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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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昆明植物所硕博研... [185]
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葛佳 [2]
许建初 [1]
王豪 [1]
王林林 [1]
李苗苗 [1]
王趁 [1]
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GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=forest%2Bmanagement&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+subgenera%5C+Quercus%5C+and%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+has%5C+approximately%5C+531%5C+species%2C%5C+making%5C+this%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+and%5C+most%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+genus%5C+within%5C+the%5C+Fagaceae%5C+family%2C%5C+occurring%5C+throughout%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+montane%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere.%5C+The%5C+occurrence%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+%5C%28desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C%29%5C+seeded%5C+plants%5C+is%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+making%5C+it%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+key%5C+genera%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+habitat%5C+loss%5C+and%5C+poor%5C+regeneration%2C%5C+some%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+are%5C+now%5C+declining.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+availability%5C+of%5C+good%5C-quality%5C+seed%5C+may%5C+lead%5C+to%5C+its%5C+natural%5C+regeneration%5C+problems.%5C+To%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+cause%5C+of%5C+the%5C+population%5C+decline%5C+and%5C+to%5C+conserve%5C+iteffectively%2C%5C+knowledge%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+is%5C+necessary.%5C+Despite%5C+this%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+Quercus%5C+species%5C+is%5C+largely%5C+overlooked%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%2Cwhich%5C+is%5C+predominately%5C+distributed%5C+across%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+Asia%2C%5C+is%5C+less%5C+well%5C+documented.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+new%5C+data%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+comprehensively%5C+for%5C+a%5C+conservation%5C+aim%2C%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+response%5C+of%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+%5C%28from%5C+S%5C+and%5C+SW%5C+China%5C%29%5C+and%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+%5C%28from%5C+both%5C+SW%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Europe%5C%29%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+on%5C+9%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+oil%5C+contents%5C+were%5C+quantified%5C+from%5C+18%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+a%5C+study%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+over%5C+4%5C+years%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+production%5C+of%5C+Q.%5C+schottkyana%5C+%5C%28subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C%29%5C+to%5C+fill%5C+the%5C+gap%5C+in%5C+knowledge.%5C+The%5C+data%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+All%5C+22%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+had%5C+desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C+%5C%28recalcitrant%5C%29%5C+fruits.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+22%5C+species%5C+which%5C+had%5C+fruit%5C+dry%5C+masses%5C+spanning%5C+0.57%5C+to%5C+6.41%5C+g%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratios%5C+spanning%5C+0.15%5C+to%5C+0.48%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+%5C%280.26%5C-4.10%5C+%25d%5C-1%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+differences%5C+were%5C+independent%5C+of%5C+fruit%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratio%2C%5C+but%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coat.2.%5C+%5C+The%5C+scar%2C%5C+composing%5C+4%25%5C+to%5C+37%25%5C+%5C%28surface%5C+area%5C%29%5C+of%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+fruit%5C+coat%2C%5C+was%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+main%5C+water%5C+passage%5C+for%5C+most%5C+species.%5C+Water%5C+transferred%5C+directly%5C+and%5C+quickly%5C+through%5C+the%5C+scar.%5C+From%5C+the%5C+scar%5C+through%5C+to%5C+the%5C+pericarp%5C+and%5C+ending%5C+at%5C+the%5C+apex%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+longitudinal%5C+passage%5C+of%5C+water%5C+flow.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+controlled%5C+the%5C+water%5C+flux%2C%5C+which%5C+furthermore%5C+introduced%5C+the%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Quercus%5C+species.3.%5C+In%5C+comparison%5C+to%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+fruits%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+germinated%5C+faster%5C+and%5C+most%5C+had%5C+maximum%5C+germination%5C+at%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+25%C2%B0C.%5C+At%5C+lower%5C+temperatures%5C+%5C%2815%C2%B0C%2C%5C+20%C2%B0C%5C%29%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+was%5C+slower%5C+and%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+most%5C+species%5C+was%5C+decreased%2C%5C+but%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+was%5C+not%5C+affected%5C+at%5C+these%5C+low%5C+temperatures.%5C+The%5C+thermal%5C+requirements%5C+for%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+these%5C+two%5C+subgenera%5C+suggested%5C+an%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+these%5C+fruits%5C+to%5C+their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Plateau is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. The response of alpine ecosystem to climate change becomes a hot topic of scientific research. Plant phenology is best indicator of climate change. It will be meaningful to look at the response of alpine ecosystem to climate change from the plant phenology point of view. However, phenology research is still very weak on the Tibetan Plateau, and the ground observations are also very limited. Therefore, study on the growing season change and relation with temperature and precipitation will be scientifically and practically meaningful.In this study, we studied the interannual change of NDVI, temperature and precipitation and their correlation. Then the growing season on the Tibetan Plateau was simulated using both the slope method and NDVI ratio method. By comparing the results with ground observation, the NDVI ratio method with certain threshold was selected. Growing season from 1982-2006 was simulated with the selected method and then the spatial and temporal distribution of growing season was analyzed. Finally, we used multi-regression to derive the relation between growing season, temperature and precipitation. Some main conclusions were drawn from this study. NDVI ratio method performs better in simulating the growing season than slope method. The final thresholds selected for simulating the start and end dates of growing season are 0.2 and 0.6, respectively. Both the mean NDVI in May and June and beginning dates of growing season of meadow and steppe shows non-linear trend from 1982 to 2006. However, the beginning dates of growing season of meadow and steppe before 2000 display significant advance trend(0.48 d yr-1 and 0.62d yr-1,respectively), but delay after 2000；the end dats of meadow shows no significant trend during 1982 and 2000,but trend of the end dats of steppe is significant(0.52 d yr-1)；the lengths of growing season of meadow and steppe become longer before 2000(0.49d yr-1 and 0.55 d yr-1,respectively), then become shorter afterwards. Relation between temperature and precipitation with beginning dates of growing season is more significant than with end dates. The significantly rising temperature in winter delay the beginning dates of growing season because of the reduction of chilling requirement. Increase of spring temperature and precipitation promotes early beginning dates of growing season. The end dates of growing season are early due to the increase of temperature in July and August, but are late when temperature in September and precipitation from May to September increases.Finally, we figure out the shortcoming of the study and recommend possible way to solve the problem and more detailed future work is required.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=forest%2Bmanagement&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATibetan%5C+Plateau%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+sensitive%5C+areas%5C+to%5C+global%5C+climate%5C+change.%5C+The%5C+response%5C+of%5C+alpine%5C+ecosystem%5C+to%5C+climate%5C+change%5C+becomes%5C+a%5C+hot%5C+topic%5C+of%5C+scientific%5C+research.%5C+Plant%5C+phenology%5C+is%5C+best%5C+indicator%5C+of%5C+climate%5C+change.%5C+It%5C+will%5C+be%5C+meaningful%5C+to%5C+look%5C+at%5C+the%5C+response%5C+of%5C+alpine%5C+ecosystem%5C+to%5C+climate%5C+change%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+phenology%5C+point%5C+of%5C+view.%5C+However%2C%5C+phenology%5C+research%5C+is%5C+still%5C+very%5C+weak%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Tibetan%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ground%5C+observations%5C+are%5C+also%5C+very%5C+limited.%5C+Therefore%2C%5C+study%5C+on%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+change%5C+and%5C+relation%5C+with%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+will%5C+be%5C+scientifically%5C+and%5C+practically%5C+meaningful.In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+the%5C+interannual%5C+change%5C+of%5C+NDVI%2C%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+and%5C+their%5C+correlation.%5C+Then%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Tibetan%5C+Plateau%5C+was%5C+simulated%5C+using%5C+both%5C+the%5C+slope%5C+method%5C+and%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method.%5C+By%5C+comparing%5C+the%5C+results%5C+with%5C+ground%5C+observation%2C%5C+the%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method%5C+with%5C+certain%5C+threshold%5C+was%5C+selected.%5C+Growing%5C+season%5C+from%5C+1982%5C-2006%5C+was%5C+simulated%5C+with%5C+the%5C+selected%5C+method%5C+and%5C+then%5C+the%5C+spatial%5C+and%5C+temporal%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+was%5C+analyzed.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+we%5C+used%5C+multi%5C-regression%5C+to%5C+derive%5C+the%5C+relation%5C+between%5C+growing%5C+season%2C%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation.%5C+Some%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+were%5C+drawn%5C+from%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+NDVI%5C+ratio%5C+method%5C+performs%5C+better%5C+in%5C+simulating%5C+the%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+than%5C+slope%5C+method.%5C+The%5C+final%5C+thresholds%5C+selected%5C+for%5C+simulating%5C+the%5C+start%5C+and%5C+end%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+are%5C+0.2%5C+and%5C+0.6%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+mean%5C+NDVI%5C+in%5C+May%5C+and%5C+June%5C+and%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+shows%5C+non%5C-linear%5C+trend%5C+from%5C+1982%5C+to%5C+2006.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+before%5C+2000%5C+display%5C+significant%5C+advance%5C+trend%5C%280.48%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C+and%5C+0.62d%5C+yr%5C-1%2Crespectively%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+delay%5C+after%5C+2000%EF%BC%9Bthe%5C+end%5C+dats%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+shows%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+trend%5C+during%5C+1982%5C+and%5C+2000%2Cbut%5C+trend%5C+of%5C+the%5C+end%5C+dats%5C+of%5C+steppe%5C+is%5C+significant%5C%280.52%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C%29%EF%BC%9Bthe%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+of%5C+meadow%5C+and%5C+steppe%5C+become%5C+longer%5C+before%5C+2000%5C%280.49d%5C+yr%5C-1%5C+and%5C+0.55%5C+d%5C+yr%5C-1%2Crespectively%5C%29%2C%5C+then%5C+become%5C+shorter%5C+afterwards.%5C+Relation%5C+between%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+with%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+is%5C+more%5C+significant%5C+than%5C+with%5C+end%5C+dates.%5C+The%5C+significantly%5C+rising%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+winter%5C+delay%5C+the%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reduction%5C+of%5C+chilling%5C+requirement.%5C+Increase%5C+of%5C+spring%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+promotes%5C+early%5C+beginning%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season.%5C+The%5C+end%5C+dates%5C+of%5C+growing%5C+season%5C+are%5C+early%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+July%5C+and%5C+August%2C%5C+but%5C+are%5C+late%5C+when%5C+temperature%5C+in%5C+September%5C+and%5C+precipitation%5C+from%5C+May%5C+to%5C+September%5C+increases.Finally%2C%5C+we%5C+figure%5C+out%5C+the%5C+shortcoming%5C+of%5C+the%5C+study%5C+and%5C+recommend%5C+possible%5C+way%5C+to%5C+solve%5C+the%5C+problem%5C+and%5C+more%5C+detailed%5C+future%5C+work%5C+is%5C+required."},{"jsname":"Xiaozhongdian, a town of Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture, was chosen as the main field site for studying the structure and characters of traditional agricultural ecosystem, by using approaches of ethnobotany, cultural anthropology and ecology. Combined with interviewing exercises in Hanpi village, Jiantang Township, this paper also discussed the impact of traditional management on the biocultural diversity. The results showed: Traditional agroecosystem in Shangri-la is an integrated system with three subsystems, which are farming, forest and grazing subsystem. The seasonal shifting grazing activity in Shangri-la, following the natural season change and the recover process of plants, is a sustainable management that protects the local biodiversity. However, along with the decay of shifting grazing tradition recently, the local Tibetans turned to use grass land and forest which is close to villages as the main grazing lands. It increased the pasturing pressure to these areas and caused productivity decreasing and biodiversity. As a symbolic part of Tibetan culture in Shangri-la, the sacred mountain culture has played a significant role in biodiversity conservation by restricting human’s behavior. The Tibetan traditional culture, indigenous knowledge and traditional ecosystem management in Shangri-la has contributed to the biodiversity conservation in this area. However, this research indicated that under the pressure of mainstream culture and market economy, traditional knowledge is vanishing; old crop land races are decreasing; diverse land use management is inclining to be single and seasonal shifting grazing tradition is fading away. The change of diversity to singularity might cause some negative impacts on the local environment and ecosystem. In this paper, advices were also given on how to combine Tibetan traditional knowledge and management experiences into sustainable development of modern agriculture. In this thesis, genetic diversity of Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li, a plant endemic to southwest China, was also discussed through the approach of SSR markers. The wild populations of M. lasiocarpa are very rare now due to the habitat fragment and long time human’s disturbance. By conducting broad field investigation, we have found 5 wild populations near the boarder of Yunnan and Sichuan province. Seventeen microsatellite markers were isolated from M. lasiocarpa by using FIASCO method. 8 primers were selected to do the further genetic population structure and genetic diversity analysis. The results showed that genetic diversity of M. lasiocarpa’s wild populations is higher than cultivated populations. The genetic diversity difference between wild and cultivated populations is related to the different reproduction systems. Adopting the way of asexuality reproduction, the genetic basis of cultivated populations become narrow that decrease the genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis showed that 37.19% genetic differentiation is among populations and 62.81% is within population. Genetic differentiation among different populations is related to the limited gene communication. POPGENE analysis indicated that there is very little gene flow among different populations (0.4916), which is the main reason of high genetic differentiation among M. lasiocarpa 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((专题：昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文))
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