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资助项目
GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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dissertation is composed of eight chapters. In chapters 1-7, the chemical and bioactive constituents of seven higher fungi, Boreostereum vibrans, Hexagonia speciosa, Panaeolus leucophanes, Gomphus purpuraceus, Sparassis crispa, Craterellus aureus and Hydnum repandum have been investigated. In chapter 8, a review about the chemical and bioactivity of N-containing compounds of macromycetes between 2004 and 2009 was given.100 compounds, including 36 new ones, were isolated from the above mentioned seven species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The type of the isolated compounds includes sesquiterpenoids, ergostols, isocoumarins, vibralactone derivertives, as well as oxygenated cyclohexanoids.Fourteen compounds were isolated from the culture broth of basidiomycete Boreostereum vibrans (Berk & M.A. Curtis Davydkina & Bondartseva (Aphyllophorales)). Among them, seven new ones were the vibralactone derivatives. 1,5-Secovibralactone and vibralactone C exhibited moderate inhibitory effect against human 11β-HSD1 but did not exhibit inhibition on 11β-HSD2. Vibralactone B, vibralactone D and acetylated vibralactone showed inhibitory activities against both 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. Twenty new oxygenated cyclohexanoids and a new acetylated aporpinone compounds, together with seven known compounds were isolated from the broth cultures of the basidiomycete Hexagonia speciosa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, while the structure of 8 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data.Phytochemical study of the culture of Panaeolus leucophanes has resulted in the isolation of thirteen compounds which of eight were isocoumarins, including four new ones. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. A new alliacane sesquiterpene, together with 5 known compounds, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Gomphus purpuraceu. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Five known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Sparassis crispa, and five from the fruiting bodies including two new compounds. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). A new hydroxyl acetylenic fatty acid, together with ten known compounds have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Craterellus aureus, and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Eleven known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Hydnum repandum. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D NMR, MS).In chapter 8, the chemical, biological, and mycological literature dealing with the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, and synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from the fruiting bodies and the culture broths of macromycetes were reviewed (2004-2009).","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Fragmentation&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+chapters.%5C+In%5C+chapters%5C+1%5C-7%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+seven%5C+higher%5C+fungi%2C%5C+Boreostereum%5C+vibrans%2C%5C+Hexagonia%5C+speciosa%2C%5C+Panaeolus%5C+leucophanes%2C%5C+Gomphus%5C+purpuraceus%2C%5C+Sparassis%5C+crispa%2C%5C+Craterellus%5C+aureus%5C+and%5C+Hydnum%5C+repandum%5C+have%5C+been%5C+investigated.%5C+In%5C+chapter%5C+8%2C%5C+a%5C+review%5C+about%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+N%5C-containing%5C+compounds%5C+of%5C+macromycetes%5C+between%5C+2004%5C+and%5C+2009%5C+was%5C+given.100%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+36%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+seven%5C+species.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+established%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+in%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+the%5C+isolated%5C+compounds%5C+includes%5C+sesquiterpenoids%2C%5C+ergostols%2C%5C+isocoumarins%2C%5C+vibralactone%5C+derivertives%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+oxygenated%5C+cyclohexanoids.Fourteen%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Boreostereum%5C+vibrans%5C+%5C%28Berk%5C+%5C%26%5C+M.A.%5C+Curtis%5C+Davydkina%5C+%5C%26%5C+Bondartseva%5C+%5C%28Aphyllophorales%5C%29%5C%29.%5C+Among%5C+them%2C%5C+seven%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+the%5C+vibralactone%5C+derivatives.%5C+1%2C5%5C-Secovibralactone%5C+and%5C+vibralactone%5C+C%5C+exhibited%5C+moderate%5C+inhibitory%5C+effect%5C+against%5C+human%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C+but%5C+did%5C+not%5C+exhibit%5C+inhibition%5C+on%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD2.%5C+Vibralactone%5C+B%2C%5C+vibralactone%5C+D%5C+and%5C+acetylated%5C+vibralactone%5C+showed%5C+inhibitory%5C+activities%5C+against%5C+both%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C+and%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD2.%5C+Twenty%5C+new%5C+oxygenated%5C+cyclohexanoids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+acetylated%5C+aporpinone%5C+compounds%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+seven%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+broth%5C+cultures%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Hexagonia%5C+speciosa.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%2C%5C+while%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+8%5C+was%5C+confirmed%5C+by%5C+single%5C+crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+data.Phytochemical%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+of%5C+Panaeolus%5C+leucophanes%5C+has%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+thirteen%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+were%5C+isocoumarins%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+alliacane%5C+sesquiterpene%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+5%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+of%5C+Gomphus%5C+purpuraceu.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+Five%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Sparassis%5C+crispa%2C%5C+and%5C+five%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+including%5C+two%5C+new%5C+compounds.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+hydroxyl%5C+acetylenic%5C+fatty%5C+acid%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+ten%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+of%5C+Craterellus%5C+aureus%2C%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+Eleven%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Hydnum%5C+repandum.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%5C%29.In%5C+chapter%5C+8%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%2C%5C+biological%2C%5C+and%5C+mycological%5C+literature%5C+dealing%5C+with%5C+the%5C+isolation%2C%5C+structure%5C+elucidation%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+nitrogen%5C-containing%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+and%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broths%5C+of%5C+macromycetes%5C+were%5C+reviewed%5C+%5C%282004%5C-2009%5C%29."},{"jsname":"Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic 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