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资助项目
0.05) between wild (AR = 4.651), semi-cultivated (AR = 5.091) and cultivated (AR = 5.132) populations of C. taliensis, which suggested that the genetic background of long-lived woody plant was not easy to be changed, and there were moderate high gene flow between populations. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between wild (AR = 5.9) and cultivated (AR = 7.1) populations distributed in the same place in Yun county, Yunnan province, which may result from the hybridization and introgression of species in the tea garden and anthropogenic damages to the wild population. The hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata was tested by morphological and microsatellites analyses. Compared with other species, the locules in ovary of C. grandibracteata are variable, which showed a morphological intermediate and mosaic. Except one private allele, Ninety-nine percent alleles of C. grandibracteata were shared with these of C. taliensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. And C. grandibracteata was nested in the cluster of C. taliensis in the UPGMA tree. Conclusively, our results supported the hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata partly. The speciation of C. grandibracteata was derived from hybridization and asymmetrical introgression potentially. It is possible that C. taliensis was one of its parents, but it still needs more evidences to prove that C. sinensis var. assamica was another parent.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Beta%2BDiversity&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACamellia%5C+taliensis%5C+%5C%28W.%5C+W.%5C+Smith%5C%29%5C+Melchior%2C%5C+a%5C+member%5C+of%5C+Camellia%5C+sect.%5C+Thea%2C%5C+is%5C+an%5C+indigenous%5C+species%5C+in%5C+local%5C+natural%5C+forest%5C+and%5C+has%5C+a%5C+long%5C+cultivative%5C+history%5C+in%5C+western%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+its%5C+neighborhood%2C%5C+where%5C+the%5C+domestications%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+in%5C+different%5C+historical%5C+periods%5C+and%5C+in%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+can%5C+be%5C+found.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+contributor%5C+to%5C+the%5C+formations%5C+of%5C+tea%5C+landraces%5C+by%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+14%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+screened%5C+from%5C+37%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+about%5C+this%5C+species%5C+with%5C+579%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+25%5C+populations%5C+%5C%2816%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+4%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+5%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%2C%5C+the%5C+potential%5C+hybrid%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%2C%5C+was%5C+investigated%5C+using%5C+39%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+2%5C+populations%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+%5C%2883%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+4%5C+populations%5C%29%5C+by%5C+the%5C+same%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+had%5C+a%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28A%5C+%3D%5C+14.3%2C%5C+Ne%3D%5C+5.7%2C%5C+HE%5C+%3D%5C+0.666%2C%5C+I%5C+%3D%5C+1.753%2C%5C+AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.2%2C%5C+PPB%5C+%3D%5C+100%25%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+several%5C+factors%5C+including%5C+K%5C-strategy%2C%5C+genetic%5C+background%2C%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations%2C%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+among%5C+species.%5C+Between%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+the%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+was%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+%5C%28Nm%5C+%3D%5C+1.197%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+genetic%5C+variation%5C+was%5C+less%5C+than%5C+20%25%5C+%5C%28GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.147%2C%5C+FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.173%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+other%5C+research%5C+results%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+its%5C+ancestry%5C+to%5C+same%5C+extent.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+a%5C+high%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+between%5C+geographic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+%5C%28r%5C+%3D%5C+0.372%2C%5C+P%5C+%3D%5C+0.001%5C%29%5C+of%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+accorded%5C+with%5C+isolation%5C+by%5C+distance%5C+model.%5C+Inferring%5C+from%5C+Bayesian%5C+clustering%5C+of%5C+genotypes%2C%5C+all%5C+individuals%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+were%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+groups%2C%5C+conflicting%5C+with%5C+the%5C+result%5C+based%5C+on%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+real%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+there%5C+were%5C+heavy%5C+and%5C+non%5C-random%5C+influences%5C+by%5C+human%5C+practices.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+allelic%5C+richness%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+differences%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3E%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+4.651%5C%29%2C%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.091%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.132%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+background%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plant%5C+was%5C+not%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+be%5C+changed%2C%5C+and%5C+there%5C+were%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations.%5C+However%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+difference%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3C%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.9%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.1%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+place%5C+in%5C+Yun%5C+county%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+the%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+garden%5C+and%5C+anthropogenic%5C+damages%5C+to%5C+the%5C+wild%5C+population.%5C+The%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+microsatellites%5C+analyses.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+locules%5C+in%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+are%5C+variable%2C%5C+which%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+morphological%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+mosaic.%5C+Except%5C+one%5C+private%5C+allele%2C%5C+Ninety%5C-nine%5C+percent%5C+alleles%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+were%5C+shared%5C+with%5C+these%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica.%5C+And%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+nested%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cluster%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+in%5C+the%5C+UPGMA%5C+tree.%5C+Conclusively%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+partly.%5C+The%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+asymmetrical%5C+introgression%5C+potentially.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+was%5C+one%5C+of%5C+its%5C+parents%2C%5C+but%5C+it%5C+still%5C+needs%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+was%5C+another%5C+parent."},{"jsname":"Chemical investigation of twelve macrofungi and one lichen including Coriolopsis gallica, Conocybe siliginea, Albatrellus confluens, Scutellinia ascoboloides, Lactarius deliciosus, Thelephora terrestris, Collybia acervata, Shiraia bambusicola, Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Mycena galericulata, Polyporus elegans, Trogia sp., and Sulcaria virens were comprehensively reported in this dissertation.113 different compounds have been isolated and elucidated by varied chromatographic methods and extensive spectroscopic analysis, among which 26 compounds were new ones. The classes of these new compounds include acetylenic acids, tremulane-type sesquiterpenes, cleistanthane-type diterpenes, isocoumarin, norleucine-type non-protein amino acid, etc. The highlight of this dissertation is the phytochemical investigation of Trogia sp. leading to two norleucine-type non-protein amino acids, 2R-amino-4S-hydroxy-5-hexynoic acid (104) and 2R-amino-5-hexynoic acid (105), which are responsible for the toxicity of this fungus. Cellulose microcrystalline column chromatography with n-BuOH-EtOH-AcOH-H2O (4:1:1:2, v/v/v) eluting system was extensively used for isolation of amino acids in this study. Comparing to traditional n-BuOH-AcOH-H2O (BAW) solvent system, a time-saving and efficient TLC solvent system OWF (organin layer-water-formic acid) for amino acids detection was developed. TLC solvent system OWF was prepared as below: solvent OW was composed of CHCl3-CH3COCH3-MeOH (10:4:4, v/v/v), which was saturated with water; 1 to 4 drops of formic acid was added to 1 ml solvent OW when used.In the last chapter, the chemical, biological and mycological literature dealing with the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, and synthesis of pigments produced by those fungi that produce conspicuous fruiting bodies (macromycetes) was reviewed. 198 references between June 2003 to December 2009 are cited.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Beta%2BDiversity&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AChemical%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+twelve%5C+macrofungi%5C+and%5C+one%5C+lichen%5C+including%5C+Coriolopsis%5C+gallica%2C%5C+Conocybe%5C+siliginea%2C%5C+Albatrellus%5C+confluens%2C%5C+Scutellinia%5C+ascoboloides%2C%5C+Lactarius%5C+deliciosus%2C%5C+Thelephora%5C+terrestris%2C%5C+Collybia%5C+acervata%2C%5C+Shiraia%5C+bambusicola%2C%5C+Cortinarius%5C+alboviolaceus%2C%5C+Mycena%5C+galericulata%2C%5C+Polyporus%5C+elegans%2C%5C+Trogia%5C+sp.%2C%5C+and%5C+Sulcaria%5C+virens%5C+were%5C+comprehensively%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation.113%5C+different%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+varied%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+26%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+The%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+these%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+acetylenic%5C+acids%2C%5C+tremulane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpenes%2C%5C+cleistanthane%5C-type%5C+diterpenes%2C%5C+isocoumarin%2C%5C+norleucine%5C-type%5C+non%5C-protein%5C+amino%5C+acid%2C%5C+etc.%5C+The%5C+highlight%5C+of%5C+this%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+the%5C+phytochemical%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+Trogia%5C+sp.%5C+leading%5C+to%5C+two%5C+norleucine%5C-type%5C+non%5C-protein%5C+amino%5C+acids%2C%5C+2R%5C-amino%5C-4S%5C-hydroxy%5C-5%5C-hexynoic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28104%5C%29%5C+and%5C+2R%5C-amino%5C-5%5C-hexynoic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28105%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+responsible%5C+for%5C+the%5C+toxicity%5C+of%5C+this%5C+fungus.%5C+Cellulose%5C+microcrystalline%5C+column%5C+chromatography%5C+with%5C+n%5C-BuOH%5C-EtOH%5C-AcOH%5C-H2O%5C+%5C%284%5C%3A1%5C%3A1%5C%3A2%2C%5C+v%5C%2Fv%5C%2Fv%5C%29%5C+eluting%5C+system%5C+was%5C+extensively%5C+used%5C+for%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+amino%5C+acids%5C+in%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+Comparing%5C+to%5C+traditional%5C+n%5C-BuOH%5C-AcOH%5C-H2O%5C+%5C%28BAW%5C%29%5C+solvent%5C+system%2C%5C+a%5C+time%5C-saving%5C+and%5C+efficient%5C+TLC%5C+solvent%5C+system%5C+OWF%5C+%5C%28organin%5C+layer%5C-water%5C-formic%5C+acid%5C%29%5C+for%5C+amino%5C+acids%5C+detection%5C+was%5C+developed.%5C+TLC%5C+solvent%5C+system%5C+OWF%5C+was%5C+prepared%5C+as%5C+below%5C%3A%5C+solvent%5C+OW%5C+was%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+CHCl3%5C-CH3COCH3%5C-MeOH%5C+%5C%2810%5C%3A4%5C%3A4%2C%5C+v%5C%2Fv%5C%2Fv%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+saturated%5C+with%5C+water%5C%3B%5C+1%5C+to%5C+4%5C+drops%5C+of%5C+formic%5C+acid%5C+was%5C+added%5C+to%5C+1%5C+ml%5C+solvent%5C+OW%5C+when%5C+used.In%5C+the%5C+last%5C+chapter%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%2C%5C+biological%5C+and%5C+mycological%5C+literature%5C+dealing%5C+with%5C+the%5C+isolation%2C%5C+structure%5C+elucidation%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+pigments%5C+produced%5C+by%5C+those%5C+fungi%5C+that%5C+produce%5C+conspicuous%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+%5C%28macromycetes%5C%29%5C+was%5C+reviewed.%5C+198%5C+references%5C+between%5C+June%5C+2003%5C+to%5C+December%5C+2009%5C+are%5C+cited."},{"jsname":"Chiang Mai University","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Beta%2BDiversity&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AChiang%5C+Mai%5C+University"},{"jsname":"Czech Science Foundation[15-23242S]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Beta%2BDiversity&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACzech%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C%5B15%5C-23242S%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Czech Science Foundation[16-26369S]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&query1=Beta%2BDiversity&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACzech%5C+Science%5C+Foundation%5C%5B16%5C-26369S%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"During a field trip at a brule in Shangri-La, a mixed population of Ligularia Cass. was found, which including L. subspicata (Bur. et Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. nelumbifolia (Bur. et Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. tongolensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. cymbulifera (W.W.Smith) Hand.-Mazz., L. lingiana S.W.Liu, and also some individuals morphologically intermediate between L. subspicata and L. nelumbifolia. Hence, these intermediate individuals were preliminarily assumed as natural hybrids of the two Ligularia. According to their morphology, they’re assumed to form hybrids A and B. Through careful comparison of specimens in herbarium and those we collected, the inflorescence of putative hybrid A is close to L. nelumbifolia, but the shape of laminae are intergradation of L. subspicata and L. nelumbifolia; overall morphology of putative hybrids B is similar to L. nelumbifolia, but inflorescence color is as same as L. subspicata. Compared to L. nelumbifolia (39%) and L. subspicata (36.8%), the germination rate of putative hybrid B (45.7%) slightly higher than the two; but that of hybrid A is extraordinarily low (0.3%). One possible interpretation of the low rate is hybridization. 60 individuals were collected, including putative parents, other 4 species of Ligularia nearby, putative hybrid A and B. They were all direct sequenced of four cpDNA fragments, and direct sequenced or cloning sequenced of nrDNA ITS4-5. The results support that L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata are parents of putative hybrid A, and the majority female parent is L. subspicata, L. vellerea may also be involved in the hybridization in some degree; the nuclear sequences of putative hybrid B have no superposition, and its chloroplast DNA sequences are identical with L. nelumbifolia, so putative hybrid B could not be hybrid; and there are backcross individuals exist among the putative parent L. subspicata. NewHybrids analysis of ISSR markers indicated that, the individuals of putative hybrid A are almost L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata F1 hybrid generation (10/11), only 1/11 possibly backcross or other forms; all individuals of hybrid B are L. nelumbifolia; except one individual of L. subspicata as backcrossed, the other parent individuals are 100% reliable. This study focused on molecular evidence, complemented by ecological, reproductive and other characteristics, we demonstrated that the morphologically intermediate individuals’ origin, and the probability of belonging to each parental or hybrid class. And concluded that L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata are the parents of putative hybrid A, L. vellerea may also be involved in the hybridization in some degree, hybrids mainly are the first generation, a few individuals may be involved in backcross, and most probably backcross with L. subspicata according to the anthesis, while the assumption of hybrid B is not 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