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资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Plants in the genus of Pedicularis L. have high values in horticulture and some species are medicinal plants. However, they have a reputation for being uncultivable, which is an obstacle for their exploitation and utilization. In this dissertation, the hemiparasitism of Pedicularis species was studied systematically for the first time, and the successful cultivation of three Pedicularis species (Pedicularis densispica，Pedicularis cephalantha and Pedicularis rex) throughout all life stages was achieved for the first time. With several representative species as main study materials, a series of experiments on seed germination, vegetation survey in Pedicularis communities, and pot cultivation were carried out. We studied Pedicularis parasitic habit systematically and aimed to achieve progress in the cultivation of Pedicularis species based on the understanding of their parasitic habit. The main results are as follows:1. The dormancy showed by the tested Pedicularis species was non-deep physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy could be overcome by moist-chilling and GA3. Cold stratification for 30-60 days, or 500-1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for germination percentage, and stratification for 15 days, or 1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for mean germination time. The combination of cold stratification and GA3 were more effective measures to promote seed germination. The optimal germination conditions varied with species, while as a whole, the highest germination percentages were obtained from treatments of 500-1000 mg/L GA3 followed by 15-30 days stratification, and the lowest values of mean germination time were obtained from treatments of 100-1000mg/L GA3 followed by 15-day stratification. Seed germination was not the obstacle for the cultivation of Pedicularis species.2. Host range and host selectivity of a Pedicularis species were studied systematically for the first time. Examinations of haustorial connections revealed that P. densispica had a wide host range, and it can form haustorial connections on the roots of 33 species belonging to 14 families. Compositae (8 species), Gramineae (5 species) and Leguminosae (5 species) species comprised major hosts. In addition, self-parasitism was observed. Haustoria were non-randomly distributed among host species, suggesting that there was some host selectivity. P. densispica generally preferred species in the families of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. The results of association analysis and correlation analysis based on vegetation survey supported the result of examinations of haustorial connections. And correlation analysis was a better way to test host selectivity.3. This is the first report for the performance of Pedicularis species in cultivation throughout all life stages (from seeds to seeds). The high dependence of Pedicularis specieson host plants and their host preference were demonstrated in this study. Pedicularis speciesstrongly depended on host presence, while host plants were essential to Pedicularis speciesnot for survival but for proper development. Different Pedicularis species preferred to different hosts. Host defoliation was a useful promoting measure for the cultivation of Pedicularis species. Pedicularis species reduced the performance of host plants. With the assistance of hosts, three Pedicularis species were cultivated successfully and they retained high horticulture quality.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+L.%5C+have%5C+high%5C+values%5C+in%5C+horticulture%5C+and%5C+some%5C+species%5C+are%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+have%5C+a%5C+reputation%5C+for%5C+being%5C+uncultivable%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+an%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+their%5C+exploitation%5C+and%5C+utilization.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+the%5C+hemiparasitism%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+successful%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Pedicularis%5C+densispica%EF%BC%8CPedicularis%5C+cephalantha%5C+and%5C+Pedicularis%5C+rex%5C%29%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+was%5C+achieved%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+With%5C+several%5C+representative%5C+species%5C+as%5C+main%5C+study%5C+materials%2C%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+in%5C+Pedicularis%5C+communities%2C%5C+and%5C+pot%5C+cultivation%5C+were%5C+carried%5C+out.%5C+We%5C+studied%5C+Pedicularis%5C+parasitic%5C+habit%5C+systematically%5C+and%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+achieve%5C+progress%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+understanding%5C+of%5C+their%5C+parasitic%5C+habit.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+The%5C+dormancy%5C+showed%5C+by%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+non%5C-deep%5C+physiological%5C+dormancy.%5C+Seed%5C+dormancy%5C+could%5C+be%5C+overcome%5C+by%5C+moist%5C-chilling%5C+and%5C+GA3.%5C+Cold%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+30%5C-60%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+and%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+15%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+cold%5C+stratification%5C+and%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+more%5C+effective%5C+measures%5C+to%5C+promote%5C+seed%5C+germination.%5C+The%5C+optimal%5C+germination%5C+conditions%5C+varied%5C+with%5C+species%2C%5C+while%5C+as%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+germination%5C+percentages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-30%5C+days%5C+stratification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+values%5C+of%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+100%5C-1000mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-day%5C+stratification.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+not%5C+the%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.2.%5C+Host%5C+range%5C+and%5C+host%5C+selectivity%5C+of%5C+a%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+revealed%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+had%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+host%5C+range%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+can%5C+form%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+on%5C+the%5C+roots%5C+of%5C+33%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+14%5C+families.%5C+Compositae%5C+%5C%288%5C+species%5C%29%2C%5C+Gramineae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+and%5C+Leguminosae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+species%5C+comprised%5C+major%5C+hosts.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+self%5C-parasitism%5C+was%5C+observed.%5C+Haustoria%5C+were%5C+non%5C-randomly%5C+distributed%5C+among%5C+host%5C+species%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+some%5C+host%5C+selectivity.%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+generally%5C+preferred%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gramineae%5C+and%5C+Cyperaceae.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+association%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections.%5C+And%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+a%5C+better%5C+way%5C+to%5C+test%5C+host%5C+selectivity.3.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+report%5C+for%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+in%5C+cultivation%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+%5C%28from%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+seeds%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+high%5C+dependence%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+specieson%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+host%5C+preference%5C+were%5C+demonstrated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesstrongly%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+host%5C+presence%2C%5C+while%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+were%5C+essential%5C+to%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesnot%5C+for%5C+survival%5C+but%5C+for%5C+proper%5C+development.%5C+Different%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+preferred%5C+to%5C+different%5C+hosts.%5C+Host%5C+defoliation%5C+was%5C+a%5C+useful%5C+promoting%5C+measure%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+reduced%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+host%5C+plants.%5C+With%5C+the%5C+assistance%5C+of%5C+hosts%2C%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+cultivated%5C+successfully%5C+and%5C+they%5C+retained%5C+high%5C+horticulture%5C+quality."},{"jsname":"Plants respond to unpredictable alpine environments by a high degree of specialization in the structural and functional aspects of their flowers and pollination. However, few original data about the reproductive biology of these plants has been documented, particularly in the species-rich Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. Incarvillea Juss. is notable for being a temperate and herbaceous member in the primarily tropical and woody family Bignoniaceae. Most species of the genus occur in alpine areas of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. We investigated the reproductive biology of two alpine species, I. mairei and I. lutea. Incarvillea mairei was highly self-compatible, but depended on pollinators for seed production. The main pollinators were Halictus sp and Apis sp. at low altitude, and bumblebee at high altitude. Seed production was severely limited by pollinators, as indicated by supplemental hand-pollination experiments. The extended floral longevity and stigma receptivity greatly compensated for pollinator limitation. Outcrossing rates were high from 0.834 to 0.988 with altitude and cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.088, indicating a predominant outcrossing mating system. The combination of floral traits (approach herkogamy, sensitive stigma, anther appendages) and pollinator activities ensure a remarkably efficient pollination mechanism, as well as make it possible to ensure reproduction success in alpine habitats. Incarvillea lutea is self-compatible, but depends on insects for seed production. Both the fruit and seed set were high under natural conditions. The main pollinator is Halictus sp. The larger floral displays of I. lutea received more visitations, but facilitated geitonogamous pollination simultaneously. The cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.373. The corolla tube changed color with age from yellow to red. Young yellow flowers had a significant greater pollen and nectar reward. The co-occurrence of the change in amount of reward and flower color enabled I. lutea to direct pollinators to visit reproductive, highly rewarding yellow flowers. We suggest floral color change in I. lutea may serve as a mechanism for reducing geitonogamous pollination and increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer to enhance plant fitness.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+unpredictable%5C+alpine%5C+environments%5C+by%5C+a%5C+high%5C+degree%5C+of%5C+specialization%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+and%5C+functional%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+their%5C+flowers%5C+and%5C+pollination.%5C+However%2C%5C+few%5C+original%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+these%5C+plants%5C+has%5C+been%5C+documented%2C%5C+particularly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+Juss.%5C+is%5C+notable%5C+for%5C+being%5C+a%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+herbaceous%5C+member%5C+in%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+woody%5C+family%5C+Bignoniaceae.%5C+Most%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+We%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+two%5C+alpine%5C+species%2C%5C+I.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+I.%5C+lutea.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+mairei%5C+was%5C+highly%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+pollinators%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+Halictus%5C+sp%5C+and%5C+Apis%5C+sp.%5C+at%5C+low%5C+altitude%2C%5C+and%5C+bumblebee%5C+at%5C+high%5C+altitude.%5C+Seed%5C+production%5C+was%5C+severely%5C+limited%5C+by%5C+pollinators%2C%5C+as%5C+indicated%5C+by%5C+supplemental%5C+hand%5C-pollination%5C+experiments.%5C+The%5C+extended%5C+floral%5C+longevity%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+receptivity%5C+greatly%5C+compensated%5C+for%5C+pollinator%5C+limitation.%5C+Outcrossing%5C+rates%5C+were%5C+high%5C+from%5C+0.834%5C+to%5C+0.988%5C+with%5C+altitude%5C+and%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.088%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+predominant%5C+outcrossing%5C+mating%5C+system.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28approach%5C+herkogamy%2C%5C+sensitive%5C+stigma%2C%5C+anther%5C+appendages%5C%29%5C+and%5C+pollinator%5C+activities%5C+ensure%5C+a%5C+remarkably%5C+efficient%5C+pollination%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+make%5C+it%5C+possible%5C+to%5C+ensure%5C+reproduction%5C+success%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+lutea%5C+is%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depends%5C+on%5C+insects%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+were%5C+high%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinator%5C+is%5C+Halictus%5C+sp.%5C+The%5C+larger%5C+floral%5C+displays%5C+of%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+received%5C+more%5C+visitations%2C%5C+but%5C+facilitated%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+simultaneously.%5C+The%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.373.%5C+The%5C+corolla%5C+tube%5C+changed%5C+color%5C+with%5C+age%5C+from%5C+yellow%5C+to%5C+red.%5C+Young%5C+yellow%5C+flowers%5C+had%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+greater%5C+pollen%5C+and%5C+nectar%5C+reward.%5C+The%5C+co%5C-occurrence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+change%5C+in%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+reward%5C+and%5C+flower%5C+color%5C+enabled%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+to%5C+direct%5C+pollinators%5C+to%5C+visit%5C+reproductive%2C%5C+highly%5C+rewarding%5C+yellow%5C+flowers.%5C+We%5C+suggest%5C+floral%5C+color%5C+change%5C+in%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+may%5C+serve%5C+as%5C+a%5C+mechanism%5C+for%5C+reducing%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+and%5C+increasing%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+pollen%5C+transfer%5C+to%5C+enhance%5C+plant%5C+fitness."},{"jsname":"Seeds contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation tolerance","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASeeds%5C+contain%5C+the%5C+entire%5C+genetic%5C+information%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+which%5C+enable%5C+to%5C+develop%5C+the%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+preservation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+and%5C+intermediate%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+two%5C+important%5C+areas%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+biology%5C+but%5C+poorly%5C+understood.Those%5C+two%5C+areas%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+and%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+represent%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively%5C+as%5C+studied%5C+models.%5C+Biophysical%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+employed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+mechanism%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing%5C+and%5C+desiccation.First%5C+of%5C+all%2C%5C+Ageing%5C+induced%5C+porgrammed%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds.The%5C+morphology%5C+change%2C%5C+nucleic%5C+acid%5C+integrity%2C%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+expression%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+investigated.The%5C+data%5C+above%5C+confirmed%5C+that%5C+PCD%5C+is%5C+an%5C+underlying%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+mortality.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+glutathione%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+function%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing.An%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+glutathione%5C+redox%5C+potential%5C+%5C%28EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C%29%5C+while%5C+seed%5C+lost%5C+viability%5C+was%5C+discovered%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sativum%5C+seeds.%5C+Seed%5C+viability%5C+decreased%5C+50%25%5C+when%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+attained%5C+values%5C+of%5C+%5C-180%5C+to%5C+%5C-160%5C+mV%2C%5C+which%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+was%5C+a%5C+marker%5C+for%5C+seeds%5C+viability.%5C+Secondely%2CReactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+plays%5C+different%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+after%5C+desiccation.%5C+After%5C+different%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+%5C%28C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C%29%5C+seeds%2C%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+ROS%5C+dose%5C+and%5C+the%5C+viability%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+desication%5C+treatment%5C+was%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+ROS%5C+could%5C+released%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+desiccation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+seeds.%5C+Thridly%2Cthe%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+with%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior.%5C+Cell%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+environment%2C%5C+and%5C+adjust%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+main%5C+methord%5C+for%5C+cell%5C+to%5C+response%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+changes.%5C+There%5C+is%5C+a%5C+rule%5C+that%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%2C%5C+with%5C+special%5C+structure%2C%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+water%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+content%5C+indicates%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+membrane.%5C+ESI%5C%2FMS%5C-MS%5C+technology%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+compare%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%C2%A0membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+represented%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+to%5C+dehydration%5C+in%5C+embryonic%5C+axis%5C+of%5C+orhtordox%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+different.%5C+The%5C+percentage%5C+increasement%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+in%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+was%5C+not%5C+incredible%5C+and%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+decreased%5C+and%5C+achieved%5C+the%5C+same%5C+level%5C+as%5C+controled%2C%5C+while%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+increased%5C+dramatically%5C+without%5C+showing%5C+any%5C+decrease%5C+trend%5C+in%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+membrane%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+was%5C+inevitable.%C2%A0Those%5C+results%5C+indicted%5C+that%5C+the%5C+dehydration%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+reversible%5C+memebrane%5C+damage%5C+in%5C+the%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+in%5C+no%5C+affect%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+viability%2C%5C+while%5C+it%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+irreversible%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+the%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+inducned%5C+the%5C+dramatically%5C+reduce%5C+of%5C+viabiligy%5C+and%5C+cell%5C+dea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membrane system of cell performs many important functions, such as separates cells from the environment, keeps the biochemical reactions in order ect.. The integrity of membrane is very important for plants to survive, especially under the environmental stress. Among all environmental factors, temperature has the closest relationship with membrane and intensively study on this area has been reported. Most researches are mainly focused on the relationship between the composition of fatty acid about membrane and low temperature, while that with high temperature are rare. Nowadays, the increasing concentration of CO2 resulted in increasing temperature and high temperature has become an important inhibition to crop productivity. Thus, it’s necessary and emergent to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature.In the present dissertation, Arabidopsis and its high temperature sensitive mutant were chosen to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature. The ESI-MS/MS was used to examine the composition of membrane lipids. High temperature includes two categories, one is heat stress and the other is moderate heat stress. Heat stress can be divided into two processes: with and without heat acclimation. Five results have been obtained grounding on these works. Firstly, different change models of membrane lipids during heat stress and moderate stress had been found. The degradation of membrane lipids during moderate heat stress was controlled, while that of heat stress was out of control. During moderate heat stress, the degradation mainly happened on chloroplast, such as DGDG and PG, especially those lipids which has polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under heat stress, the degradation about plasma membrane and chloroplast membrane shared same rates. Secondly, the degradation of membrane lipids was reduced when plants had experienced heat acclimation before heat stress, and this change had nothing to do with accumulation of HSP101. The results suggested the acquired thermo-tolerance not only had related with HSP101, but also with membrane lipids. Thirdly, the amount of phosphatidic acid (PA) played an important role during heat stress. If the amount of PA rose to proper extent, it benefited the plants, while if it rose to high level, it destroyed the membrane structure. At last, the HSP101 mutant had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids than that of wild Arabidopsis under long term moderate heat stress. The dissertation also included other two parts: the drought-tolerance of Thellungiella halophila and the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor. Thellungiella halophila shared the same characteristic with Arabidopsis in many aspects, such as dwarf phenotype, short life cycle, fertility and small genome. The research indicated that at cDNA level, they were also very similar. Besides these Thellungiella halophila was more tolerant to stress condition. The previous research about Thellungiella halophila mainly focused on the high-salinity stress, and the researches of drought stress were rare. In this dissertation we focused on the drought-resistance of Thellungiella halophila. Compare to Arabidopsis, Thellungiella halophila could keep water content in high level, more resist to ROS, good photosynthesis activity and keep the membrane system integrity under drought stress. It was interesting that the substances, which rose when Arabidopsis under stress, were at high level in normal Thellungiella halophila, such as: proline, ABA. The degradation of membrane lipids mainly happened on chloroplast membrane of Arabidopsis. In contrast, the membrane of Thellungiella halophila didn’t change. All these evidence indicated that Thellungiella halophila was more drought-tolerant than Arabidopsis. During the research about the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor, we isolated 46 endophytes from different parts of plants . 34 species of them were selected for bioactivity test, and the bioactivity test show that 50% of them have some bioactivity. We also isolated 24 compounds from 6 endophytes, and 22 of them have been identified by spectra data, including: macrolides, azaphilones, anthraquinones, and steroids. 8 of them are novel compounds. Judging from results, we know the Trewia nudiflor is good resources to isolate endophytes and the endophytes are good resources to search for novel and bioactivity 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reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the mechanism.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+reaction%5C+of%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+is%5C+which%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%5C+catalyzes%5C+hydrolytic%5C+cleavage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+terminal%5C+phosphate%5C+diester%5C+bond%5C+of%5C+glycerophosphatides%2C%5C+transfer%5C+the%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+moiety%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phospholipids%5C+to%5C+a%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+water%2C%5C+producing%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PtdOH%5C%29.%5C+Although%5C+this%5C+reaction%5C+plays%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+physical%5C+process%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+anminals%2C%5C+the%5C+pathway%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+and%5C+detailed%5C+regulation%5C+mechanism%5C+are%5C+still%5C+unknown%5C+or%5C+not%5C+clear.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+three%5C+factors%5C+which%5C+can%5C+affect%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+substrates%2C%5C+enzymes%5C+and%5C+products.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+intended%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+in%5C+detail%5C+by%5C+changing%5C+two%5C+indispensable%5C+factors%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+substrate%5C+and%5C+the%5C+PLDs.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+consist%5C+of%C2%A0three%5C+researches%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+one%2C%5C+changing%5C+the%5C+accept%5C+substrate%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+aims%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%2C%5C+to%5C+reveal%5C+the%5C+significance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C%3B%5C+secondly%2C%5C+using%5C+genetic%5C+methods%5C+to%5C+regulate%5C+the%5C+expression%5C+of%5C+PLDs%5C+mediating%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+intends%5C+to%5C+study%5C+its%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+senescence%5C%3B%5C+thirdly%2C%5C+reducing%5C+mostly%5C+PA%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+PLDs%5C+by%5C+addition%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+try%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+PLD%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+on%5C+phosphate%5C+starvation.%5C+1.%5C+Initial%5C+research%5C+of%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+the%5C+palnt%5C+growth.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seeding%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+molecules%2C%5C+the%5C+metabolic%5C+procees%5C+and%5C+signaling%5C+pathway%5C+invoved%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+we%5C+observed%2C%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+its%5C+polarity%5C+is%5C+positively%5C+correlated%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants%5C+may%5C+be%5C+related%5C+with%5C+the%5C+butanoate%5C+and%5C+propanoate%5C+metabolic%5C+pathway%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+free%5C+IAA%5C+is%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+resistance%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+for%5C+WS%5C+ecotype%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+Futhermore%2C%5C+five%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+insensitive%5C+mutants%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+and%5C+the%5C+mutant%5C+sites%5C+has%5C+identified.%5C+Under%5C+the%5C+same%5C+concentration%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+are%5C+in%5C+better%5C+condition%5C+no%5C+matter%5C+physical%5C+and%5C+chemical%5C+level%5C+or%5C+cellular%5C+levels%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+believed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+definitely%5C+provide%5C+direct%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phytohormones%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+The%5C+reason%5C+for%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+delaying%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+senescence%5C+may%5C+be%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+are%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+ABA%5C+and%5C+ethylene%5C+sinaling%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-or%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+contributes%5C+to%5C+reactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+%5C%28ROS%5C%29%5C+accumulation%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+level%5C+of%5C+indole%5C-3%5C-acrtic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28IAA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+zeatin%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%28ZR%5C%29%5C+level%5C+but%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+abscisic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ABA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+jasmonic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28JA%5C%29%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Col%5C+and%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+WS%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+favorable%5C+to%5C+retard%5C+the%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+leaves%5C+senescence.%5C+3.%5C+Application%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+when%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C-limited.%5C+The%5C+seedinges%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+or%5C+not%5C+exposed%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+was%5C+subjected%5C+to%5C+lethal%5C+stress.%5C+However%2C%5C+in%5C+low%5C+phosphate%5C+condition%2C%5C+application%5C+of%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+lower%5C+anthocyanin%5C+accumulation%2C%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+the%5C+siliques%5C+number%2C%5C+in%5C+a%5C+word%2C%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+attenuates%5C+the%5C+symptom%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+induced.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+tert%5C-Butanol%5C+can%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+phosphate%2C%5C+however%2C%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+the%5C+mechanism."},{"jsname":"Transposable elements (TEs) have been found to be a significant fraction of eukaryotic genomes. Moreover, they make great contributions to the structure, function and evolution of genomes as well as genes. However, some questions such as the mechanisms of retainment of TEs in the genome and their adaptive evolution have not been fully elucidated so far. In this study, the distributions of 17 TE-gene associations among Oryza species were investigated. In addition, the nucleotide diversity was analysed and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions were performed. Based on the above-observed patterns, evolutionary relationships between species in the AA genome group were discussed. The main results are as follows: For each TE-gene association, PCR and electrophoresis were conducted for a total of 107 strains, belonging to different Oryza species. The patterns of each TE-gene association in different species were obtained. It is our finding that 2 associations distribute through all Oryza species. By contrast, other 15 associations were only observed in some Oryza species. On basis of the above-mentioned results, it is likely that insertion events under study occurred in their common ancestor, and then they dispersed with subsequent divergence of different AA genome species. Our datas strongly support that O. meridionalis is the most basal lineage of AA genome group, instead of O. longistaminata.For several TE-gene associations fixed in populations of ancestor, the nucleotide diversity was estimated and neutral tests for the region flanking the TE insertions between populations with and without TE insertions were performed. No significant result was obtained. It is possible that the fixation of mutations with TE insetion is a random process; alternatively, this process is attributable to nature selection. Since the fixation has finished, it is difficult to detect the signature at the sequence level.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=FUNCTIONAL-ROLE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATransposable%5C+elements%5C+%5C%28TEs%5C%29%5C+have%5C+been%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+eukaryotic%5C+genomes.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+they%5C+make%5C+great%5C+contributions%5C+to%5C+the%5C+structure%2C%5C+function%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+genomes%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+genes.%5C+However%2C%5C+some%5C+questions%5C+such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+retainment%5C+of%5C+TEs%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+their%5C+adaptive%5C+evolution%5C+have%5C+not%5C+been%5C+fully%5C+elucidated%5C+so%5C+far.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+distributions%5C+of%5C+17%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+among%5C+Oryza%5C+species%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+above%5C-observed%5C+patterns%2C%5C+evolutionary%5C+relationships%5C+between%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+For%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%2C%5C+PCR%5C+and%5C+electrophoresis%5C+were%5C+conducted%5C+for%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+107%5C+strains%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+different%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+The%5C+patterns%5C+of%5C+each%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+association%5C+in%5C+different%5C+species%5C+were%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+our%5C+finding%5C+that%5C+2%5C+associations%5C+distribute%5C+through%5C+all%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+By%5C+contrast%2C%5C+other%5C+15%5C+associations%5C+were%5C+only%5C+observed%5C+in%5C+some%5C+Oryza%5C+species.%5C+On%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+that%5C+insertion%5C+events%5C+under%5C+study%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+their%5C+common%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+and%5C+then%5C+they%5C+dispersed%5C+with%5C+subsequent%5C+divergence%5C+of%5C+different%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+species.%5C+Our%5C+datas%5C+strongly%5C+support%5C+that%5C+O.%5C+meridionalis%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+basal%5C+lineage%5C+of%5C+AA%5C+genome%5C+group%2C%5C+instead%5C+of%5C+O.%5C+longistaminata.For%5C+several%5C+TE%5C-gene%5C+associations%5C+fixed%5C+in%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+ancestor%2C%5C+the%5C+nucleotide%5C+diversity%5C+was%5C+estimated%5C+and%5C+neutral%5C+tests%5C+for%5C+the%5C+region%5C+flanking%5C+the%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+between%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+TE%5C+insertions%5C+were%5C+performed.%5C+No%5C+significant%5C+result%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+of%5C+mutations%5C+with%5C+TE%5C+insetion%5C+is%5C+a%5C+random%5C+process%5C%3B%5C+alternatively%2C%5C+this%5C+process%5C+is%5C+attributable%5C+to%5C+nature%5C+selection.%5C+Since%5C+the%5C+fixation%5C+has%5C+finished%2C%5C+it%5C+is%5C+difficult%5C+to%5C+detect%5C+the%5C+signature%5C+at%5C+the%5C+sequence%5C+level."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-07-31"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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