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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Taxus wallichiana complex represents an old relict conifer lineage that survived through the Tertiary. It is currently distributed in the mountain forests in South and Southwest China south of the Qinling Mountains. In the present study, we explored phylogeography of the complex by using two chloroplast DNA regions, one nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer region and eight microsatellite (SSR) loci. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:1. Phylogeographic pattern based on chloroplast haplotypes，There were 11 cpDNA haplotypes identified in the T. wallichiana complex The complex showed a high level of genetic diversity and obvious genetic differentiation. The 44 sampled populations showed obvious genetic structure, which could be divided into five groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba group, the Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. There was extremely high genetic differentiation among groups, but not significant within group. The divergence times of the five lineages, estimated using average mutation rates of trnL-trnF, fell in the Pliocene. 2. Phylogeographic patterns based on ITS sequences，These included 38 unique ‘haplotypes’ based on ITS data. Their analysis showed that the T. wallichiana complex possessed a high genetic diversity. These populations could be divided into four groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba/Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. Based on all results, it appears that the major lineages constituting the T. wallichiana complex have arisen before Quaternary glaciation cycles, and may have survived isolated in different refugia. During interglacial periods some lineages appear to have come in contact and hybridizedbut other lineages merged forming populations with mixed haplotypes without signs of hybridization. The present-day phylogeographical distribution pattern of the T. wallichiana complex might thus be the result of repeated expansion / contractions of populations during interglacial / glacial cycles.3. Population genetic analysis using microsatellite (SSR) markers，Eight SSR loci were used for population genetic analysis on the T. wallichiana complex. A lower level of genetic diversity at the population level and high genetic differentiation among population was detected. The results of structure analysis were similar to those on the ITS data, dividing the populations into four groups (lineages). According to the results here, it was deduced that each of the 4 lineages of the T. wallichiana complex may possessed respective glacial refugia, and some lineages (such as the Qinling and Huanan lineage) might have survived in multiple refugia in the Quaternay glaciations. The present distribution pattern of this complex was likely influenced by the uplift of the QTP and Quaternary glaciation.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Total%2BSynthesis&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Taxus%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+represents%5C+an%5C+old%5C+relict%5C+conifer%5C+lineage%5C+that%5C+survived%5C+through%5C+the%5C+Tertiary.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+currently%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mountain%5C+forests%5C+in%5C+South%5C+and%5C+Southwest%5C+China%5C+south%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountains.%C2%A0In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+explored%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+by%5C+using%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+regions%2C%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+ribosomal%5C+DNA%5C+spacer%5C+region%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+loci.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+can%5C+be%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+haplotypes%EF%BC%8CThere%5C+were%5C+11%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+The%5C+complex%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation.%5C+The%5C+44%5C+sampled%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+structure%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Emei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+extremely%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+groups%2C%5C+but%5C+not%5C+significant%5C+within%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+divergence%5C+times%5C+of%5C+the%5C+five%5C+lineages%2C%5C+estimated%5C+using%5C+average%5C+mutation%5C+rates%5C+of%5C+trnL%5C-trnF%2C%5C+fell%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Pliocene.%C2%A02.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+patterns%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CThese%5C+included%5C+38%5C+unique%5C+%E2%80%98haplotypes%E2%80%99%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+data.%5C+Their%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%C2%A0These%5C+populations%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C%2FEmei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+all%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+appears%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+constituting%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+before%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation%5C+cycles%2C%5C+and%5C+may%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+isolated%5C+in%5C+different%5C+refugia.%5C+During%5C+interglacial%5C+periods%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+appear%5C+to%5C+have%5C+come%5C+in%5C+contact%5C+and%5C+hybridizedbut%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+merged%5C+forming%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+mixed%5C+haplotypes%5C+without%5C+signs%5C+of%5C+hybridization.%5C+The%5C+present%5C-day%5C+phylogeographical%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+might%5C+thus%5C+be%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+repeated%5C+expansion%5C+%5C%2F%5C+contractions%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+during%5C+interglacial%5C+%5C%2F%5C+glacial%5C+cycles.3.%5C+Population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+using%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+markers%EF%BC%8CEight%5C+SSR%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+for%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex.%5C+A%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+at%5C+the%5C+population%5C+level%5C+and%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+population%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+structure%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+those%5C+on%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+data%2C%5C+dividing%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%5C+%5C%28lineages%5C%29.%C2%A0According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+here%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+each%5C+of%5C+the%5C+4%5C+lineages%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+may%5C+possessed%5C+respective%5C+glacial%5C+refugia%2C%5C+and%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+%5C%28such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+and%5C+Huanan%5C+lineage%5C%29%5C+might%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Quaternay%5C+glaciations.%5C+The%5C+present%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+likely%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+the%5C+uplift%5C+of%5C+the%5C+QTP%5C+and%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-09-26"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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