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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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in the genus of Pedicularis L. have high values in horticulture and some species are medicinal plants. However, they have a reputation for being uncultivable, which is an obstacle for their exploitation and utilization. In this dissertation, the hemiparasitism of Pedicularis species was studied systematically for the first time, and the successful cultivation of three Pedicularis species (Pedicularis densispica，Pedicularis cephalantha and Pedicularis rex) throughout all life stages was achieved for the first time. With several representative species as main study materials, a series of experiments on seed germination, vegetation survey in Pedicularis communities, and pot cultivation were carried out. We studied Pedicularis parasitic habit systematically and aimed to achieve progress in the cultivation of Pedicularis species based on the understanding of their parasitic habit. The main results are as follows:1. The dormancy showed by the tested Pedicularis species was non-deep physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy could be overcome by moist-chilling and GA3. Cold stratification for 30-60 days, or 500-1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for germination percentage, and stratification for 15 days, or 1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for mean germination time. The combination of cold stratification and GA3 were more effective measures to promote seed germination. The optimal germination conditions varied with species, while as a whole, the highest germination percentages were obtained from treatments of 500-1000 mg/L GA3 followed by 15-30 days stratification, and the lowest values of mean germination time were obtained from treatments of 100-1000mg/L GA3 followed by 15-day stratification. Seed germination was not the obstacle for the cultivation of Pedicularis species.2. Host range and host selectivity of a Pedicularis species were studied systematically for the first time. Examinations of haustorial connections revealed that P. densispica had a wide host range, and it can form haustorial connections on the roots of 33 species belonging to 14 families. Compositae (8 species), Gramineae (5 species) and Leguminosae (5 species) species comprised major hosts. In addition, self-parasitism was observed. Haustoria were non-randomly distributed among host species, suggesting that there was some host selectivity. P. densispica generally preferred species in the families of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. The results of association analysis and correlation analysis based on vegetation survey supported the result of examinations of haustorial connections. And correlation analysis was a better way to test host selectivity.3. This is the first report for the performance of Pedicularis species in cultivation throughout all life stages (from seeds to seeds). The high dependence of Pedicularis specieson host plants and their host preference were demonstrated in this study. Pedicularis speciesstrongly depended on host presence, while host plants were essential to Pedicularis speciesnot for survival but for proper development. Different Pedicularis species preferred to different hosts. Host defoliation was a useful promoting measure for the cultivation of Pedicularis species. Pedicularis species reduced the performance of host plants. With the assistance of hosts, three Pedicularis species were cultivated successfully and they retained high horticulture quality.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Time%2BTo%2BGermination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+L.%5C+have%5C+high%5C+values%5C+in%5C+horticulture%5C+and%5C+some%5C+species%5C+are%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+have%5C+a%5C+reputation%5C+for%5C+being%5C+uncultivable%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+an%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+their%5C+exploitation%5C+and%5C+utilization.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+the%5C+hemiparasitism%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+successful%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Pedicularis%5C+densispica%EF%BC%8CPedicularis%5C+cephalantha%5C+and%5C+Pedicularis%5C+rex%5C%29%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+was%5C+achieved%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+With%5C+several%5C+representative%5C+species%5C+as%5C+main%5C+study%5C+materials%2C%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+in%5C+Pedicularis%5C+communities%2C%5C+and%5C+pot%5C+cultivation%5C+were%5C+carried%5C+out.%5C+We%5C+studied%5C+Pedicularis%5C+parasitic%5C+habit%5C+systematically%5C+and%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+achieve%5C+progress%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+understanding%5C+of%5C+their%5C+parasitic%5C+habit.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+The%5C+dormancy%5C+showed%5C+by%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+non%5C-deep%5C+physiological%5C+dormancy.%5C+Seed%5C+dormancy%5C+could%5C+be%5C+overcome%5C+by%5C+moist%5C-chilling%5C+and%5C+GA3.%5C+Cold%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+30%5C-60%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+and%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+15%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+cold%5C+stratification%5C+and%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+more%5C+effective%5C+measures%5C+to%5C+promote%5C+seed%5C+germination.%5C+The%5C+optimal%5C+germination%5C+conditions%5C+varied%5C+with%5C+species%2C%5C+while%5C+as%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+germination%5C+percentages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-30%5C+days%5C+stratification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+values%5C+of%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+100%5C-1000mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-day%5C+stratification.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+not%5C+the%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.2.%5C+Host%5C+range%5C+and%5C+host%5C+selectivity%5C+of%5C+a%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+revealed%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+had%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+host%5C+range%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+can%5C+form%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+on%5C+the%5C+roots%5C+of%5C+33%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+14%5C+families.%5C+Compositae%5C+%5C%288%5C+species%5C%29%2C%5C+Gramineae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+and%5C+Leguminosae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+species%5C+comprised%5C+major%5C+hosts.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+self%5C-parasitism%5C+was%5C+observed.%5C+Haustoria%5C+were%5C+non%5C-randomly%5C+distributed%5C+among%5C+host%5C+species%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+some%5C+host%5C+selectivity.%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+generally%5C+preferred%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gramineae%5C+and%5C+Cyperaceae.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+association%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections.%5C+And%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+a%5C+better%5C+way%5C+to%5C+test%5C+host%5C+selectivity.3.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+report%5C+for%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+in%5C+cultivation%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+%5C%28from%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+seeds%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+high%5C+dependence%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+specieson%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+host%5C+preference%5C+were%5C+demonstrated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesstrongly%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+host%5C+presence%2C%5C+while%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+were%5C+essential%5C+to%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesnot%5C+for%5C+survival%5C+but%5C+for%5C+proper%5C+development.%5C+Different%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+preferred%5C+to%5C+different%5C+hosts.%5C+Host%5C+defoliation%5C+was%5C+a%5C+useful%5C+promoting%5C+measure%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+reduced%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+host%5C+plants.%5C+With%5C+the%5C+assistance%5C+of%5C+hosts%2C%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+cultivated%5C+successfully%5C+and%5C+they%5C+retained%5C+high%5C+horticulture%5C+quality."},{"jsname":"Plants respond to unpredictable alpine environments by a high degree of specialization in the structural and functional aspects of their flowers and pollination. However, few original data about the reproductive biology of these plants has been documented, particularly in the species-rich Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. Incarvillea Juss. is notable for being a temperate and herbaceous member in the primarily tropical and woody family Bignoniaceae. Most species of the genus occur in alpine areas of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. We investigated the reproductive biology of two alpine species, I. mairei and I. lutea. Incarvillea mairei was highly self-compatible, but depended on pollinators for seed production. The main pollinators were Halictus sp and Apis sp. at low altitude, and bumblebee at high altitude. Seed production was severely limited by pollinators, as indicated by supplemental hand-pollination experiments. The extended floral longevity and stigma receptivity greatly compensated for pollinator limitation. Outcrossing rates were high from 0.834 to 0.988 with altitude and cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.088, indicating a predominant outcrossing mating system. The combination of floral traits (approach herkogamy, sensitive stigma, anther appendages) and pollinator activities ensure a remarkably efficient pollination mechanism, as well as make it possible to ensure reproduction success in alpine habitats. Incarvillea lutea is self-compatible, but depends on insects for seed production. Both the fruit and seed set were high under natural conditions. The main pollinator is Halictus sp. The larger floral displays of I. lutea received more visitations, but facilitated geitonogamous pollination simultaneously. The cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.373. The corolla tube changed color with age from yellow to red. Young yellow flowers had a significant greater pollen and nectar reward. The co-occurrence of the change in amount of reward and flower color enabled I. lutea to direct pollinators to visit reproductive, highly rewarding yellow flowers. We suggest floral color change in I. lutea may serve as a mechanism for reducing geitonogamous pollination and increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer to enhance plant fitness.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Time%2BTo%2BGermination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+unpredictable%5C+alpine%5C+environments%5C+by%5C+a%5C+high%5C+degree%5C+of%5C+specialization%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+and%5C+functional%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+their%5C+flowers%5C+and%5C+pollination.%5C+However%2C%5C+few%5C+original%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+these%5C+plants%5C+has%5C+been%5C+documented%2C%5C+particularly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+Juss.%5C+is%5C+notable%5C+for%5C+being%5C+a%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+herbaceous%5C+member%5C+in%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+woody%5C+family%5C+Bignoniaceae.%5C+Most%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+We%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+two%5C+alpine%5C+species%2C%5C+I.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+I.%5C+lutea.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+mairei%5C+was%5C+highly%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+pollinators%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+Halictus%5C+sp%5C+and%5C+Apis%5C+sp.%5C+at%5C+low%5C+altitude%2C%5C+and%5C+bumblebee%5C+at%5C+high%5C+altitude.%5C+Seed%5C+production%5C+was%5C+severely%5C+limited%5C+by%5C+pollinators%2C%5C+as%5C+indicated%5C+by%5C+supplemental%5C+hand%5C-pollination%5C+experiments.%5C+The%5C+extended%5C+floral%5C+longevity%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+receptivity%5C+greatly%5C+compensated%5C+for%5C+pollinator%5C+limitation.%5C+Outcrossing%5C+rates%5C+were%5C+high%5C+from%5C+0.834%5C+to%5C+0.988%5C+with%5C+altitude%5C+and%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.088%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+predominant%5C+outcrossing%5C+mating%5C+system.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28approach%5C+herkogamy%2C%5C+sensitive%5C+stigma%2C%5C+anther%5C+appendages%5C%29%5C+and%5C+pollinator%5C+activities%5C+ensure%5C+a%5C+remarkably%5C+efficient%5C+pollination%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+make%5C+it%5C+possible%5C+to%5C+ensure%5C+reproduction%5C+success%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+lutea%5C+is%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depends%5C+on%5C+insects%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+were%5C+high%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinator%5C+is%5C+Halictus%5C+sp.%5C+The%5C+larger%5C+floral%5C+displays%5C+of%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+received%5C+more%5C+visitations%2C%5C+but%5C+facilitated%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+simultaneously.%5C+The%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.373.%5C+The%5C+corolla%5C+tube%5C+changed%5C+color%5C+with%5C+age%5C+from%5C+yellow%5C+to%5C+red.%5C+Young%5C+yellow%5C+flowers%5C+had%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+greater%5C+pollen%5C+and%5C+nectar%5C+reward.%5C+The%5C+co%5C-occurrence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+change%5C+in%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+reward%5C+and%5C+flower%5C+color%5C+enabled%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+to%5C+direct%5C+pollinators%5C+to%5C+visit%5C+reproductive%2C%5C+highly%5C+rewarding%5C+yellow%5C+flowers.%5C+We%5C+suggest%5C+floral%5C+color%5C+change%5C+in%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+may%5C+serve%5C+as%5C+a%5C+mechanism%5C+for%5C+reducing%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+and%5C+increasing%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+pollen%5C+transfer%5C+to%5C+enhance%5C+plant%5C+fitness."},{"jsname":"Seeds contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation 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genus Clematis, with about 355 species, is one of the largest genera of Ranunculaceae. The genus is distributed through out the world except Antarctica, primarily in temperate and subtropical zone. Numerous infra-generic classification systems have been proposed, whereas the infra-generic ranks were confusing. In the present study, we used four molecular regions, ITS, psbA-trnH, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC to reconstruct the phylogeny of Clematis. On the basis of comparison with traditional classification system, criteria of the infra-generic ranks are discussed. In addition, investigations of reproductive biology and seed germination were also conducted. The main important results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Species diversity and geographical distribution of the Genus Clematis in Yunnan province，According to the latest system of Wang and Li in 2005, there are 59 species and 24 varieties in 6 sections of 3 subgenera recognized within the genus of Clematis in Yunnan, which is the richest province in terms of species numbers in China. The Hengduan Mountains is regarded as an origination, differentiation and endemic center of the genus. West, Northwest and Northeast of Yunnan have some relationship with its differentiation. There are 56 species (including varieties) endemic to China, accounting for 67.2% of Yunnan’s total number of species. There are 16 species (including varieties) endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 35.0% of China’s endemic number of species distributed in Yunnan. Among the adjacent provinces, Sichuan has the largest common number of Clematis to Yunnan, while Tibet has the smallest. The floristic links with Myanmar is also relatively weak.2. Molecular phylogeny of Clematis,Phylogenetic relationships within and out of Clematis were analysed using nucleotide sequences of chloroplast DNA psbA-trnQ, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC, and the nuclear ITS regions. The phylogenetic trees suggested that the genus Clematis was paraphyletic. The genera Archiclematis and Naravelia were found to be nested within the genus Clematis, and should be included in it. The molecular results did not agree with Wang and Li’s taxonomic system and other classifications of Clematis at the phylogeneric level. And the sections we studied were found to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The complicated relationship between sections and species indicated the recent radiation of the genus and the possibility of hybrid origin. Our results suggested that flower characters which have been used for previous infrageneric classification do not correlate with the phylogenic tree. Phyllotaxy of seedlings as the primarily diagnostic characters may reflect the phylogeny within Clematis, the following characters should be considered at the same time: presence/absence of petals, carpel number, and flowering at the new-born\\former-born branches. 3. Nomenclature notes of Clematis and other plants,Two gatherings of Clematis chrysocoma Franchet and Anemoclama glaucifolia (Franchet) W. T. Wang were cited in the protologues, whereas none of them was indicated as type or holotype. After examining the cited specimens, we designate one specimen of them as lectotype in according with ICBN. We list the incorrect author(s) citation of infra-generic names by Wang and Li in their new Clematis classification systems. Additionally, four names, Atalantia acuminata C. C. Huang, Asarum longerhizomatosum C. F. Liang & C. S. Yang, Atalantia fongkaica C. C. Huang and Fortunella wawangica C. C. Huang, are validated.4. Reproductive biology of three Clematis species,An integrative study was undertaken, focusing on pollination and reproductive biology of three species representing all three floral types of Clematis. Floral traits were measured, and pollinator assemblages were observed in the field. Bagging, hand-pollination and removal treatments were used to examine breeding system. The values of inbreeding depression and pollen limitation were calculated based on experimental data obtained from breeding system. Their floral traits were distinctly different. Floral traits were highly associated with pollination syndrome and breeding system. Among them, Clematis akebioides and C. rehderiana were facultative autogamy (the former was delayed selfing, and the later competing selfing), and C. chrysocoma was nearly obligate outcrossing. This conclusion was reflected by their stamen-pistil ratios. The levels of inbreeding depression negatively associated with autonomous self-pollination. Selfing evolution of C. akebioides and C. rehderiana, and reproduction of the three Clematis species no pollen limitation were discussed. Present study integrating with previous results will help us to comprehensively recognize and understand pollination system and reproductive characteristics of Clematis.5. Correlation among floral traits of Clematis chrysocoma, Floral traits of C. chrysocoma including sepal length and width and anther length were measured, stamen and pistil number were counted, single and total sepal size, and total anther size were calculated in three continued years from 2007 to 2009. These traits of three years were analyzed as united and independent data, respectively, which was used to compare the stability of floral traits among three years, and to test sexual allocation theory. Our results show that floral traits except sepal length are stable in three continued years, correlation among floral traits of three years as whole and independence, respectively, some of which are consistent, and some of which are inconsistent or negative. The consistent traits demonstrate that they highly co-evolve, whereas the inconsistent or negative traits may be results from the stochastically errors or that they may have some correlation but not close. Association of stamen number with anther length is not negative, but with pistil number is significantly positive. Correlation among pistil number, total anther size and total sepal size, all of that are significantly positive. Therefore, sexual allocation strategies of C. chrysocoma should be determined by genetics and resource pool in contrary to the model of “compensation” as traditionally view.6. Seed germination of six Clematis species,Seed germination of six species of Clematis were studied by setting different conditions including pretreatment, GA3 treatments, light and temperature regimes, and substrates. The results of the test were as follows: flushing treatment had a significant promoting on seed germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT)","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Time%2BTo%2BGermination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+with%5C+about%5C+355%5C+species%2C%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+Ranunculaceae.%5C+The%5C+genus%5C+is%5C+distributed%5C+through%5C+out%5C+the%5C+world%5C+except%5C+Antarctica%2C%5C+primarily%5C+in%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+zone.%5C+Numerous%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+classification%5C+systems%5C+have%5C+been%5C+proposed%2C%5C+whereas%5C+the%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+ranks%5C+were%5C+confusing.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+used%5C+four%5C+molecular%5C+regions%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+psbA%5C-trnH%2C%5C+atpB%5C-rbcL%5C+and%5C+rpoB%5C-trnC%5C+to%5C+reconstruct%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+Clematis.%5C+On%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+traditional%5C+classification%5C+system%2C%5C+criteria%5C+of%5C+the%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+ranks%5C+are%5C+discussed.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+were%5C+also%5C+conducted.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+important%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Species%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+geographical%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Genus%5C+Clematis%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%EF%BC%8CAccording%5C+to%5C+the%5C+latest%5C+system%5C+of%5C+Wang%5C+and%5C+Li%5C+in%5C+2005%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+59%5C+species%5C+and%5C+24%5C+varieties%5C+in%5C+6%5C+sections%5C+of%5C+3%5C+subgenera%5C+recognized%5C+within%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+the%5C+richest%5C+province%5C+in%5C+terms%5C+of%5C+species%5C+numbers%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+is%5C+regarded%5C+as%5C+an%5C+origination%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+and%5C+endemic%5C+center%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus.%5C+West%2C%5C+Northwest%5C+and%5C+Northeast%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+some%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+its%5C+differentiation.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+56%5C+species%5C+%5C%28including%5C+varieties%5C%29%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+67.2%25%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%E2%80%99s%5C+total%5C+number%5C+of%5C+species.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+16%5C+species%5C+%5C%28including%5C+varieties%5C%29%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+35.0%25%5C+of%5C+China%E2%80%99s%5C+endemic%5C+number%5C+of%5C+species%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+Yunnan.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+adjacent%5C+provinces%2C%5C+Sichuan%5C+has%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+common%5C+number%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+Tibet%5C+has%5C+the%5C+smallest.%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+links%5C+with%5C+Myanmar%5C+is%5C+also%5C+relatively%5C+weak.2.%5C+Molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+Clematis%2CPhylogenetic%5C+relationships%5C+within%5C+and%5C+out%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+were%5C+analysed%5C+using%5C+nucleotide%5C+sequences%5C+of%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+psbA%5C-trnQ%2C%5C+atpB%5C-rbcL%5C+and%5C+rpoB%5C-trnC%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+regions.%5C+The%5C+phylogenetic%5C+trees%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%5C+was%5C+paraphyletic.%5C+The%5C+genera%5C+Archiclematis%5C+and%5C+Naravelia%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+nested%5C+within%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+and%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+in%5C+it.%5C+The%5C+molecular%5C+results%5C+did%5C+not%5C+agree%5C+with%5C+Wang%5C+and%5C+Li%E2%80%99s%5C+taxonomic%5C+system%5C+and%5C+other%5C+classifications%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+at%5C+the%5C+phylogeneric%5C+level.%5C+And%5C+the%5C+sections%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+paraphyletic%5C+or%5C+polyphyletic.%5C+The%5C+complicated%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+sections%5C+and%5C+species%5C+indicated%5C+the%5C+recent%5C+radiation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+and%5C+the%5C+possibility%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+flower%5C+characters%5C+which%5C+have%5C+been%5C+used%5C+for%5C+previous%5C+infrageneric%5C+classification%5C+do%5C+not%5C+correlate%5C+with%5C+the%5C+phylogenic%5C+tree.%5C+Phyllotaxy%5C+of%5C+seedlings%5C+as%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+diagnostic%5C+characters%5C+may%5C+reflect%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+within%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+the%5C+following%5C+characters%5C+should%5C+be%5C+considered%5C+at%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%5C%3A%5C+presence%5C%2Fabsence%5C+of%5C+petals%2C%5C+carpel%5C+number%2C%5C+and%5C+flowering%5C+at%5C+the%5C+new%5C-born%5C%5Cformer%5C-born%5C+branches.%5C+3.%5C+Nomenclature%5C+notes%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+and%5C+other%5C+plants%2CTwo%5C+gatherings%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+chrysocoma%5C+Franchet%5C+and%5C+Anemoclama%5C+glaucifolia%5C+%5C%28Franchet%5C%29%5C+W.%5C+T.%5C+Wang%5C+were%5C+cited%5C+in%5C+the%5C+protologues%2C%5C+whereas%5C+none%5C+of%5C+them%5C+was%5C+indicated%5C+as%5C+type%5C+or%5C+holotype.%5C+After%5C+examining%5C+the%5C+cited%5C+specimens%2C%5C+we%5C+designate%5C+one%5C+specimen%5C+of%5C+them%5C+as%5C+lectotype%5C+in%5C+according%5C+with%5C+ICBN.%5C+We%5C+list%5C+the%5C+incorrect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genus Quercus consists of subgenera Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis and has approximately 531 species, making this the largest and most widely distributed genus within the Fagaceae family, occurring throughout temperate and subtropical montane areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeded plants is common in the genus Quercus, making it one of the key genera for understanding the physiology and the ecology of recalcitrant seeds. Due to habitat loss and poor regeneration, some populations of the genus Quercus are now declining. Moreover, the limited availability of good-quality seed may lead to its natural regeneration problems. To understand the cause of the population decline and to conserve iteffectively, knowledge on the seed/fruit biology of Quercus is necessary. Despite this, the seed/fruit biology of the Asian Quercus species is largely overlooked and the seed/fruit biology of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis,which is predominately distributed across tropical and subtropical Asia, is less well documented. To provide new data on the fruit biology of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and to understand the fruit physiology and ecology of the genus Quercus comprehensively for a conservation aim, the germination and desiccation response of 11 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (from S and SW China) and 11 species of subgenus Quercus (from both SW China and Europe) were investigated. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats was analysed on 9 of these species and the oil contents were quantified from 18 of these species. In addition, a study was carried out over 4 years on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis) to fill the gap in knowledge. The data demonstrate that: 1. All 22 species of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and subgenus Quercus had desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) fruits. For these 22 species which had fruit dry masses spanning 0.57 to 6.41 g and seed coat ratios spanning 0.15 to 0.48, there were wide differences in drying rates (0.26-4.10 %d-1). These differences were independent of fruit mass and seed coat ratio, but were related to the morphology of the fruit coat.2. The scar, composing 4% to 37% (surface area) of the whole fruit coat, was found to be the main water passage for most species. Water transferred directly and quickly through the scar. From the scar through to the pericarp and ending at the apex, there was a longitudinal passage of water flow. The anatomic characteristics of the fruit coats controlled the water flux, which furthermore introduced the wide differences in drying rates between the Quercus species.3. In comparison to species of Quercus subgenus Quercus, fruits in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis germinated faster and most had maximum germination at the highest temperature of 25°C. At lower temperatures (15°C, 20°C), germination of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis was slower and the germination percentage of most species was decreased, but germination of species in subgenus Quercus was not affected at these low temperatures. The thermal requirements for the germination of these two subgenera suggested an adaptability of these fruits to their habitats.4. Fruit oil content of subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (0.70% to 3.77%) was significantly lower than that of subgenus Quercus (1.48 to 18.01%) and across the 18 species studied, moisture content of the storage tissue (cotyledons) was negatively related to fruit oil content. These data were combined with that from the literature, resulting in a total of 57 species, and mapped against the current phylogeny for Quercus to reveal the highest fruit oil contents associated with sect. Lobatae. 5. The fruit production of Q. schottkyana varied markedly between years. Each square meter of Q. schottkyana pure forest produced 245-854 fruits but 14%-48% of them were infected by weevils (Curculio sp.). The annual production of Q. schottkyana was most likely affected by the average monthly rainfall during May and June, but the time of fruit dispersal was related to the rainfall of September and November. The infestation rates of weevils were density-dependent on the fruit production of Q. schottkyana that furthermore regulated the populations of these two species.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Time%2BTo%2BGermination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+subgenera%5C+Quercus%5C+and%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+has%5C+approximately%5C+531%5C+species%2C%5C+making%5C+this%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+and%5C+most%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+genus%5C+within%5C+the%5C+Fagaceae%5C+family%2C%5C+occurring%5C+throughout%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+montane%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Northern%5C+Hemisphere.%5C+The%5C+occurrence%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+%5C%28desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C%29%5C+seeded%5C+plants%5C+is%5C+common%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+making%5C+it%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+key%5C+genera%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+habitat%5C+loss%5C+and%5C+poor%5C+regeneration%2C%5C+some%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+are%5C+now%5C+declining.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+the%5C+limited%5C+availability%5C+of%5C+good%5C-quality%5C+seed%5C+may%5C+lead%5C+to%5C+its%5C+natural%5C+regeneration%5C+problems.%5C+To%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+cause%5C+of%5C+the%5C+population%5C+decline%5C+and%5C+to%5C+conserve%5C+iteffectively%2C%5C+knowledge%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+is%5C+necessary.%5C+Despite%5C+this%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Asian%5C+Quercus%5C+species%5C+is%5C+largely%5C+overlooked%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seed%5C%2Ffruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%2Cwhich%5C+is%5C+predominately%5C+distributed%5C+across%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+Asia%2C%5C+is%5C+less%5C+well%5C+documented.%5C+To%5C+provide%5C+new%5C+data%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+physiology%5C+and%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Quercus%5C+comprehensively%5C+for%5C+a%5C+conservation%5C+aim%2C%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+response%5C+of%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+%5C%28from%5C+S%5C+and%5C+SW%5C+China%5C%29%5C+and%5C+11%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+%5C%28from%5C+both%5C+SW%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Europe%5C%29%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+was%5C+analysed%5C+on%5C+9%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+oil%5C+contents%5C+were%5C+quantified%5C+from%5C+18%5C+of%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+a%5C+study%5C+was%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+over%5C+4%5C+years%5C+on%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+production%5C+of%5C+Q.%5C+schottkyana%5C+%5C%28subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C%29%5C+to%5C+fill%5C+the%5C+gap%5C+in%5C+knowledge.%5C+The%5C+data%5C+demonstrate%5C+that%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+All%5C+22%5C+species%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+and%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+had%5C+desiccation%5C-sensitive%5C+%5C%28recalcitrant%5C%29%5C+fruits.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+22%5C+species%5C+which%5C+had%5C+fruit%5C+dry%5C+masses%5C+spanning%5C+0.57%5C+to%5C+6.41%5C+g%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratios%5C+spanning%5C+0.15%5C+to%5C+0.48%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+%5C%280.26%5C-4.10%5C+%25d%5C-1%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+differences%5C+were%5C+independent%5C+of%5C+fruit%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+coat%5C+ratio%2C%5C+but%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coat.2.%5C+%5C+The%5C+scar%2C%5C+composing%5C+4%25%5C+to%5C+37%25%5C+%5C%28surface%5C+area%5C%29%5C+of%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+fruit%5C+coat%2C%5C+was%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+main%5C+water%5C+passage%5C+for%5C+most%5C+species.%5C+Water%5C+transferred%5C+directly%5C+and%5C+quickly%5C+through%5C+the%5C+scar.%5C+From%5C+the%5C+scar%5C+through%5C+to%5C+the%5C+pericarp%5C+and%5C+ending%5C+at%5C+the%5C+apex%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+longitudinal%5C+passage%5C+of%5C+water%5C+flow.%5C+The%5C+anatomic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+coats%5C+controlled%5C+the%5C+water%5C+flux%2C%5C+which%5C+furthermore%5C+introduced%5C+the%5C+wide%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+drying%5C+rates%5C+between%5C+the%5C+Quercus%5C+species.3.%5C+In%5C+comparison%5C+to%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Quercus%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%2C%5C+fruits%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+germinated%5C+faster%5C+and%5C+most%5C+had%5C+maximum%5C+germination%5C+at%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+25%C2%B0C.%5C+At%5C+lower%5C+temperatures%5C+%5C%2815%C2%B0C%2C%5C+20%C2%B0C%5C%29%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+was%5C+slower%5C+and%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+most%5C+species%5C+was%5C+decreased%2C%5C+but%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+subgenus%5C+Quercus%5C+was%5C+not%5C+affected%5C+at%5C+these%5C+low%5C+temperatures.%5C+The%5C+thermal%5C+requirements%5C+for%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+these%5C+two%5C+subgenera%5C+suggested%5C+an%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+these%5C+fruits%5C+to%5C+t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