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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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dissertation deals with the chemical constituents of six plants, Brainea insignis, Dipteris chinensis, Lygodium japonicum, Hypericum lagarocladum, Hypericum androsaemum, and Uncaria macrophylla. More than 100 compounds, including 18 new ones, were obtained using varied chromatography methods, and the structures of them were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The classifications of new compounds include flavonoids, diterpenoids, polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), and oxindole alkaloids, etc. Brainicin was an unusual flavan derivative with a linkage between C-4 of epicatechin and the side chain of a phenylpropyl unit isolated from B. insignis. The type of linkage was found for the first time in nature. A series of new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) possessing a spirocyclic skeleton, were found in H. lagarocladum. Hyperandrone A, a complex adamantyl derivative was the first example of PPAPs from H. androsaemum. Macrophyllionium, the first example of a zwitterionic oxindole alkaloid was isolated from the aerial parts of U. macrophylla. It extended the structural variety of the known betaines. Macrophyllines A and B were a pair of isomers with acetonyl in skeleton compared with other analogues, and they were proved to be natural products. In addition, some compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines and vasodilative effects on KCl-/phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction. As a result, corynantheidine exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 and SW480 cells with IC50 values of 13.96 and 23.28 μM, respectively; macrophylline A, isorhynchophylline, and dihydrocorynantheine showed strong inhibitory action on KCl-/PE-induced contraction. It was noteworthy that dihydrocorynantheine almost inhibited completely PE-induced contraction in rats thoracic aorta at 30 μg/ml. In contrast to the relatively smaller inhibitory effects of verapamil on PE-induced contraction at 3 and 10 μg/ml, dihydrocorynantheine showed significant inhibitory actions. It was shown to be a potent vasorelaxant of aorta. Finally, a review titled advances of chemistry and pharmacology of the genus Uncaria is presented.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+deals%5C+with%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+six%5C+plants%2C%5C+Brainea%5C+insignis%2C%5C+Dipteris%5C+chinensis%2C%5C+Lygodium%5C+japonicum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+lagarocladum%2C%5C+Hypericum%5C+androsaemum%2C%5C+and%5C+Uncaria%5C+macrophylla.%5C+More%5C+than%5C+100%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+18%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatography%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+classifications%5C+of%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+flavonoids%2C%5C+diterpenoids%2C%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+etc.%5C+Brainicin%5C+was%5C+an%5C+unusual%5C+flavan%5C+derivative%5C+with%5C+a%5C+linkage%5C+between%5C+C%5C-4%5C+of%5C+epicatechin%5C+and%5C+the%5C+side%5C+chain%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phenylpropyl%5C+unit%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+B.%5C+insignis.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+linkage%5C+was%5C+found%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+in%5C+nature.%C2%A0A%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+polycyclic%5C+polyprenylated%5C+acylphloroglucinols%5C+%5C%28PPAPs%5C%29%5C+possessing%5C+a%5C+spirocyclic%5C+skeleton%2C%5C+were%5C+found%5C+in%5C+H.%5C+lagarocladum.%5C+Hyperandrone%5C+A%2C%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+adamantyl%5C+derivative%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+PPAPs%5C+from%5C+H.%5C+androsaemum.%5C+Macrophyllionium%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+example%5C+of%5C+a%5C+zwitterionic%5C+oxindole%5C+alkaloid%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+aerial%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+U.%5C+macrophylla.%5C+It%5C+extended%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+variety%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+betaines.%5C+Macrophyllines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+were%5C+a%5C+pair%5C+of%5C+isomers%5C+with%5C+acetonyl%5C+in%5C+skeleton%5C+compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+analogues%2C%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+proved%5C+to%5C+be%5C+natural%5C+products.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+and%5C+vasodilative%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2Fphenylephrine%5C+%5C%28PE%5C%29%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+corynantheidine%5C+exhibited%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+HL%5C-60%5C+and%5C+SW480%5C+cells%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+values%5C+of%5C+13.96%5C+and%5C+23.28%5C+%CE%BCM%2C%5C+respectively%5C%3B%5C+macrophylline%5C+A%2C%5C+isorhynchophylline%2C%5C+and%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+inhibitory%5C+action%5C+on%5C+KCl%5C-%5C%2FPE%5C-induced%5C+contraction.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+noteworthy%5C+that%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+almost%5C+inhibited%5C+completely%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+in%5C+rats%5C+thoracic%5C+aorta%5C+at%5C+30%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+the%5C+relatively%5C+smaller%5C+inhibitory%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+verapamil%5C+on%5C+PE%5C-induced%5C+contraction%5C+at%5C+3%5C+and%5C+10%5C+%CE%BCg%5C%2Fml%2C%5C+dihydrocorynantheine%5C+showed%5C+significant%5C+inhibitory%5C+actions.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+shown%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+potent%5C+vasorelaxant%5C+of%5C+aorta.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+a%5C+review%5C+titled%5C+advances%5C+of%5C+chemistry%5C+and%5C+pharmacology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Uncaria%5C+is%5C+presented."},{"jsname":"The dissertation describes the studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivity of four Salvia plants, Salvia trijuga, Salvia castanea Diels f. pubescens, Salvia splendens, and Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels. By the means of chromatography and spectroscopic evidences, 110 compounds were isolated and identified from the above mentioned four species, among which 22 were new compounds. These compounds include sesquiterpenoid, diterpenoid, triterpenoid, steroid, flavone, phenolic acid and alkaloid compounds. Nine new germacrane sesquiterpenes have been isolated from Salvia trijuga, which is the first report of sesquiterpenoids from this plant. It is significant that two novel diterpenoids with a unique seco-norabietane skeleton and three uncommon C23 abietane diterpenoids were isolated from Salvia castanea Diels f. pubescens. The diterpenoid glucoside was isolated from Salvia splendens for the first time. In addition, the bioactivity tests showed four tanshinone diterpenoids exhibited significant activities against 11b-HSD1 of human and mouse; two tanshinones demonstrated significant effects on promoting T cell proliferation and inhibiting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC).","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+describes%5C+the%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+four%5C+Salvia%5C+plants%2C%5C+Salvia%5C+trijuga%2C%5C+Salvia%5C+castanea%5C+Diels%5C+f.%5C+pubescens%2C%5C+Salvia%5C+splendens%2C%5C+and%5C+Salvia%5C+flava%5C+Forrest%5C+ex%5C+Diels.%5C+By%5C+the%5C+means%5C+of%5C+chromatography%5C+and%5C+spectroscopic%5C+evidences%2C%5C+110%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+four%5C+species%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+22%5C+were%5C+new%5C+compounds.%5C+These%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+sesquiterpenoid%2C%5C+diterpenoid%2C%5C+triterpenoid%2C%5C+steroid%2C%5C+flavone%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+acid%5C+and%5C+alkaloid%5C+compounds.%5C+Nine%5C+new%5C+germacrane%5C+sesquiterpenes%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Salvia%5C+trijuga%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+report%5C+of%5C+sesquiterpenoids%5C+from%5C+this%5C+plant.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+significant%5C+that%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+diterpenoids%5C+with%5C+a%5C+unique%5C+seco%5C-norabietane%5C+skeleton%5C+and%5C+three%5C+uncommon%5C+C23%5C+abietane%5C+diterpenoids%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Salvia%5C+castanea%5C+Diels%5C+f.%5C+pubescens.%5C+The%5C+diterpenoid%5C+glucoside%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Salvia%5C+splendens%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+bioactivity%5C+tests%5C+showed%5C+four%5C+tanshinone%5C+diterpenoids%5C+exhibited%5C+significant%5C+activities%5C+against%5C+11b%5C-HSD1%5C+of%5C+human%5C+and%5C+mouse%5C%3B%5C+two%5C+tanshinones%5C+demonstrated%5C+significant%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+promoting%5C+T%5C+cell%5C+proliferation%5C+and%5C+inhibiting%5C+mesenchymal%5C+stem%5C+cell%5C+%5C%28MSC%5C%29."},{"jsname":"The dissertation is composed of three chapters. Chapter 1 provided an introduction to the investigation on the chemical constituents of two species of fern, including L. japonicium and S. doederleinii. In the second chapter, we described the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from three species of Viburnum, including V. odoratissimum, V. odoratissimum var. sessilifolrum, and V. foetidum. var. ceanothoides. In the last chapter, we summarized all the natural vibsane-type diterpenoids, and the activity and the synthesis research about them. By means of chromatography methods and spectroscopic evidences, 188 compounds were isolated and identified from the five species of plants, among which 43 compounds were new. The classes of these compounds include Lycopodium alkaloid, triterpenoid, diterpenoid, vibsane-type diterpenoid, steroid, lignan, flavnone, coumarin, phenol, phenolic glycoside. A Lycopodium alkaloid with a novel skeleton, lycojapodine A, was isolated from L. japonicium, as well as other 14 new ones. And 16 vibsane-type diterpenoid were isolated from species of Viburnum, 10 of which were new ones.All the new Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for the inhibition activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), part of the known Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for the anticancer activity, and most of the known Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for anti-HIV activity. Some of the vibsane-type diterpenoids were tested for the activity of inducing differentiation about leukaemia, controlling the migration of macrophages, and inducing morphological change in NGF-mediated PC-12 cell.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+three%5C+chapters.%5C+Chapter%5C+1%5C+provided%5C+an%5C+introduction%5C+to%5C+the%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+two%5C+species%5C+of%5C+fern%2C%5C+including%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+doederleinii.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+second%5C+chapter%2C%5C+we%5C+described%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+and%5C+identification%5C+of%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+three%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Viburnum%2C%5C+including%5C+V.%5C+odoratissimum%2C%5C+V.%5C+odoratissimum%5C+var.%5C+sessilifolrum%2C%5C+and%5C+V.%5C+foetidum.%5C+var.%5C+ceanothoides.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+last%5C+chapter%2C%5C+we%5C+summarized%5C+all%5C+the%5C+natural%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoids%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+activity%5C+and%5C+the%5C+synthesis%5C+research%5C+about%5C+them.%5C+By%5C+means%5C+of%5C+chromatography%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+spectroscopic%5C+evidences%2C%5C+188%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+five%5C+species%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+43%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+new.%5C+The%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%2C%5C+triterpenoid%2C%5C+diterpenoid%2C%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoid%2C%5C+steroid%2C%5C+lignan%2C%5C+flavnone%2C%5C+coumarin%2C%5C+phenol%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+glycoside.%5C+A%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+with%5C+a%5C+novel%5C+skeleton%2C%5C+lycojapodine%5C+A%2C%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+other%5C+14%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+And%5C+16%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoid%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Viburnum%2C%5C+10%5C+of%5C+which%5C+were%5C+new%5C+ones.All%5C+the%5C+new%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+the%5C+inhibition%5C+activity%5C+of%5C+acetylcholine%5C+esterase%5C+%5C%28AChE%5C%29%2C%5C+part%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+the%5C+anticancer%5C+activity%2C%5C+and%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+anti%5C-HIV%5C+activity.%5C+Some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoids%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+for%5C+the%5C+activity%5C+of%5C+inducing%5C+differentiation%5C+about%5C+leukaemia%2C%5C+controlling%5C+the%5C+migration%5C+of%5C+macrophages%2C%5C+and%5C+inducing%5C+morphological%5C+change%5C+in%5C+NGF%5C-mediated%5C+PC%5C-12%5C+cell."},{"jsname":"The dissertation is comprised of six chapters, in which the chemical and bioactive constituents of nine plants, Melodinus henryi, Melodinus tenuicaudatus, Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia yunnanensis, Lycoris radiata, Lycoris aurea, Litsea cubeba, Poncirus trifoliata, and Pinus yunnanensis, have been phytochemically studied. A total of 267 compounds, including 57 new ones, were isolated from these species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and the combination with X-ray diffraction analysis. Of these compounds, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids are an important part, including several novel carbon skeletons, such as melohenines A and B and melotenine A, and a series of new and bioactive compounds, such as new bisindole alkaloids from two Melodinus species showing significant cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines. As a whole, the discovery of these compounds enriched the family of natural products, and the structural elucidation of these compounds enhanced our understanding towards the relationship among the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids types.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+comprised%5C+of%5C+six%5C+chapters%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+nine%5C+plants%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+henryi%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+tenuicaudatus%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+scholaris%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+radiata%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+aurea%2C%5C+Litsea%5C+cubeba%2C%5C+Poncirus%5C+trifoliata%2C%5C+and%5C+Pinus%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+phytochemically%5C+studied.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+267%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+57%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+established%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+the%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.%5C+Of%5C+these%5C+compounds%2C%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+are%5C+an%5C+important%5C+part%2C%5C+including%5C+several%5C+novel%5C+carbon%5C+skeletons%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+melohenines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+and%5C+melotenine%5C+A%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+compounds%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+new%5C+bisindole%5C+alkaloids%5C+from%5C+two%5C+Melodinus%5C+species%5C+showing%5C+significant%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enriched%5C+the%5C+family%5C+of%5C+natural%5C+products%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+elucidation%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enhanced%5C+our%5C+understanding%5C+towards%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+among%5C+the%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+types."},{"jsname":"The reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the mechanism.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+reaction%5C+of%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+is%5C+which%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%5C+catalyzes%5C+hydrolytic%5C+cleavage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+terminal%5C+phosphate%5C+diester%5C+bond%5C+of%5C+glycerophosphatides%2C%5C+transfer%5C+the%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+moiety%5C+of%5C+a%5C+phospholipids%5C+to%5C+a%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+water%2C%5C+producing%5C+phosphatidyl%5C+alcohol%5C+or%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PtdOH%5C%29.%5C+Although%5C+this%5C+reaction%5C+plays%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+physical%5C+process%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+anminals%2C%5C+the%5C+pathway%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+and%5C+detailed%5C+regulation%5C+mechanism%5C+are%5C+still%5C+unknown%5C+or%5C+not%5C+clear.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+three%5C+factors%5C+which%5C+can%5C+affect%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+substrates%2C%5C+enzymes%5C+and%5C+products.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+intended%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+in%5C+detail%5C+by%5C+changing%5C+two%5C+indispensable%5C+factors%2C%5C+the%5C+type%5C+of%5C+substrate%5C+and%5C+the%5C+PLDs.%5C+This%5C+paper%5C+consist%5C+of%C2%A0three%5C+researches%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+one%2C%5C+changing%5C+the%5C+accept%5C+substrate%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C+aims%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+the%5C+physical%5C+effect%2C%5C+to%5C+reveal%5C+the%5C+significance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reaction%5C%3B%5C+secondly%2C%5C+using%5C+genetic%5C+methods%5C+to%5C+regulate%5C+the%5C+expression%5C+of%5C+PLDs%5C+mediating%5C+transphosphatidylation%5C+intends%5C+to%5C+study%5C+its%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+senescence%5C%3B%5C+thirdly%2C%5C+reducing%5C+mostly%5C+PA%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+PLDs%5C+by%5C+addition%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+try%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+PLD%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+on%5C+phosphate%5C+starvation.%5C+1.%5C+Initial%5C+research%5C+of%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+the%5C+palnt%5C+growth.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seeding%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+molecules%2C%5C+the%5C+metabolic%5C+procees%5C+and%5C+signaling%5C+pathway%5C+invoved%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+we%5C+observed%2C%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+and%5C+its%5C+polarity%5C+is%5C+positively%5C+correlated%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants%5C+may%5C+be%5C+related%5C+with%5C+the%5C+butanoate%5C+and%5C+propanoate%5C+metabolic%5C+pathway%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+transphosphatidylation%2C%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+free%5C+IAA%5C+is%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+resistance%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+for%5C+WS%5C+ecotype%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+Futhermore%2C%5C+five%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+insensitive%5C+mutants%5C+have%5C+obtained%5C+and%5C+the%5C+mutant%5C+sites%5C+has%5C+identified.%5C+Under%5C+the%5C+same%5C+concentration%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+are%5C+in%5C+better%5C+condition%5C+no%5C+matter%5C+physical%5C+and%5C+chemical%5C+level%5C+or%5C+cellular%5C+levels%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+believed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+five%5C+mutants%5C+definitely%5C+provide%5C+direct%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+uncover%5C+the%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+alcohols%5C+to%5C+plants.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+change%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phytohormones%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+leaves%5C+and%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+in%5C+regulating%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+The%5C+reason%5C+for%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+delaying%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+senescence%5C+may%5C+be%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+are%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+ABA%5C+and%5C+ethylene%5C+sinaling%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-or%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-derived%5C+PA%5C+contributes%5C+to%5C+reactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+%5C%28ROS%5C%29%5C+accumulation%5C%3B%5C+PLD%CE%B11%5C-antisense%5C+mutant%5C+and%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C-knockout%5C+mutant%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+level%5C+of%5C+indole%5C-3%5C-acrtic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28IAA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+zeatin%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%28ZR%5C%29%5C+level%5C+but%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+abscisic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28ABA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+jasmonic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28JA%5C%29%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+Col%5C+and%5C+wild%5C-type%5C+WS%2C%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+favorable%5C+to%5C+retard%5C+the%5C+phytohormone%5C-promoted%5C+detached%5C+leaves%5C+senescence.%5C+3.%5C+Application%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+when%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C-limited.%5C+The%5C+seedinges%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+or%5C+not%5C+exposed%5C+to%5C+1%5C-Butanol%5C+was%5C+subjected%5C+to%5C+lethal%5C+stress.%5C+However%2C%5C+in%5C+low%5C+phosphate%5C+condition%2C%5C+application%5C+of%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+lower%5C+anthocyanin%5C+accumulation%2C%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+phosphate%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+the%5C+siliques%5C+number%2C%5C+in%5C+a%5C+word%2C%5C+tert%5C-butanol%5C+attenuates%5C+the%5C+symptom%5C+of%5C+phosphate%5C-starved%5C+induced.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+tert%5C-Butanol%5C+can%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+utilization%5C+and%5C+absord%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+phosphate%2C%5C+however%2C%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+the%5C+mechanism."},{"jsname":"The thesis has elaborated studies on the alkaloids from two Daphniphyllum species, the fruits of Daphniphyllum longeracemosum Rosenth. and the twigs and lesves of Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. By variety of chromatographies over various materials, fourty-four alkaloids including four new ones were acquired from these two plants. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis (NMR, MS, IR, UV) including four new ones.Chapter 1 Alkaloids from Daphniphyllum longeracemosum Rosenth.Thirty alkaloids including four new Daphniphyllum alkaloids were isolated from the fruits of D. longeracemosum Rosenth. Their structures are diverse, which could be classified into eight different skeletons, but the Yuzurine-type and Calyciphylline A-type alkaloids are major. At the same time, three iridoid alkaloids were obtained distinguished with ones isolated from this genus previously.Chapter 2 Alkaloids from Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq..Fourteen Daphniphyllum alkaloids were isolated from the twigs and leaves of D. macropodum Miq. together one other kind of compound. Among them, structures of thirteen alkaloids were determined, and seven compounds were all C-30 type Daphniphyllum alkaloids.Chapter 3 Review.The Daphniphyllum alkaloids reported were reviewed since 2007.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+thesis%5C+has%5C+elaborated%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+alkaloids%5C+from%5C+two%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+fruits%5C+of%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%5C+Rosenth.%5C+and%5C+the%5C+twigs%5C+and%5C+lesves%5C+of%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+macropodum%5C+Miq.%5C+By%5C+variety%5C+of%5C+chromatographies%5C+over%5C+various%5C+materials%2C%5C+fourty%5C-four%5C+alkaloids%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+acquired%5C+from%5C+these%5C+two%5C+plants.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+by%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%5C+%5C%28NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%2C%5C+UV%5C%29%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones.Chapter%5C+1%C2%A0Alkaloids%5C+from%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%5C+Rosenth.Thirty%5C+alkaloids%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruits%5C+of%5C+D.%5C+longeracemosum%5C+Rosenth.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+are%5C+diverse%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+classified%5C+into%5C+eight%5C+different%5C+skeletons%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+Yuzurine%5C-type%5C+and%5C+Calyciphylline%5C+A%5C-type%5C+alkaloids%5C+are%5C+major.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%2C%5C+three%5C+iridoid%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+distinguished%5C+with%5C+ones%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+this%5C+genus%5C+previously.Chapter%5C+2%C2%A0Alkaloids%5C+from%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+macropodum%5C+Miq..Fourteen%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+twigs%5C+and%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+D.%5C+macropodum%5C+Miq.%5C+together%5C+one%5C+other%5C+kind%5C+of%5C+compound.%5C+Among%5C+them%2C%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+thirteen%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+determined%2C%5C+and%5C+seven%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+all%5C+C%5C-30%5C+type%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids.Chapter%5C+3%C2%A0Review.The%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+reported%5C+were%5C+reviewed%5C+since%5C+2007."},{"jsname":"The thesis has investagated on alkaloids in the fruits of three Daphniphyllum species Daphniphyllum longeracemosum, D. oldhami, and D. himalense, along with chemical compounds from leaves of Trichilia connaroides and Mitrephora maingayi. 83 compounds in total were acquired from those five plants and their structures were identified by organic spetra (NMR, MS, IR.), including two novel Daphniphyllum alkaloids, another three new ones, twelve new limonoids, a new steroids and a new acetogenin. Seventeen Daphniphyllum alkaloids were acquiered from Daphniphyllum longeracemosum, including two novel ones (Daphenylline and Longeramine) and another new alkaloid N-oxydaphnilongeranin C. Eighteen alkaloids were isolated from D. oldhamii, including two new alkaloids Daphnoldines A and B. Eleven alkaloids were afforded from D. himalense fruits.From Trichilia connaroides leaves, 22 compounds were afforded, including 12 new limonoids and a new steroid. 15 compounds were isolated from Mitrephora maingayi twigs and leaves, including a new annonaceous acetogenin.Furthermore, biological functions of Daphniphyllum alkaloids were initially seeked after based on their relation to squalene metabolism pathway. The alkaloids Longistylumphylline B and Paxdaphnine B were detected inhibtion against nAchR (a target protein for pesticide) from Drosophila. Furthermore, a phragmalin-type limonoid 30-acetyltrichagmalin F showed a moderate anti-PAF activity.In addition, squalene metabolism pathway along with its natual inhibitor and analogs were reviewed. The pathway was prospected as potential targets for antihyperlipoproteinemic drugs, pesticide, antifeedant or antifungal drugs.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=eperson.unique.id&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Alkaloid&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+thesis%5C+has%5C+investagated%5C+on%5C+alkaloids%5C+in%5C+the%5C+fruits%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+species%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%2C%5C+D.%5C+oldhami%2C%5C+and%5C+D.%5C+himalense%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+chemical%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Trichilia%5C+connaroides%5C+and%5C+Mitrephora%5C+maingayi.%5C+83%5C+compounds%5C+in%5C+total%5C+were%5C+acquired%5C+from%5C+those%5C+five%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+by%5C+organic%5C+spetra%5C+%5C%28NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR.%5C%29%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+another%5C+three%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+twelve%5C+new%5C+limonoids%2C%5C+a%5C+new%5C+steroids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+acetogenin.%5C+Seventeen%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+acquiered%5C+from%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+longeracemosum%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+novel%5C+ones%5C+%5C%28Daphenylline%5C+and%5C+Longeramine%5C%29%5C+and%5C+another%5C+new%5C+alkaloid%5C+N%5C-oxydaphnilongeranin%5C+C.%5C+Eighteen%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+D.%5C+oldhamii%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+new%5C+alkaloids%5C+Daphnoldines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B.%5C+Eleven%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+afforded%5C+from%5C+D.%5C+himalense%5C+fruits.From%5C+Trichilia%5C+connaroides%5C+leaves%2C%5C+22%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+afforded%2C%5C+including%5C+12%5C+new%5C+limonoids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+steroid.%5C+15%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Mitrephora%5C+maingayi%5C+twigs%5C+and%5C+leaves%2C%5C+including%5C+a%5C+new%5C+annonaceous%5C+acetogenin.Furthermore%2C%5C+biological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Daphniphyllum%5C+alkaloids%5C+were%5C+initially%5C+seeked%5C+after%5C+based%5C+on%5C+their%5C+relation%5C+to%5C+squalene%5C+metabolism%5C+pathway.%5C+The%5C+alkaloids%5C+Longistylumphylline%5C+B%5C+and%5C+Paxdaphnine%5C+B%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+inhibtion%5C+against%5C+nAchR%5C+%5C%28a%5C+target%5C+protein%5C+for%5C+pesticide%5C%29%5C+from%5C+Drosophila.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+a%5C+phragmalin%5C-type%5C+limonoid%5C+30%5C-acetyltrichagmalin%5C+F%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+moderate%5C+anti%5C-PAF%5C+activity.In%5C+addition%2C%5C+squalene%5C+metabolism%5C+pathway%5C+along%5C+with%5C+its%5C+natual%5C+inhibitor%5C+and%5C+analogs%5C+were%5C+reviewed.%5C+The%5C+pathway%5C+was%5C+prospected%5C+as%5C+potential%5C+targets%5C+for%5C+antihyperlipoproteinemic%5C+drugs%2C%5C+pesticide%2C%5C+antifeedant%5C+or%5C+antifungal%5C+drugs."},{"jsname":"This dissertation is composed of eight chapters. In chapters 1-7, the chemical and bioactive constituents of seven higher fungi, Boreostereum vibrans, Hexagonia speciosa, Panaeolus leucophanes, Gomphus purpuraceus, Sparassis crispa, Craterellus aureus and Hydnum repandum have been investigated. In chapter 8, a review about the chemical and bioactivity of N-containing compounds of macromycetes between 2004 and 2009 was given.100 compounds, including 36 new ones, were isolated from the above mentioned seven species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The type of the isolated compounds includes sesquiterpenoids, ergostols, isocoumarins, vibralactone derivertives, as well as oxygenated cyclohexanoids.Fourteen compounds were isolated from the culture broth of basidiomycete Boreostereum vibrans (Berk & M.A. Curtis Davydkina & Bondartseva (Aphyllophorales)). Among them, seven new ones were the vibralactone derivatives. 1,5-Secovibralactone and vibralactone C exhibited moderate inhibitory effect against human 11β-HSD1 but did not exhibit inhibition on 11β-HSD2. Vibralactone B, vibralactone D and acetylated vibralactone showed inhibitory activities against both 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. Twenty new oxygenated cyclohexanoids and a new acetylated aporpinone compounds, together with seven known compounds were isolated from the broth cultures of the basidiomycete Hexagonia speciosa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, while the structure of 8 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data.Phytochemical study of the culture of Panaeolus leucophanes has resulted in the isolation of thirteen compounds which of eight were isocoumarins, including four new ones. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. A new alliacane sesquiterpene, together with 5 known compounds, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Gomphus purpuraceu. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Five known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Sparassis crispa, and five from the fruiting bodies including two new compounds. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). A new hydroxyl acetylenic fatty acid, together with ten known compounds have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Craterellus aureus, and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Eleven known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Hydnum repandum. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D NMR, MS).In chapter 8, the chemical, biological, and mycological literature dealing with the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, and synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from the fruiting bodies and the culture broths of macromycetes were reviewed 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