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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Taxus wallichiana complex represents an old relict conifer lineage that survived through the Tertiary. It is currently distributed in the mountain forests in South and Southwest China south of the Qinling Mountains. In the present study, we explored phylogeography of the complex by using two chloroplast DNA regions, one nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer region and eight microsatellite (SSR) loci. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:1. Phylogeographic pattern based on chloroplast haplotypes，There were 11 cpDNA haplotypes identified in the T. wallichiana complex The complex showed a high level of genetic diversity and obvious genetic differentiation. The 44 sampled populations showed obvious genetic structure, which could be divided into five groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba group, the Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. There was extremely high genetic differentiation among groups, but not significant within group. The divergence times of the five lineages, estimated using average mutation rates of trnL-trnF, fell in the Pliocene. 2. Phylogeographic patterns based on ITS sequences，These included 38 unique ‘haplotypes’ based on ITS data. Their analysis showed that the T. wallichiana complex possessed a high genetic diversity. These populations could be divided into four groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba/Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. Based on all results, it appears that the major lineages constituting the T. wallichiana complex have arisen before Quaternary glaciation cycles, and may have survived isolated in different refugia. During interglacial periods some lineages appear to have come in contact and hybridizedbut other lineages merged forming populations with mixed haplotypes without signs of hybridization. The present-day phylogeographical distribution pattern of the T. wallichiana complex might thus be the result of repeated expansion / contractions of populations during interglacial / glacial cycles.3. Population genetic analysis using microsatellite (SSR) markers，Eight SSR loci were used for population genetic analysis on the T. wallichiana complex. A lower level of genetic diversity at the population level and high genetic differentiation among population was detected. The results of structure analysis were similar to those on the ITS data, dividing the populations into four groups (lineages). According to the results here, it was deduced that each of the 4 lineages of the T. wallichiana complex may possessed respective glacial refugia, and some lineages (such as the Qinling and Huanan lineage) might have survived in multiple refugia in the Quaternay glaciations. The present distribution pattern of this complex was likely influenced by the uplift of the QTP and Quaternary glaciation.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Taxus%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+represents%5C+an%5C+old%5C+relict%5C+conifer%5C+lineage%5C+that%5C+survived%5C+through%5C+the%5C+Tertiary.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+currently%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mountain%5C+forests%5C+in%5C+South%5C+and%5C+Southwest%5C+China%5C+south%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountains.%C2%A0In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+explored%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+by%5C+using%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+regions%2C%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+ribosomal%5C+DNA%5C+spacer%5C+region%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+loci.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+can%5C+be%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+haplotypes%EF%BC%8CThere%5C+were%5C+11%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+The%5C+complex%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation.%5C+The%5C+44%5C+sampled%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+structure%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Emei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+extremely%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+groups%2C%5C+but%5C+not%5C+significant%5C+within%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+divergence%5C+times%5C+of%5C+the%5C+five%5C+lineages%2C%5C+estimated%5C+using%5C+average%5C+mutation%5C+rates%5C+of%5C+trnL%5C-trnF%2C%5C+fell%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Pliocene.%C2%A02.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+patterns%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CThese%5C+included%5C+38%5C+unique%5C+%E2%80%98haplotypes%E2%80%99%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+data.%5C+Their%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%C2%A0These%5C+populations%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C%2FEmei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+all%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+appears%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+constituting%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+before%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation%5C+cycles%2C%5C+and%5C+may%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+isolated%5C+in%5C+different%5C+refugia.%5C+During%5C+interglacial%5C+periods%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+appear%5C+to%5C+have%5C+come%5C+in%5C+contact%5C+and%5C+hybridizedbut%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+merged%5C+forming%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+mixed%5C+haplotypes%5C+without%5C+signs%5C+of%5C+hybridization.%5C+The%5C+present%5C-day%5C+phylogeographical%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+might%5C+thus%5C+be%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+repeated%5C+expansion%5C+%5C%2F%5C+contractions%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+during%5C+interglacial%5C+%5C%2F%5C+glacial%5C+cycles.3.%5C+Population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+using%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+markers%EF%BC%8CEight%5C+SSR%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+for%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex.%5C+A%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+at%5C+the%5C+population%5C+level%5C+and%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+population%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+structure%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+those%5C+on%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+data%2C%5C+dividing%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%5C+%5C%28lineages%5C%29.%C2%A0According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+here%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+each%5C+of%5C+the%5C+4%5C+lineages%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+may%5C+possessed%5C+respective%5C+glacial%5C+refugia%2C%5C+and%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+%5C%28such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+and%5C+Huanan%5C+lineage%5C%29%5C+might%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Quaternay%5C+glaciations.%5C+The%5C+present%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+likely%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+the%5C+uplift%5C+of%5C+the%5C+QTP%5C+and%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation."},{"jsname":"The Xianfeng flora and its palaeoclimte were studied using three quantitative methods. The vegetation and climatic change in Yunnan were also discussed in this paper. The results are summarized as follows:1） 34 species belonging to 9 families, 21 genera were identified in Xianfeng flora. The dominant families are Fagaceae and Lauraceae. Most genera are tropic and subtropic distribution. Consequently, Xianfeng flora is a typical subtropic flora dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae.2）Two new coniferous species were identified, Pinus prekesiya and Tsuga miodumosa. P. prekesiya sp. nov., which belongs to subsection Pinus of subgenus Pinus shows a combination of characters of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis, but has a closer affinity with P. kesiya which distributes in the humid region of Yunnan and therefore suggests a more humid climate in central Yunnan during the late Miocene than today. The general cooling trend during the late Neogene and topographic change due to the dramatic Tibetan uplift might have cause a vicariance origin of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis from the ancestral P. prekesiya. Tsuga miodumosa shows a closest affinity with T. dumosa and might represent the ancestral stock of T. dumosa. The discovery of the Tsuga cone confirmed the presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of southwestern China and represents the earliest Tsuga megafossil record in China. The new species provides fossil evidence to support molecular phylogeny study that T. dumosa might be differentiated in the Miocene. It also support the hypothesis that diversification of the genus occurred mainly during Miocene and Pliocene time as global climate cooled and new habitats formed in response to major orogenic events.3）The MATs results from three methods (CA: 17.2-18.0°C；CLAMP3B: 15.7±1.33°C；LMA: 17.2±1.6°C) are higher than present. This indicates that the climate at late Miocene is warmer than today. The MAPs from CA and CLAMP are 1206-1537.4mm and 1297.0±184.7mm respectively, which are higher than today (1003.2mm) obviously. This indicates that the climate is more humid in late Miocene. The differences between precipitation in humid season and dry season suggest the existence of seasonality，but not so strong as today. The palaeoelevation was reconstructed using CA method; the result indicates a lower elevation (1330-1500m) of Xianfeng in late Miocene compared to today.4) The palaeoenvirmental change was discussed based on the comparisons of fossil records and paleoclimate constructions. The results show that, at late Miocene, most floras represented ever-green forests dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae etc. The climate of Yunnan in Miocene was warmer and more humid than today. At Pliocene age, the vegetation type in West Yunnan is still typical ever-green forest, while in the Sanying flora, the species adapt to cold environment like Quercus sect. Heterobalnus increased greatly.5) Two monsoon sensitivity indices were used to illustrate the change of sensitivity of monsoon climate. The results suggest lower seasonality and monsoon sensitivity, especially the winter monsoon sensitivity during late Miocene.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+and%5C+its%5C+palaeoclimte%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+using%5C+three%5C+quantitative%5C+methods.%5C+The%5C+vegetation%5C+and%5C+climatic%5C+change%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+were%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+paper.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1%EF%BC%89%5C+34%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+9%5C+families%2C%5C+21%5C+genera%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora.%5C+The%5C+dominant%5C+families%5C+are%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.%5C+Most%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+tropic%5C+and%5C+subtropic%5C+distribution.%5C+Consequently%2C%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+typical%5C+subtropic%5C+flora%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.2%EF%BC%89Two%5C+new%5C+coniferous%5C+species%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+Pinus%5C+prekesiya%5C+and%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa.%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya%5C+sp.%5C+nov.%2C%5C+which%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+subsection%5C+Pinus%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Pinus%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+but%5C+has%5C+a%5C+closer%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+which%5C+distributes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+humid%5C+region%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+therefore%5C+suggests%5C+a%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+climate%5C+in%5C+central%5C+Yunnan%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+general%5C+cooling%5C+trend%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Neogene%5C+and%5C+topographic%5C+change%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+dramatic%5C+Tibetan%5C+uplift%5C+might%5C+have%5C+cause%5C+a%5C+vicariance%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+from%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya.%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+closest%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+and%5C+might%5C+represent%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+stock%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+dumosa.%5C+The%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Tsuga%5C+cone%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+Tsuga%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene%5C+of%5C+southwestern%5C+China%5C+and%5C+represents%5C+the%5C+earliest%5C+Tsuga%5C+megafossil%5C+record%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+new%5C+species%5C+provides%5C+fossil%5C+evidence%5C+to%5C+support%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+study%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+might%5C+be%5C+differentiated%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+support%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+that%5C+diversification%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occurred%5C+mainly%5C+during%5C+Miocene%5C+and%5C+Pliocene%5C+time%5C+as%5C+global%5C+climate%5C+cooled%5C+and%5C+new%5C+habitats%5C+formed%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+major%5C+orogenic%5C+events.3%EF%BC%89The%5C+MATs%5C+results%5C+from%5C+three%5C+methods%5C+%5C%28CA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%5C-18.0%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BCLAMP3B%5C%3A%5C+15.7%C2%B11.33%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BLMA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%C2%B11.6%C2%B0C%5C%29%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+present.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+is%5C+warmer%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+MAPs%5C+from%5C+CA%5C+and%5C+CLAMP%5C+are%5C+1206%5C-1537.4mm%5C+and%5C+1297.0%C2%B1184.7mm%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+today%5C+%5C%281003.2mm%5C%29%5C+obviously.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+is%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene.%5C+The%5C+differences%5C+between%5C+precipitation%5C+in%5C+humid%5C+season%5C+and%5C+dry%5C+season%5C+suggest%5C+the%5C+existence%5C+of%5C+seasonality%EF%BC%8Cbut%5C+not%5C+so%5C+strong%5C+as%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+palaeoelevation%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+using%5C+CA%5C+method%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+a%5C+lower%5C+elevation%5C+%5C%281330%5C-1500m%5C%29%5C+of%5C+Xianfeng%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+today.4%5C%29%5C+The%5C+palaeoenvirmental%5C+change%5C+was%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+comparisons%5C+of%5C+fossil%5C+records%5C+and%5C+paleoclimate%5C+constructions.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+show%5C+that%2C%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%2C%5C+most%5C+floras%5C+represented%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forests%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae%5C+etc.%5C+The%5C+climate%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+in%5C+Miocene%5C+was%5C+warmer%5C+and%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+At%5C+Pliocene%5C+age%2C%5C+the%5C+vegetation%5C+type%5C+in%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+still%5C+typical%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forest%2C%5C+while%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Sanying%5C+flora%2C%5C+the%5C+species%5C+adapt%5C+to%5C+cold%5C+environment%5C+like%5C+Quercus%5C+sect.%5C+Heterobalnus%5C+increased%5C+greatly.5%5C%29%5C+Two%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+indices%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+illustrate%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+monsoon%5C+climate.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+lower%5C+seasonality%5C+and%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%2C%5C+especially%5C+the%5C+winter%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+during%5C+late%5C+Miocene."},{"jsname":"The floritistic composition, characteristics, endemism, origin and evolution were studied on the base of literature checked, field investigation, specimens checked and previous research work. The main result are as follows: 1. Guishan Region is rich in seed-plants. The Guishan Region flora consists of 129 families and 488 genera and 1069 species of which 6 species in 5 genera and 3 families belong to Gymnosperm, 842 species in 381 genera and 100 families belong to dicotyledon, 421 species in 102 genera and 26 families belong to monocotyledon.2. Flora Composition: The floristic elements of 62.02% tropical families and 37.98% temperate one indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically. The floristic elements of 44.68% tropical genera and 52.96% temperate one reveals dominant temperate property, which one of the typical floristic characters in subtropical mountain region; the floristic elements of 53.83% tropical species(excluding species which are endemic to china and distribute world-wide ), 46.17% temperate ones indicates that the flora is subtropical in nature. 433 species are endemic to China ,43.96% of all the species (excluding the species world-wide).Very few species (44 species endemic to China accounted for 10.16%) distribute to the North, most of which distribute only to Shanxi, Henan, Gansu Province., indicating weak feature of temperate flora of Guishan region in nature. Statistical analysis showed that indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically, shows transitional features in flora between tropical to temperate flora.. 3. By the comparison with five adjacent limestone and non-limestone flora on the level of family and genus, we found that the flora of Guishan Region is most closely related to the flora of Shishan Mountain and Xiaobaicaoling and Wuliang Mountain all of which situate in Central Yunnan. So the flora position of Guishan Region is: Central Yunnan Plaetau Subregion, the Yunnan Plaetau Region, the Sino-Himalayan forest Subkingdom, the east Asiatic Kingdom.4. The endemic plants in Guishan Region are rich, and the flora of Guishan Region shows limestone features. 10 genera are endemic to China, 433 species are endemic to China. Among the Chineses endemic plants, 1 genes and 7 species are endemic to Guishan Region in which 1 genes(Parasiometrum) and 3 species (Begonia guishanensis, Petrocosmea guishanensis, Parasiometrum mileens) are limestone exclusive.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+floritistic%5C+composition%2C%5C+characteristics%2C%5C+endemism%2C%5C+origin%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+on%5C+the%5C+base%5C+of%5C+literature%5C+checked%2C%5C+field%5C+investigation%2C%5C+specimens%5C+checked%5C+and%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+work.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+result%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+seed%5C-plants.%5C+The%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+flora%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+129%5C+families%5C+and%5C+488%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+1069%5C+species%5C+of%5C+which%5C+6%5C+species%5C+in%5C+5%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+3%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+Gymnosperm%2C%5C+842%5C+species%5C+in%5C+381%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+100%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+dicotyledon%2C%5C+421%5C+species%5C+in%5C+102%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+26%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+monocotyledon.2.%5C+Flora%5C+Composition%5C%3A%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+62.02%25%5C+tropical%5C+families%5C+and%5C+37.98%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically.%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+44.68%25%5C+tropical%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+52.96%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+reveals%5C+dominant%5C+temperate%5C+property%2C%5C+which%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+typical%5C+floristic%5C+characters%5C+in%5C+subtropical%5C+mountain%5C+region%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+53.83%25%5C+tropical%5C+species%5C%28excluding%5C+species%5C+which%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+china%5C+and%5C+distribute%5C+world%5C-wide%5C+%5C%29%2C%5C+46.17%25%5C+temperate%5C+ones%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+subtropical%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+%2C43.96%25%5C+of%5C+all%5C+the%5C+species%5C+%5C%28excluding%5C+the%5C+%5C+species%5C+world%5C-wide%5C%29.Very%5C+few%5C+species%5C+%5C%2844%5C+species%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+accounted%5C+for%5C+10.16%25%5C%29%5C+distribute%5C+to%5C+the%5C+North%2C%5C+most%5C+of%5C+which%5C+distribute%5C+only%5C+to%5C+Shanxi%2C%5C+Henan%2C%5C+Gansu%5C+Province.%2C%5C+indicating%5C+weak%5C+feature%5C+of%5C+temperate%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+region%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+Statistical%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically%2C%5C+shows%5C+transitional%5C+features%5C+in%5C+flora%5C+between%5C+tropical%5C+to%5C+temperate%5C+flora..%5C+3.%5C+By%5C+the%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+five%5C+adjacent%5C+limestone%5C+and%5C+non%5C-limestone%5C+flora%5C+on%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+family%5C+and%5C+genus%2C%5C+we%5C+found%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+most%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Shishan%5C+Mountain%5C+and%5C+Xiaobaicaoling%5C+and%5C+Wuliang%5C+Mountain%5C+all%5C+of%5C+which%5C+situate%5C+in%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan.%5C+So%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+position%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C%3A%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Subregion%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Region%2C%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+Subkingdom%2C%5C+the%5C+east%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom.4.%5C+The%5C+endemic%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+are%5C+rich%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+shows%5C+limestone%5C+features.%5C+10%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+Chineses%5C+endemic%5C+plants%2C%5C+1%5C+genes%5C+and%5C+7%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+in%5C+which%5C+1%5C+genes%5C%28Parasiometrum%5C%29%5C+and%5C+3%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Begonia%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Petrocosmea%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Parasiometrum%5C+mileens%5C%29%5C+are%5C+limestone%5C+exclusive."},{"jsname":"The origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this species","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+origin%5C+center%5C+and%5C+diversity%5C+center%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Ligularia%5C+were%5C+considered%5C+to%5C+be%5C+central%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+Region%5C+%5C%28HMR%5C%29%5C+of%5C+China%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+research%2C%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+the%5C+phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+and%5C+L.%5C+tongolensis%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+origin%5C+center%5C+and%5C+diversity%5C+center%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+We%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+infer%5C+the%5C+evolutionary%5C+process%5C+of%5C+Ligularia%5C+species.%5C+1.%5C+The%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%EF%BC%8CHere%2C%5C+we%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+phylogeographic%5C+history%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+disjunctively%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan.%5C+Two%5C+hundred%5C+and%5C+eighty%5C+individuals%5C+were%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+29%5C+natural%5C+populations%2C%5C+23%5C+located%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+6%5C+in%5C+Japan.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+19%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+with%5C+the%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+three%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+sequences%5C+variations%5C+%5C%28trnQ%5C-5%E2%80%99rps16%2C%5C+trnL%5C-rpl32%5C+and%5C+psbA%5C-trnH%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+species%5C+level%2C%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+haplotype%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C%29%5C+and%C2%A0total%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HT%5C%29%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+average%5C+intrapopulation%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HS%5C%29%5C+was%5C+very%5C+low.%5C+Consequently%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+differentiation%5C%28NST%5C+%3D%5C+0.989%2C%5C+GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.933%5C+%5C%29%5C+was%5C+pronounced%5C+with%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+phylogeographic%5C+structure%5C+%5C%28NST%5C+%3E%5C+GST%2C%5C+p%5C+%3C%5C+0.01%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+regional%5C+level%2C%5C+Chinese%5C+and%5C+Japanese%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+had%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+estimate%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28China%5C%3A%5C+Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.847%2C%5C+HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.869%5C%3B%5C+Japan%5C%3A%5C+Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.766%2C%5C+HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.867%5C%29.%5C+Populations%5C+from%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+possess%5C+unique%5C+sets%5C+of%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+and%5C+no%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+shared%5C+between%5C+the%5C+regions.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+both%5C+the%5C+phyloegenetic%5C+and%5C+network%5C+analyses%5C+recovered%5C+the%5C+haplotypes%5C+of%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+as%5C+two%5C+distinct%5C+clades.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+we%5C+suggested%5C+the%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+may%5C+present%5C+the%5C+climatic%5C+vicariant%5C+relicts%5C+of%5C+the%5C+ancient%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+populations.%5C+After%5C+divergence%2C%5C+this%5C+species%5C+within%5C+each%5C+region%5C+experienced%5C+independent%5C+evolutionary%5C+process.%5C+In%5C+China%2C%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+around%5C+the%5C+Sichuan%5C+Basin.%5C+This%5C+distribution%5C+range%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+regions.%5C+They%5C+were%5C+Jiajin%5C+Mountain%5C+region%2C%5C+E%E2%80%99mei%5C+Mountain%5C+region%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%5C+region%2C%5C+Wushan%5C-Wuling%5C+Mountain%5C+region%5C+and%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountain%5C+region.%5C+Twelve%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+indentified%5C+within%5C+these%5C+regions.%5C+Each%5C+region%5C+had%5C+its%5C+own%5C+specific%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+which%5C+had%5C+different%5C+ancestry%5C+in%5C+the%5C+network.%5C+We%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+Chinese%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+might%5C+survive%5C+the%5C+LGM%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+isolated%5C+refugia%5C+around%5C+the%5C+Sichuan%5C+Basin.%5C+In%5C+Japan%2C%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+was%5C+disjunctively%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northern%5C+Honshu%5C+and%5C+Hokkaido.%5C+Seven%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+within%5C+this%5C+region.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+in%5C+Honshu%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.821%5C%29%5C+was%5C+much%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+in%5C+Hokkaido%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.513%5C%29.%5C+And%5C+all%5C+haplotypes%5C+in%5C+Hokkaido%5C+were%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+Honshu.%5C+This%5C+haplotype%5C+distribution%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+northern%5C+Honshu%5C+could%5C+have%5C+served%5C+as%5C+refuge%5C+in%5C+Japan.%5C+Nested%5C+clade%5C+analysis%5C+%5C%28NCA%5C%29%5C+indicated%5C+multiple%5C+forces%5C+including%5C+the%5C+vicariance%5C+and%5C+long%5C-distance%5C+dispersal%5C+affected%5C+the%5C+disjunctive%5C+distribution%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+in%5C+Japan.2.%5C+The%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+tongolensis%EF%BC%8CLigularia%5C+tongolensis%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+along%5C+the%5C+Jinshajiang%5C+watershed%2C%5C+Yalongjiang%5C+watershed%5C+and%5C+Wumeng%5C+Mountain.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+deduce%5C+the%5C+demographic%5C+history%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%2C%5C+we%5C+sequenced%5C+two%5C+chlo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temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"This thesis includes two parts: the investigation of medicinal plants in the communities of De''ang people, and the phytochemical studies on three medicinal plants used by the De''ang people traditionally. The De''ang people is an old indigenous minority in China. Most De''ang people live in the Southwest of Yunan Province. They have accumulated abundant traditional knowledge about utilization of medicinal plants in their long-time live and produce. However, without written script of their own and with the influence of alien cultures, their indigenous knowledge is facing the risk of being assimilated or extinct. We carried out an ethnoparmacological investigation of medicinal plants in De''ang communities. It has been found that 92 species were highly valuable for medicinal uses including heat-clearing and detoxication, anti-inflammatory pain, bone fracture and injury, relieving rigidity of muscles and promoting blood circulation, snake bite and so on. Of the 92 plants recorded, 23 species were newly recorded for the De''ang people, and new medicinal properties of one plant species (Tacca chantrieri) was the first record too. In order to know well of the medicinal properties of traditional medicinal plants used by the De''ang people, we selected three plants (Piper boehmeriaefolium, Remusatia vivipara and Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata) for the chemical constituents research. Forty-six compounds including 13 new ones were isolated from the above mentioned folk medicinal plants. The types of these compounds involved amide alkaloids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, flavanoids and so on. In addition, some of the isolates were tested for their bioactivities. Thirty compounds, including 8 new ones, were isolated from the whole plant of Piper boehmeriaefolium (Piperaceae). The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to the alkaloids of amides. A new phenylpropanoid glucoside, caffeyl alcohol-3-O-b-d-glucopyranoside, together with nine known compounds, was isolated from the dry corms of Remusatia vivipara (Araceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by the spectroscopic method and acidic hydrolysis. The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to phenlpropanoids, neolignans, steroid saponin, triterpenoid saponin and amides. All compounds were isolated from the genus Remusatia for the first time. Three new humulane-type sesquiterpenes, and a new copaborneol derivative, , together with two known compounds have been isolated from the whole plant of Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata (Urticaceae). All compounds were isolated from the genus Pilea for the first time.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+thesis%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+communities%5C+of%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+phytochemical%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+three%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+traditionally.%5C+The%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+is%5C+an%5C+old%5C+indigenous%5C+minority%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+Most%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+live%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Southwest%5C+of%5C+Yunan%5C+Province.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+accumulated%5C+abundant%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+about%5C+utilization%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+their%5C+long%5C-time%5C+live%5C+and%5C+produce.%5C+However%2C%5C+without%5C+written%5C+script%5C+of%5C+their%5C+own%5C+and%5C+with%5C+the%5C+influence%5C+of%5C+alien%5C+cultures%2C%5C+their%5C+indigenous%5C+knowledge%5C+is%5C+facing%5C+the%5C+risk%5C+of%5C+being%5C+assimilated%5C+or%5C+extinct.%5C+We%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+an%5C+ethnoparmacological%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+communities.%5C+It%5C+has%5C+been%5C+found%5C+that%5C+92%5C+species%5C+were%5C+highly%5C+valuable%5C+for%5C+medicinal%5C+uses%5C+including%5C+heat%5C-clearing%5C+and%5C+detoxication%2C%5C+anti%5C-inflammatory%5C+pain%2C%5C+bone%5C+fracture%5C+and%5C+injury%2C%5C+relieving%5C+rigidity%5C+of%5C+muscles%5C+and%5C+promoting%5C+blood%5C+circulation%2C%5C+snake%5C+bite%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+Of%5C+the%5C+92%5C+plants%5C+recorded%2C%5C+23%5C+species%5C+were%5C+newly%5C+recorded%5C+for%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+new%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+one%5C+plant%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Tacca%5C+chantrieri%5C%29%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+record%5C+too.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+know%5C+well%5C+of%5C+the%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+we%5C+selected%5C+three%5C+plants%5C+%5C%28Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%2C%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+and%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C%29%5C+for%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+research.%5C+Forty%5C-six%5C+compounds%5C+including%5C+13%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+folk%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+The%5C+types%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+involved%5C+amide%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+lignans%2C%5C+phenylpropanoids%2C%5C+terpenoids%2C%5C+flavanoids%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+isolates%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+for%5C+their%5C+bioactivities.%5C+Thirty%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+8%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%5C+%5C%28Piperaceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+the%5C+alkaloids%5C+of%5C+amides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+phenylpropanoid%5C+glucoside%2C%5C+caffeyl%5C+alcohol%5C-3%5C-O%5C-b%5C-d%5C-glucopyranoside%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+nine%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+dry%5C+corms%5C+of%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+%5C%28Araceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+was%5C+determined%5C+by%5C+the%5C+spectroscopic%5C+method%5C+and%5C+acidic%5C+hydrolysis.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+phenlpropanoids%2C%5C+neolignans%2C%5C+steroid%5C+saponin%2C%5C+triterpenoid%5C+saponin%5C+and%5C+amides.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Remusatia%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+humulane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpenes%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+copaborneol%5C+derivative%2C%5C+%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+two%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C+%5C%28Urticaceae%5C%29.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pilea%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time."},{"jsname":"Until now, little data about the plant reproductive characters and ecological adaptation have been documented in the species-rich Sino-Himalaya region. Anemone rivularis (Ranunculaceae), mainly occurs in this area, and is of particular interest for its unique flower heliotropic movement and sex allocation strategy. In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology and adaptation mechanism of A. rivularis on the Yulong Snow Mountain Lijiang, northwestern Yunnan. The main results were summarized as follows: 1 Reproductive biology, The mating system, flowering phenology, floral morphology and pollination efficiency were examined in Anemone rivularis. This species is a perennial plant with hermaphroditic flowers, and its inflorescence is an acropetal cyme with protogynous flowers. In contrast to some self-incompatible species reported in Anemone, our results proved that A. rivularis was self-compatible. The seed set under natural pollination was more than 70%, indicating that there was no pollen limitation. Meanwhile, the seed set of artificial-cross-pollinated flowers was significantly higher than that of artificial-self-pollinated flowers, suggesting that the mixed mating system of A. rivularis was based on cross-pollination, and the results also supported a favor of outcrossing reproductive strategy for perennial herbs as some previous reports. Clearly, the reproductive strategy of A. rivularis prefer to cross-pollination in the alpine Sino-Himalayan region, in order to improve the reproductive fitness. 2 Flower heliotropism, The flower heliotropic movement mechanism, influences and adaptive significance were investigated in Anemone rivularis. The results indicated that under natural conditions, a treatment of pistils and stamens removal, flowers of A. rivularis retained accurately sun-tracking behavior through daytime, and the petals were found to close in the evening; but flowers would lose heliotropic movement if tepals were removed, with peduncles keeping a vertical orientation. This indicated that the tepals were crucial for heliotropic behavior. The flower heliotropism of A. rivularis was sensitive to blue light frequencies rather than red frequencies, suggesting that the light signal must be received by tepals, which driving the peduncles to bend due to differential cell elongation along the two sides of peduncle. Furthermore, there was a close relationship between diurnal heliotropic movements and temperature of flower interior in A. rivularis. Flowers with tepals could provide a relatively narrow range of temperatures, in comparison with flowers lacking tepals, in order to maintain reproductive organs in functional floral temperature range. Our study demonstrated that both the development of pistils and stamens and the visiting of insects could benefit from flower heliotropism in A. rivularis.3 Sex allocation, Floral traits, male and female functions, reproductive fitness, and sex allocation hypotheses were assessed in intra-inflorescence of Anemone rivularis. Though the inflorescence showed an acropetal flower-opening sequence as well as in many flowering species (early flowers are proximal and late flowers are distal), it engaged different sex allocation strategy. Our observations documented that the late-opening flowers of each inflorescence produce significantly more ovules and fewer pollen grains compared to early-opening flowers, and the pollen:ovule ratio (P:O) declined obviously from primary flower position to tertiary flower position, suggesting that later flowers would tend to favor female-bias investment. The nature-pollinating seed set among flower positions was constant, and there was no resource trade-off between flower size and sexual organs in this species, and the first-removal treatment did not lead to a significant increase in seed set of flowers in the later position. Thus, early-opening flower may not represent a significant competitor for resources with late-opening flowers on the same inflorescence, suggesting that the pattern of floral design and floral display may be determined prior to flowering and is inalterable by resources during flowering. So the female-biased allocation of distal flowers in A. rivularis may be resulted from the the selection by variation in the mating environment.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=ROSACEAE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AUntil%5C+now%2C%5C+little%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+reproductive%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+ecological%5C+adaptation%5C+have%5C+been%5C+documented%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Sino%5C-Himalaya%5C+region.%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis%5C+%5C%28Ranunculaceae%5C%29%2C%5C+mainly%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area%2C%5C+and%5C+is%5C+of%5C+particular%5C+interest%5C+for%5C+its%5C+unique%5C+flower%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+and%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+strategy.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+adaptation%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Yulong%5C+Snow%5C+Mountain%5C+Lijiang%2C%5C+northwestern%5C+Yunnan.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1%5C+Reproductive%5C+biology%2C%5C+The%5C+mating%5C+system%2C%5C+flowering%5C+phenology%2C%5C+floral%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+pollination%5C+efficiency%5C+were%5C+examined%5C+in%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+plant%5C+with%5C+hermaphroditic%5C+flowers%2C%5C+and%5C+its%5C+inflorescence%5C+is%5C+an%5C+acropetal%5C+cyme%5C+with%5C+protogynous%5C+flowers.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+some%5C+self%5C-incompatible%5C+species%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+Anemone%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+self%5C-compatible.%5C+The%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+pollination%5C+was%5C+more%5C+than%5C+70%25%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+no%5C+pollen%5C+limitation.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+of%5C+artificial%5C-cross%5C-pollinated%5C+flowers%5C+was%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+artificial%5C-self%5C-pollinated%5C+flowers%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+the%5C+mixed%5C+mating%5C+system%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+based%5C+on%5C+cross%5C-pollination%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+results%5C+also%5C+supported%5C+a%5C+favor%5C+of%5C+outcrossing%5C+reproductive%5C+strategy%5C+for%5C+perennial%5C+herbs%5C+as%5C+some%5C+previous%5C+reports.%5C+Clearly%2C%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+strategy%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+prefer%5C+to%5C+cross%5C-pollination%5C+in%5C+the%5C+alpine%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+region%2C%5C+in%5C+order%5C+to%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+fitness.%5C+2%5C+Flower%5C+heliotropism%2C%5C+The%5C+flower%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+influences%5C+and%5C+adaptive%5C+significance%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions%2C%5C+a%5C+treatment%5C+of%5C+pistils%5C+and%5C+stamens%5C+removal%2C%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+retained%5C+accurately%5C+sun%5C-tracking%5C+behavior%5C+through%5C+daytime%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+petals%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+close%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evening%5C%3B%5C+but%5C+flowers%5C+would%5C+lose%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+if%5C+tepals%5C+were%5C+removed%2C%5C+with%5C+peduncles%5C+keeping%5C+a%5C+vertical%5C+orientation.%5C+This%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+tepals%5C+were%5C+crucial%5C+for%5C+heliotropic%5C+behavior.%5C+The%5C+flower%5C+heliotropism%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+blue%5C+light%5C+frequencies%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+red%5C+frequencies%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+the%5C+light%5C+signal%5C+must%5C+be%5C+received%5C+by%5C+tepals%2C%5C+which%5C+driving%5C+the%5C+peduncles%5C+to%5C+bend%5C+due%5C+to%5C+differential%5C+cell%5C+elongation%5C+along%5C+the%5C+two%5C+sides%5C+of%5C+peduncle.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+diurnal%5C+heliotropic%5C+movements%5C+and%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+flower%5C+interior%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+rivularis.%5C+Flowers%5C+with%5C+tepals%5C+could%5C+provide%5C+a%5C+relatively%5C+narrow%5C+range%5C+of%5C+temperatures%2C%5C+in%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+flowers%5C+lacking%5C+tepals%2C%5C+in%5C+order%5C+to%5C+maintain%5C+reproductive%5C+organs%5C+in%5C+functional%5C+floral%5C+temperature%5C+range.%5C+Our%5C+study%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+both%5C+the%5C+development%5C+of%5C+pistils%5C+and%5C+stamens%5C+and%5C+the%5C+visiting%5C+of%5C+insects%5C+could%5C+benefit%5C+from%5C+flower%5C+heliotropism%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+rivularis.3%5C+Sex%5C+allocation%2C%5C+Floral%5C+traits%2C%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+functions%2C%5C+reproductive%5C+fitness%2C%5C+and%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+hypotheses%5C+were%5C+assessed%5C+in%5C+intra%5C-inflorescence%5C+of%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+Though%5C+the%5C+inflorescence%5C+showed%5C+an%5C+acropetal%5C+flower%5C-opening%5C+sequence%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+in%5C+many%5C+flowering%5C+species%5C+%5C%28early%5C+flowers%5C+are%5C+proximal%5C+and%5C+late%5C+flowers%5C+are%5C+distal%5C%29%2C%5C+it%5C+engaged%5C+different%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+strategy.%5C+Our%5C+observations%5C+documented%5C+that%5C+the%5C+late%5C-opening%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+each%5C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combination of Rodgersia, Astilboides, Darmera, Oresitrophe, Bergenia, and Mukdenia by Soltis with the name of Darmera group was supported. The key taxonomic traits of leave arrangement and pubescence were not suppoted by molecular result, especially for taxa from Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. Multiple sampled Rodgersia aesculifolia was not monophyly, samples from Hengduan Mountains (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) were nested with R. pinnata and R. sambucifolia, while samples from southeast Tibet (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) form a clade sister to the former taxa. Samples of R. aesculifolia from Qingling and Daba mountains (R. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia = Triditional R. asculifolia) are distinct with all the above. R. aesculifolia var. henrici is distinct from A. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia and is suggested be raised to spcies level again as Rosgersia henrici Franchet. Populations of R. henrici from western Yunnan are grouping with R. pinnata, natural hybridization are supposed to occur. Rodgersia podophylla from Korea and Japan is sister to Chinese Rodgersia. The furthermore study of infraspecific taxonomy of R. aesculifolia is suggested.The relict Rodgersia nepalensis from eastern Nepal branched first in the combined ITS and plastid tree, which is different from evidences of the traditional morphology and cytology. This might due to its narrow distribution disjuct from other species of Rodgersia, low level of gene flow and subsequent conserved genetic system. It may evolved by polyploidy, the spcecialized morphological character of R. nepalensis may be a strategy for ecological tolerance and self-protection. Our molecular phylogeny of Rodgersia is accordant with the former morphological and cytological evidences. Hybridization and polyploidy may play an important role in evolution and speciation in Rodgersia. Rodgersia may origin from northestern Asia and migrated into Hengduan mountains and Himalayas through Qingling and Daba mountains. Based on present molecular results, as well as original description papers and Type specimen, six species and two variaties were recognized in Rodgersia. 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