38%5C+mM%5C+in%5C+inhibiting%5C+HBsAg%5C+secretion%5C+and%5C+an%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+1.76%5C+mM%5C+inhibiting%5C+HBeAg%5C+secretion%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Hep%5C+G2.2.15%5C+cells.%5C+Compounds%5C+5%5C+and%5C+20%5C+showed%5C+potent%5C+anti%5C-HBV%5C+activity%2C%5C+inhibiting%5C+HBsAg%5C+secretion%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+of%5C+1.85%5C+mM%5C+and%5C+3.51%5C+mM%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Our%5C+extensive%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%5C+led%5C+to%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+phenolic%5C+glycoside%5C+dimers%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+dervatives%5C+linked%5C+with%5C+heterocycle%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%5C+contained%5C+chlorine%5C+atom%2C%5C+and%5C+cyclic%5C+dipeptides%5C+from%5C+C.%5C+orchioides.%5C+To%5C+the%5C+best%5C+of%5C+our%5C+knowledge%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+anti%5C+%5C-%5C+HBV%5C+activities%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%5C%3B%5C+it%5C+was%5C+also%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+report%5C+the%5C+phenolic%5C+dervatives%5C+from%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%5C+with%5C+anti%5C-HBV%5C+activity.%5C+Up%5C+to%5C+now%2C%5C+no%5C+other%5C+documents%5C+reported%5C+the%5C+dimeric%5C+phenol%5C+glycosides%5C+from%5C+the%5C+family%5C+Hypoxidaceae%5C+except%5C+our%5C+latest%5C+paper.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+also%5C+found%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+that%5C+the%5C+heterocycle%5C+moieties%2C%5C+existed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+substituent%5C+of%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%5C+in%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%2C%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+the%5C+different%5C+linkage%5C+pattern%5C+for%5C+heterocycle%5C+with%5C+the%5C+C%5C-atom%5C+in%5C+the%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%2C%5C+or%5C+with%5C+the%5C+substitutes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides.%5C+Those%5C+finding%5C+including%5C+phenolic%5C+glycoside%5C+dimers%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+dervatives%5C+linked%5C+with%5C+heterocycle%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+glycosides%5C+contained%5C+chlorine%5C+atom%2C%5C+and%5C+cyclo%5C-dipeptides%5C+from%5C+C.%5C+orchioides%5C+provided%5C+fundamental%5C+substance%5C+for%5C+further%5C+exploring%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+orchioides."},{"jsname":"Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) of Ministry of Education of China[KLEM-ZZ201806]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AKey%5C+Laboratory%5C+of%5C+Ethnomedicine%5C+%5C%28Minzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%29%5C+of%5C+Ministry%5C+of%5C+Education%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5BKLEM%5C-ZZ201806%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Keynote Projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China[40830209]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AKeynote%5C+Projects%5C+of%5C+the%5C+National%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B40830209%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Mae Fah Luang University[666713]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMae%5C+Fah%5C+Luang%5C+University%5C%5B666713%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Major International Joint Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China[31320103919]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMajor%5C+International%5C+Joint%5C+Research%5C+Project%5C+of%5C+the%5C+National%5C+Natural%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B31320103919%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Medicinal plant resource is one of the most important natural resources. China is well-known in the world for its richness in medicinal plant diversity and use knowledge. Some of the plant resources are developed industrially, while the others maintain the traditional use still. However, the extended resources utilization has caused the dramatic increase in demand and the exhaustion of resources. Thus, it is become one of the most important research topics that how to use medicinal resources rationally without resource depletion and those studies need to be supported by knowledge, information and data of related disciplines. On the bassis of authoritative books, literature searches and field survey, we constructed an herbal information database as an approach for data managing. Along the theme that how medicinal resources (plant species) used in various medicinal systems (traditional Chinese medicine, folk medicine), we developed a database integrating species information, herbal knowledge and usage information of about 10,000 medicinal plants, which have satisfied the data requirement of our study and analysis. In addition, we will shear data for research and decision-making by online database service. Finally, to verify the supporting function of this database in study and decision-making, and to explore new research methods of plant resources sustainable use, we applied research methods used in social statistics, such as logistic regression analysis, discriminant analysis and correspondence analysis. In addition, statistics and the analysis of typical medical systems were developed for studies on the resource usage and its sustainability factors. The data analysis showed as following: (1) Studies about plant resources sustainable utilization needs to be supported by integrated data of related subjects.(2) Applications of traditional medicines increased steadily. There was a substantial increase of Chinese patent medicines documented in each editions of pharmacopoeia, involving about 600-800 species of medicinal plant resources. But the modernization and development of medicinal plant resources have caused the resources depletion and cultivation. And there is a trend that the caltivation supplies the rescources demand (3) Whether plant resource will be depleted or not, is affected by the distribution of plant population, the rehabilitation ability of plants, the damage of human harvesting, and the advance in herb cultivation.(4) There is a considerable proportion of an unreasonable development pattern that cultivation is promoted by resource depletion. Two main reasons caused the exhaustion: lacking investigation in the supply abilities of wild plants and legging of wild species domestication. It is unwise to follow the existing developmental pattern, which will cause more resource depletion and biodiversity damage. Finally, on the basis of our study, we have proposed some reasonable strategies to avoid irrational factors in the herbal resources exploitation: Ø Develop traditional medicines furtherly for new medicinal resources. Ø Protect the plant wild resources and develop cultivation in herbal drug explotation. Ø Establish regulatory agencies and formulate policies of herbal resources development. Ø Continue to improve the database of medicinal plants with integrated data.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMedicinal%5C+plant%5C+resource%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+important%5C+natural%5C+resources.%5C+China%5C+is%5C+well%5C-known%5C+in%5C+the%5C+world%5C+for%5C+its%5C+richness%5C+in%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+use%5C+knowledge.%5C+Some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+resources%5C+are%5C+developed%5C+industrially%2C%5C+while%5C+the%5C+others%5C+maintain%5C+the%5C+traditional%5C+use%5C+still.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+extended%5C+resources%5C+utilization%5C+has%5C+caused%5C+the%5C+dramatic%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+demand%5C+and%5C+the%5C+exhaustion%5C+of%5C+resources.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+become%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+important%5C+research%5C+topics%5C+that%5C+how%5C+to%5C+use%5C+medicinal%5C+resources%5C+rationally%5C+without%5C+resource%5C+depletion%5C+and%5C+those%5C+studies%5C+need%5C+to%5C+be%5C+supported%5C+by%5C+knowledge%2C%5C+information%5C+and%5C+data%5C+of%5C+related%5C+disciplines.%5C+On%5C+the%5C+bassis%5C+of%5C+authoritative%5C+books%2C%5C+literature%5C+searches%5C+and%5C+field%5C+survey%2C%5C+we%5C+constructed%5C+an%5C+herbal%5C+information%5C+database%5C+as%5C+an%5C+approach%5C+for%5C+data%5C+managing.%5C+Along%5C+the%5C+theme%5C+that%5C+how%5C+medicinal%5C+resources%5C+%5C%28plant%5C+species%5C%29%5C+used%5C+in%5C+various%5C+medicinal%5C+systems%5C+%5C%28traditional%5C+Chinese%5C+medicine%2C%5C+folk%5C+medicine%5C%29%2C%5C+we%5C+developed%5C+a%5C+database%5C+integrating%5C+species%5C+information%2C%5C+herbal%5C+knowledge%5C+and%5C+usage%5C+information%5C+of%5C+about%5C+10%2C000%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%2C%5C+which%5C+have%5C+satisfied%5C+the%5C+data%5C+requirement%5C+of%5C+our%5C+study%5C+and%5C+analysis.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+we%5C+will%5C+shear%5C+data%5C+for%5C+research%5C+and%5C+decision%5C-making%5C+by%5C+online%5C+database%5C+service.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+to%5C+verify%5C+the%5C+supporting%5C+function%5C+of%5C+this%5C+database%5C+in%5C+study%5C+and%5C+decision%5C-making%2C%5C+and%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+new%5C+research%5C+methods%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+resources%5C+sustainable%5C+use%2C%5C+we%5C+applied%5C+research%5C+methods%5C+used%5C+in%5C+social%5C+statistics%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+logistic%5C+regression%5C+analysis%2C%5C+discriminant%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+correspondence%5C+analysis.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+statistics%5C+and%5C+the%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+typical%5C+medical%5C+systems%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+for%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+resource%5C+usage%5C+and%5C+its%5C+sustainability%5C+factors.%5C+The%5C+data%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+as%5C+following%5C%3A%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+Studies%5C+about%5C+plant%5C+resources%5C+sustainable%5C+utilization%5C+needs%5C+to%5C+be%5C+supported%5C+by%5C+integrated%5C+data%5C+of%5C+related%5C+subjects.%5C%282%5C%29%5C+Applications%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+medicines%5C+increased%5C+steadily.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+a%5C+substantial%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+patent%5C+medicines%5C+documented%5C+in%5C+each%5C+editions%5C+of%5C+pharmacopoeia%2C%5C+involving%5C+about%5C+600%5C-800%5C+species%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+resources.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+modernization%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+resources%5C+have%5C+caused%5C+the%5C+resources%5C+depletion%5C+and%5C+cultivation.%5C+And%5C+there%5C+is%5C+a%5C+trend%5C+that%5C+the%5C+caltivation%5C+supplies%5C+the%5C+rescources%5C+demand%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+Whether%5C+plant%5C+resource%5C+will%5C+be%5C+depleted%5C+or%5C+not%2C%5C+is%5C+affected%5C+by%5C+the%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+population%2C%5C+the%5C+rehabilitation%5C+ability%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+human%5C+harvesting%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+advance%5C+in%5C+herb%5C+cultivation.%5C%284%5C%29%5C+There%5C+is%5C+a%5C+considerable%5C+proportion%5C+of%5C+an%5C+unreasonable%5C+development%5C+pattern%5C+that%5C+cultivation%5C+is%5C+promoted%5C+by%5C+resource%5C+depletion.%5C+Two%5C+main%5C+reasons%5C+caused%5C+the%5C+exhaustion%5C%3A%5C+lacking%5C+investigation%5C+in%5C+the%5C+supply%5C+abilities%5C+of%5C+wild%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+legging%5C+of%5C+wild%5C+species%5C+domestication.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+unwise%5C+to%5C+follow%5C+the%5C+existing%5C+developmental%5C+pattern%2C%5C+which%5C+will%5C+cause%5C+more%5C+resource%5C+depletion%5C+and%5C+biodiversity%5C+damage.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+our%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+have%5C+proposed%5C+some%5C+reasonable%5C+strategies%5C+to%5C+avoid%5C+irrational%5C+factors%5C+in%5C+the%5C+herbal%5C+resources%5C+exploitation%5C%3A%5C+%C3%98%5C+Develop%5C+traditional%5C+medicines%5C+furtherly%5C+for%5C+new%5C+medicinal%5C+resources.%5C+%C3%98%5C+Protect%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+wild%5C+resources%5C+and%5C+develop%5C+cultivation%5C+in%5C+herbal%5C+drug%5C+explotation.%5C+%C3%98%5C+Establish%5C+regulatory%5C+agencies%5C+and%5C+formulate%5C+policies%5C+of%5C+herbal%5C+resources%5C+development.%5C+%C3%98%5C+Continue%5C+to%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+database%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+with%5C+integrated%5C+data."},{"jsname":"Ministry of Education of China","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinistry%5C+of%5C+Education%5C+of%5C+China"},{"jsname":"Minzu University of China[2015MDTD16C]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5B2015MDTD16C%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Minzu University of China[YLDXXK201819]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMinzu%5C+University%5C+of%5C+China%5C%5BYLDXXK201819%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is an economically important multi-purpose tree indigenous to northwest India. Featured by richness in proteins, minerals and Vitamins, leaves of M. oleifera are used as highly nutrient vegetable and cattle fodder. Besides, the seed powder is used in water purification, and the seed oil is acquired for edibles, lubricating and cosmetics. Due to its multiple applications and commercial benefits, M. oleifera has been broadly introduced and cultivated around the world, and has been identified as the important one in agri-horti-silviculture programs. Mastering the reproductive characteristics and bionomics of a species is the foundation of fine variety breeding. And understanding the breeding system of M. oleifera provides basic evidence for the establishment of breeding techniques. Both traditional methods and modern DNA marker were applied to study the component parts of breeding system of M. oleifera introduced to Yunnan, China. Floral development, anthesis phenology, flowering pattern, species and visiting frequency of pollinating insects, as well as foraging behavior of pollinators were observed. Furthermore, the type of breeding system, outcrossing rate and gene flow were also tested by means of fluorescence, paraffin sections, outcrossing index, pollen-ovule ratio, and microsatellites. Then the findings are as follows. 1. Morphological differentiation of flower bud could be divided into 5 stages: bract differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Abnormality of male and female reproductive structure is rare that do not prevent successful breeding. 2. With a few individuals flowering throughout the year, florescence of population appears twice a year, respectively in spring and autumn. Each blooming period lasts about 2 months, among which the stage of full blossom lasts about 1 month. The blooming period of a single flower is 7d, and anthesis time is forenoon. Pollen viability lasts from blooming to 24h after flowering, tested by TTC. While stigma reception lasts from 24h to 72h after blooming, tested by benzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Mature anthers and stigma are apart from time and space. Flavor rises up right away after blossom and continues to 48h.3. The OCI is 5, and P/O is 988.9±564.4. The breeding system of M. oleifera is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. Self-incompatibility is gametophytic.4. A total of twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed by method of FIASCO. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six, with an average of three. The expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities ranged from 0.3608 to 0.7606 (average of 0.5455) and from 0.0000 to 0.8750 (average of 0.4562), respectively. Seven loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.5. Paternity analysis by SSR was used to estimate the outcrossing rate and gene flow of M. oleifera. The analysis was carried out in an experimental population with 12 maternal trees and 60 paternal trees. 155 seeds out of 288 seeds were confirmed pollen donors by 8 microsatellite loci at 95% strict confidence level. The multilocus outcrossing rate is tm=0.797，and single-locus outcrossing rate is ts=0.742. Most of pollen dispersal is within 20m, and the amount of downwind distribution is not significantly distinct from the upwind.6. The natural fruiting rate of M. oleifera is low under scale cultivation, and is limited by pollinators. Most reliable pollinators are Xylocopa valga andScolia vittifornis.7. Artificial xenogamy could improve fruit setting and the yield of seeds in practice.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMoringa%5C+oleifera%5C+Lam.%5C+%5C%28Moringaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+an%5C+economically%5C+important%5C+multi%5C-purpose%5C+tree%5C+indigenous%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+India.%5C+Featured%5C+by%5C+richness%5C+in%5C+proteins%2C%5C+minerals%5C+and%5C+Vitamins%2C%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+are%5C+used%5C+as%5C+highly%5C+nutrient%5C+vegetable%5C+and%5C+cattle%5C+fodder.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+powder%5C+is%5C+used%5C+in%5C+water%5C+purification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+oil%5C+is%5C+acquired%5C+for%5C+edibles%2C%5C+lubricating%5C+and%5C+cosmetics.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+its%5C+multiple%5C+applications%5C+and%5C+commercial%5C+benefits%2C%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+has%5C+been%5C+broadly%5C+introduced%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+around%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+identified%5C+as%5C+the%5C+important%5C+one%5C+in%5C+agri%5C-horti%5C-silviculture%5C+programs.%5C+Mastering%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+characteristics%5C+and%5C+bionomics%5C+of%5C+a%5C+species%5C+is%5C+the%5C+foundation%5C+of%5C+fine%5C+variety%5C+breeding.%5C+And%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+provides%5C+basic%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+establishment%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+techniques.%5C+Both%5C+traditional%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+modern%5C+DNA%5C+marker%5C+were%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+component%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+introduced%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+Floral%5C+development%2C%5C+anthesis%5C+phenology%2C%5C+flowering%5C+pattern%2C%5C+species%5C+and%5C+visiting%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+pollinating%5C+insects%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+foraging%5C+behavior%5C+of%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+observed.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+were%5C+also%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+fluorescence%2C%5C+paraffin%5C+sections%2C%5C+outcrossing%5C+index%2C%5C+pollen%5C-ovule%5C+ratio%2C%5C+and%5C+microsatellites.%5C+Then%5C+the%5C+findings%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows.%5C+1.%5C+Morphological%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+flower%5C+bud%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+5%5C+stages%5C%3A%5C+bract%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+sepal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+petal%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+stamen%5C+differentiation%2C%5C+and%5C+pistil%5C+differentiation.%5C+Abnormality%5C+of%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+reproductive%5C+structure%5C+is%5C+rare%5C+that%5C+do%5C+not%5C+prevent%5C+successful%5C+breeding.%5C+2.%5C+With%5C+a%5C+few%5C+individuals%5C+flowering%5C+throughout%5C+the%5C+year%2C%5C+florescence%5C+of%5C+population%5C+appears%5C+twice%5C+a%5C+year%2C%5C+respectively%5C+in%5C+spring%5C+and%5C+autumn.%5C+Each%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+2%5C+months%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+the%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+full%5C+blossom%5C+lasts%5C+about%5C+1%5C+month.%5C+The%5C+blooming%5C+period%5C+of%5C+a%5C+single%5C+flower%5C+is%5C+7d%2C%5C+and%5C+anthesis%5C+time%5C+is%5C+forenoon.%5C+Pollen%5C+viability%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+blooming%5C+to%5C+24h%5C+after%5C+flowering%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+TTC.%5C+While%5C+stigma%5C+reception%5C+lasts%5C+from%5C+24h%5C+to%5C+72h%5C+after%5C+blooming%2C%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+benzidine%5C+and%5C+hydrogen%5C+peroxide.%5C+Mature%5C+anthers%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+are%5C+apart%5C+from%5C+time%5C+and%5C+space.%5C+Flavor%5C+rises%5C+up%5C+right%5C+away%5C+after%5C+blossom%5C+and%5C+continues%5C+to%5C+48h.3.%5C+The%5C+OCI%5C+is%5C+5%2C%5C+and%5C+P%5C%2FO%5C+is%5C+988.9%C2%B1564.4.%5C+The%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera%5C+is%5C+outcrossing%2C%5C+partially%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+and%5C+demand%5C+for%5C+pollinators.%5C+Self%5C-incompatibility%5C+is%5C+gametophytic.4.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+twenty%5C+polymorphic%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+by%5C+method%5C+of%5C+FIASCO.%5C+The%5C+number%5C+of%5C+alleles%5C+per%5C+locus%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+two%5C+to%5C+six%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+average%5C+of%5C+three.%5C+The%5C+expected%5C+%5C%28HE%5C%29%5C+and%5C+observed%5C+%5C%28HO%5C%29%5C+heterozygosities%5C+ranged%5C+from%5C+0.3608%5C+to%5C+0.7606%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.5455%5C%29%5C+and%5C+from%5C+0.0000%5C+to%5C+0.8750%5C+%5C%28average%5C+of%5C+0.4562%5C%29%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Seven%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+significantly%5C+deviated%5C+from%5C+Hardy%5C-Weinberg%5C+equilibrium.5.%5C+Paternity%5C+analysis%5C+by%5C+SSR%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+estimate%5C+the%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+of%5C+M.%5C+oleifera.%5C+The%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+an%5C+experimental%5C+population%5C+with%5C+12%5C+maternal%5C+trees%5C+and%5C+60%5C+paternal%5C+trees.%5C+155%5C+seeds%5C+out%5C+of%5C+288%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+confirmed%5C+pollen%5C+donors%5C+by%5C+8%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+at%5C+95%25%5C+strict%5C+confidence%5C+level.%5C+The%5C+multilocus%5C+outcrossing%5C+rate%5C+is%5C+tm%3D0.797%EF%BC%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Jiaozi from Yunnan is located in the eastern of the Central Yunnan Plateau, falling between the Pudu river and the Xiaojiang river, between the Jinshajiang river to the north and the Zhuanlong town of Luquan county to the south. It stands in the boundary of the Sino-Himalayan forest subkingdom and the Sino-Japan forest subkingdom, so it has a significant status, dew to the heterogeneous geographical environment and the sharp elevation drop in addition. Through field survey, specimens collection and identification and literatures consultion, we have obtained a brief list of Mt. Jiaozi, about 1517 species in 141 families and 531 genera, including varieties and subspices, among of which, there are 23 species in 7 families and 12 genera of gymnosperm. Based on statistic analysis, we get some conclusions as below. 1. As a type locality for many species, with various biodiversity and as much as endemism and some endangered plants, the flora of Mt. Jiaozi is viewed as a key area which should be paid special attention to. The flora constitution of this area has complex origins and multiple elements through the statistics. 2. The modern flora of Mt. jiaozi mainly includes the Chinese endemic elements and the Asian endemic elements, these two parts take up 81.65%. The characteristic of this flora is typically temperate. 3. Mt. Jiaozi is the north or the south distribution limitation to some important species as a floristic node. For example, species as Ephedra likiangensis, Solms-Laubachia pulcherrima, Soroseris hirsute, Paraquilegia microphylla which were used to be throught as limited in the northwestern of Yunnan had been found in this area. It indicates that, Mt. Jiaozi should become one of the foci of the flora regionalization in Yunnan, even in China. 4. In the view of the endemism of 6 families and 66 genera and 544 species in East Asian, this eara is a part of the East Asiatic Kingdom. The status of the flora of Mt. jiaozi in the East Asiatic Kingdom should be classified as Central Yunnan plateau subregion--Yunnan plateau region--Sino-Himalayan forest subkingdom.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=location.comm.id&advanced=false&query1=Prunus&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AMt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+located%5C+in%5C+the%5C+eastern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+falling%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Pudu%5C+river%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Xiaojiang%5C+river%2C%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Jinshajiang%5C+river%5C+to%5C+the%5C+north%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Zhuanlong%5C+town%5C+of%5C+Luquan%5C+county%5C+to%5C+the%5C+south.%5C+It%5C+stands%5C+in%5C+the%5C+boundary%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Japan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom%2C%5C+so%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+status%2C%5C+dew%5C+to%5C+the%5C+heterogeneous%5C+geographical%5C+environment%5C+and%5C+the%5C+sharp%5C+elevation%5C+drop%5C+in%5C+addition.%5C+Through%5C+field%5C+survey%2C%5C+specimens%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+identification%5C+and%5C+literatures%5C+consultion%2C%5C+we%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+a%5C+brief%5C+list%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%2C%5C+about%5C+1517%5C+species%5C+in%5C+141%5C+families%5C+and%5C+531%5C+genera%2C%5C+including%5C+varieties%5C+and%5C+subspices%2C%5C+among%5C+of%5C+which%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+23%5C+species%5C+in%5C+7%5C+families%5C+and%5C+12%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+gymnosperm.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+statistic%5C+analysis%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+some%5C+conclusions%5C+as%5C+below.%5C+1.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+type%5C+locality%5C+for%5C+many%5C+species%2C%5C+with%5C+various%5C+biodiversity%5C+and%5C+as%5C+much%5C+as%5C+endemism%5C+and%5C+some%5C+endangered%5C+plants%2C%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+is%5C+viewed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+key%5C+area%5C+which%5C+should%5C+be%5C+paid%5C+special%5C+attention%5C+to.%5C+The%5C+flora%5C+constitution%5C+of%5C+this%5C+area%5C+has%5C+complex%5C+origins%5C+and%5C+multiple%5C+elements%5C+through%5C+the%5C+statistics.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+modern%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+jiaozi%5C+mainly%5C+includes%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+endemic%5C+elements%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+endemic%5C+elements%2C%5C+these%5C+two%5C+parts%5C+take%5C+up%5C+81.65%25.%5C+The%5C+characteristic%5C+of%5C+this%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+typically%5C+temperate.%5C+3.%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+is%5C+the%5C+north%5C+or%5C+the%5C+south%5C+distribution%5C+limitation%5C+to%5C+some%5C+important%5C+species%5C+as%5C+a%5C+floristic%5C+node.%5C+For%5C+example%2C%5C+species%5C+as%5C+Ephedra%5C+likiangensis%2C%5C+Solms%5C-Laubachia%5C+pulcherrima%2C%5C+Soroseris%5C+hirsute%2C%5C+Paraquilegia%5C+microphylla%5C+which%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+be%5C+throught%5C+as%5C+limited%5C+in%5C+the%5C+northwestern%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+had%5C+been%5C+found%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area.%5C+It%5C+indicates%5C+that%2C%5C+Mt.%5C+Jiaozi%5C+should%5C+become%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+foci%5C+of%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+regionalization%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+even%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+4.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+view%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endemism%5C+of%5C+6%5C+families%5C+and%5C+66%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+544%5C+species%5C+in%5C+East%5C+Asian%2C%5C+this%5C+eara%5C+is%5C+a%5C+part%5C+of%5C+the%5C+East%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom.%5C+The%5C+status%5C+of%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Mt.%5C+jiaozi%5C+in%5C+the%5C+East%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom%5C+should%5C+be%5C+classified%5C+as%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+plateau%5C+subregion%5C-%5C-Yunnan%5C+plateau%5C+region%5C-%5C-Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+subkingdom."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-06-17"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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