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资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&query1=cell%2Bsize&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy, the presence of three or more genomes in an organism, has occurred extensively in plants, and plays a major role in the evolution and speciation of angiosperm. Despite extensive study of the cytotypes distribution and origin of polyploidy, few studies have been reported in China, especially in southwest region. Allium wallichii Kunth (Alliaceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in southwest China, northen India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The multiple ploidy levels and rapid differentiation has made A. wallichii a good candidate for studying polyploidy. The cytotypes distribution and origin of A. wallichii polyploidy has been studied in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateu, a main distribution area of this plant. Root-tip squashes were used to identify the ploidy level and karyotypes of 412 plants from 17 populations sampled from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Based on nuclear ITS DNA sequences in 83 individuals from 17 populations, phylogentic analysis were performed to investigate types of A. wallichii polyloids, and determine if the reproductive isolation has been established between diploids and tetraploids. Based on two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16), haplotypes were identified , and the origination of tetraploids were analyzed. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Distribution of cytotypes, Cytotype distribution was analyzed based on 412 newly studied plants from seventeen populations and published literatures. Nine diploid populations, six diploid-tetraploid mixed populations occur in central to northwest Yunnan, while twelve tetraploid populations occur in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Furthermore, tetraploids has a wider altitude range (1400-3726 m) than diploids (2100-3638 m), which suggests the adaptative ability of tetraploid is much stronger than its diploid pregnancies. Tetraploid populations distributed in northwest Yunnan have much lower karyotype asymmetry with the asymmetry indexes (AI) ranges from 1.83 to 2.87 compared to other populations of other areas (AI, 2.03-3.02). This suggests tetraploid in northwest Yunnan is likely to have an earlier derivation. 2. Autoploidization origin of the tetraploids, Diploids are all 2A type except that Zhongdian D and Baoshan populations are 3A type, and tetraploids are all 2A type but Huize and Hezhang populations are 2B type. It shows high similarity of karyotypes of diploid and tetraploids. In addition, the undistinguishable morphology of A. wallichii with different ploidy levels in northwest Yunnan and the monophyly of A. wallichii in ITS strict consensus tree all suggest autopolyploid origins of tetraploids A. wallichii. 3. Multiple origins of tetraploids, Based on two cpDNA fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16) in 85 individuals from 17 populations across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a total of 17 haplotypes were identified, among them, 3 in diploids only, 11 in tetraploids only, and 3 found in both cytotypes. This, plus network analyses, indicated that tetraploids have arisen independently from diploids at least three times. 4. Productive isolation between diploids and teraploids, ITS phylogenetic analyses between diploid and tetraploid A. wallichii shows that diploids and tetraploids are both monophyly, with bootstrap value 100% and 88% respectively, indicating that the reproductive isolation has been established between them. Based on cpDNA haplotypes and ITS variation types analyses, extensive hybridization and gene introgression may have occurred among tetraploids.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.project.fundingorganization_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.date.issued.year%3A2010&query1=cell%2Bsize&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%2C%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+three%5C+or%5C+more%5C+genomes%5C+in%5C+an%5C+organism%2C%5C+has%5C+occurred%5C+extensively%5C+in%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+plays%5C+a%5C+major%5C+role%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+angiosperm.%5C+Despite%5C+extensive%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+polyploidy%2C%5C+few%5C+studies%5C+have%5C+been%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+China%2C%5C+especially%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+region.%5C+Allium%5C+wallichii%5C+Kunth%5C+%5C%28Alliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herb%2C%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+northen%5C+India%2C%5C+Nepal%2C%5C+Sikkim%5C+and%5C+Bhutan.%5C+The%5C+multiple%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+rapid%5C+differentiation%5C+has%5C+made%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+a%5C+good%5C+candidate%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+polyploidy.%5C+The%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyploidy%5C+has%5C+been%5C+studied%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateu%2C%5C+a%5C+main%5C+distribution%5C+area%5C+of%5C+this%5C+plant.%5C+Root%5C-tip%5C+squashes%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+identify%5C+the%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+and%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+412%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+sampled%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+DNA%5C+sequences%5C+in%5C+83%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%2C%5C+phylogentic%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+types%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyloids%2C%5C+and%5C+determine%5C+if%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%2C%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+origination%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+were%5C+analyzed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Distribution%5C+of%5C+cytotypes%2C%5C+Cytotype%5C+distribution%5C+was%5C+analyzed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+412%5C+newly%5C+studied%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+seventeen%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+published%5C+literatures.%5C+Nine%5C+diploid%5C+populations%2C%5C+six%5C+diploid%5C-tetraploid%5C+mixed%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+central%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+twelve%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+tetraploids%5C+has%5C+a%5C+wider%5C+altitude%5C+range%5C+%5C%281400%5C-3726%5C+m%5C%29%5C+than%5C+diploids%5C+%5C%282100%5C-3638%5C+m%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+suggests%5C+the%5C+adaptative%5C+ability%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+much%5C+stronger%5C+than%5C+its%5C+diploid%5C+pregnancies.%5C+Tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+much%5C+lower%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+with%5C+the%5C+asymmetry%5C+indexes%5C+%5C%28AI%5C%29%5C+ranges%5C+from%5C+1.83%5C+to%5C+2.87%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+other%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+other%5C+areas%5C+%5C%28AI%2C%5C+2.03%5C-3.02%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+suggests%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+an%5C+earlier%5C+derivation.%5C+2.%5C+Autoploidization%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Diploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+except%5C+that%5C+Zhongdian%5C+D%5C+and%5C+Baoshan%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+3A%5C+type%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+but%5C+Huize%5C+and%5C+Hezhang%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+2B%5C+type.%5C+It%5C+shows%5C+high%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+undistinguishable%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+in%5C+ITS%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+all%5C+suggest%5C+autopolyploid%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+A.%5C+wallichii.%5C+3.%5C+Multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%5C+in%5C+85%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+across%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+17%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+among%5C+them%2C%5C+3%5C+in%5C+diploids%5C+only%2C%5C+11%5C+in%5C+tetraploids%5C+only%2C%5C+and%5C+3%5C+found%5C+in%5C+both%5C+cytotypes.%5C+This%2C%5C+plus%5C+network%5C+analyses%2C%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+tetraploids%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+independently%5C+from%5C+diploids%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+4.%5C+Productive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+teraploids%2C%5C+ITS%5C+phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C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a rare genus endemic to China, has two species S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca. To explore systematic position and endangerment mechanisms of Sinopteris, its sporophyte morphological characteristics, gametophyte development, cytology, molecular phologenetics, and biogeography were investigated based on the extensive investigation of its distribution, existing circumstances and ecological adaptation. The main progresses are briefly summarized as follows:1. Resource investigation, S. grevilleoides has a scattered distribution only in very few areas of Dayao, Binchuan, Qiaojia in Yunnan and Qingchuan in Sichuan; the elevation scope of its habitate is 1100-1800m. S. albofusca distributes in areas, 1700-2800 meters above sealevel in Hebei, Beijing, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. Our investigation showed that the resources of the two species were decreasing and it was very difficult to find them in wild, even in distribution areas on record. 2. Sporophyte morphological characteristics, The plants of Sinopteris are evergreen small xerophytes. Fronds are texture coriaceous, pentagon, upper surface smooth, under surface whitish-farinose; veins pinnate branching, not seen above, but very prominently raised beneath. Sori are marginal, terminal, consisting of one or two large, globose, subsessile sporangium, provided with a very broad annulus. Indusia deeply cut into triangular, toothed lobes. The form of frond epidermis of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca bring into correspondence with each other: the epidermis cells are irregular narrow strip with sinuous anticlinal walls; the stomatal apparatus exists on the lower epidermis and its types according to Dilcher’s [26] nomination are polycytic and axillocytic. Scales attaching to the base of petiole are brown, lanceolate.3. Gametophyte development, The spores of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were cultured in improved Knop’s agar medium and three kinds of soil substrata respectively. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed. The impact of four culture substrata on the gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of S. grevilleoides was compared. The results are as follows:(1) The mature spores of Sinopteris were black-brown, isospory, regular tetrahedron, trilete, blunt triangle in polar view, scoop in equatorial view. Spore germination was of Vittaria-type and gametophyte exhibited Adiantum-type development. The adult prothalli were symmetric cordate. Antheridium protruding from the surface of prothalus was nearly spherosome. Archegonium was born near the notch on the ventral face of the cordate prothalus and those near the notch matured late. Mature archegonium was tall and slender, whose neck was composed of four lines cells and three to five layerscells each line. The four cells at the top separated when the archegonium matured. (2) The gametophyte and infant sporophyte morphological development of S. grevilleoides represented very different features on different culture substrata. Mature cordate prothalli on humus soil did not bear archegonias, and thus the process of sexual reproduction ofS. grevilleoides could not be finished. The substratum composed of humus soil and original soil in ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable substratum for gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of this species. Infant sporophytes needed extra nutrient solution to sustain its growth on improved Knop''s agar medium.(3) The main contaminants were bacteria, fungi and algae during sterile cultures and algae, moss and other higher plants during soil cultures.4. Cytology, Chromosome numbers of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were investigated firstly. The result showed that the chromosome numbers of the two species both were 2n=60 and the basic choromosome number was x=30. 5. Molecular phologenetics, The phylogeny of 26 species was estimated from combined analyses of four cpDNA sequence data sets (rps4, rps4-trnS, atpB, atpB-rbcL and trnL-F). Most parsimonious (MP) and Bayesian analysis both shows the genus Sinopteris is monophyletic with strong support and it is nearly related to A. subargentea from Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris. The MPsystematic tree also shows: both Leptolepidium and Cheilosoria are not monophyletic; Cheilosoria is nearly related to Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris and Leptolepidium is nearly related to Ser. Farinosae of Aleuritopteris.6. Population and community structure, The two species of Sinopteris mainly grow in the crevices of cliffs and the numbers of individuals within populations are small. In the community, they are less competitive and under dog. Its geographical distribution requires strict elevation, humidity and illumination. S. grevilleoides often grows in the brushwood or grass. Thickets of S. albofusca usually grows in the brushwood or coniferous forest. 7. Soil property,S. grevilleoides grows in purplish soil in wild; the soil is very thin and it isdifficult to store water. S. albofusca grows in sticky and infertile red soil. Analysis of the soil chemical property shows: the two original soils both are acid soil with high calcium and available B; their total Pand K is low.8. Endangerment factors and conservation measures, Endangerment factors: (1) Their distribution areas are so narrow that they are difficult to cope with environmental changes. (2)Their own physiological and ecological characteristics: spore germination was exigent over humidity, illumination and soil; their ecological circumstances cause their rhizomes to have no too much room to extend. Based on the previous two, reproduction by spores and rhizomes for the genus Sinopteris is limited. (3)To some extent, human-induced habitat loss, accompanying habit fragmentation, and natural disaster such as drought and fire accelerated the endangerment process. Conservation measures: (1) Have a clear and definite acquaintance to recent population size, distribution and growth dynamics by strengthening field investigation. (2) According to the specific circumstances, introduce in-situ and ex-situ conservation. (3)Rejuvenate and expand Sinopteris by adopting division propagation and artificial reproduction by spores. (4) Exploit species of the genus as greening and floral 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genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two 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reaction of transphosphatidylation is which phospholipase D catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphate diester bond of glycerophosphatides, transfer the phosphatidyl moiety of a phospholipids to a primary alcohol or water, producing phosphatidyl alcohol or phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Although this reaction plays important role in regulating physical process in plants and anminals, the pathway involved in and detailed regulation mechanism are still unknown or not clear. There are three factors which can affect transphosphatidylation, substrates, enzymes and products. This paper intended to uncover the physical effect of the reaction in detail by changing two indispensable factors, the type of substrate and the PLDs. This paper consist of three researches, the first one, changing the accept substrate of the reaction aims to study the relationship between the structure of alcohols and the physical effect, to reveal the significance of the reaction; secondly, using genetic methods to regulate the expression of PLDs mediating transphosphatidylation intends to study its roles in regulating senescence; thirdly, reducing mostly PA derived from PLDs by addition 1-Butanol try to study the effect of PLD-derived PA on phosphate starvation. 1. Initial research of the effect of alcohols on the palnt growth. In this study, we study on the effect of alcohols on Arabidopsis seed germination, seeding growth and membrane lipids molecules, the metabolic procees and signaling pathway invoved in plant responding to 1-Butanol. According to the results we observed, the toxicity of alcohols and its polarity is positively correlated; the toxicity of alcohols to plants may be related with the butanoate and propanoate metabolic pathway rather than transphosphatidylation, the increase of free IAA is contributed to the resistance to 1-Butanol for WS ecotype Arabidopsis thaliana. Futhermore, five 1-Butanol insensitive mutants have obtained and the mutant sites has identified. Under the same concentration 1-Butanol stress, the five mutants are in better condition no matter physical and chemical level or cellular levels compared to wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. It is believed that the five mutants definitely provide direct evidence for us to uncover the mechanism of the toxicity of alcohols to plants. 2. The change pattern of the membrane lipid molecules responding to the phytohormones-promoted detached Arabidopsis leaves and the role of PLDα1 and PLDδ in regulating this process. The reason for PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant delaying phytohormone-promoted senescence may be PLDα1 and PLDδ are response to the ABA and ethylene sinaling; PLDα1-or PLDδ-derived PA contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; PLDα1-antisense mutant and PLDδ-knockout mutant have higher level of indole-3-acrtic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) level but lower level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) compared to wild-type Col and wild-type WS, respectively, which is favorable to retard the phytohormone-promoted detached leaves senescence. 3. Application tert-butanol increase the efficiency of phosphate utilization and absord when the phosphate-limited. The seedinges phosphate-starved or not exposed to 1-Butanol was subjected to lethal stress. However, in low phosphate condition, application of tert-butanol lower anthocyanin accumulation, increase the phosphate levels and the siliques number, in a word, tert-butanol attenuates the symptom of phosphate-starved induced. It is suggested that tert-Butanol can increase the utilization and absord efficiency of the limited phosphate, however, more evidences are needed to prove the 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