|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural selection.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+close%5C+relatives%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+undergo%5C+considerable%5C+divergence%5C+in%5C+the%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+life%5C+forms%2C%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+habitats.%5C+In%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%2C%5C+leaf%5C+lifespans%2C%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+area%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%2C%5C+nutrient%5C+use%5C+efficiencies%2C%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+costs%2C%5C+and%5C+maintenance%5C+costs%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+ecophysiological%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+types%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+related%5C+ecological%5C+and%5C+evolutionary%5C+significances.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+drought%5C+tolerance%5C+from%5C+its%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structure%5C+including%5C+fleshy%5C+leaf%2C%5C+thicker%5C+surface%5C+cuticle%2C%5C+huge%5C+abaxial%5C+epidermis%5C+cells%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+palisade%5C+and%5C+spongy%5C+mesophyll%5C+layers%2C%5C+the%5C+prominent%5C+of%5C+mucilaginous%5C+substances%2C%5C+supportable%5C+leaf%5C+main%5C+vein%2C%5C+lower%5C+total%5C+stoma%5C+area%5C+%5C%28%25%5C%29%2C%5C+sunken%5C+stomata%5C+and%5C+special%5C+stoma%5C+structure.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+to%5C+the%5C+contrary%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+embodied%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+both%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+previous%5C+observation%5C+that%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+the%5C+only%5C+genus%5C+that%5C+did%5C+not%5C+possess%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+chloroplasts.2.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+leaves%5C+were%5C+different%5C+with%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+ages.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+1%5C-2%5C+years%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+1%5C+year%5C+and%5C+2%5C-4%5C+years.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+60%5C+days%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+30%5C+days%2C%5C+90%5C+days%5C+and%5C+120%5C+days.%5C+3.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+positions%5C+were%5C+mainly%5C+affected%5C+by%5C+leaf%5C+ages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+four%5C+leaves%5C+lying%5C+on%5C+the%5C+top%5C+did%5C+the%5C+most%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+assimilation%5C+products%5C+in%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+sequence%5C+number%5C+%3E%5C+6%5C+could%5C+use%5C+lots%5C+of%5C+photosynthates%2C%5C+but%5C+contributed%5C+little%5C+to%5C+the%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+biomass.%5C+4.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+decreased%5C+a%5C+little%5C+at%5C+the%5C+noon%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+at%5C+10%5C%3A00h%5C+in%5C+the%5C+greenhouse.%5C+The%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+trend%5C+as%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance.%5C+Higher%5C+relative%5C+humidity%5C+seemed%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+key%5C+for%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+5.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+was%5C+statistically%5C+larger%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+concentration%2Cleaf%5C+phosphorus%5C+concentration%5C+and%5C+enzyme%5C+activities.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+extremely%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+might%5C+greatly%5C+limit%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+might%5C+partially%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+lack%5C+of%5C+chloroplasts%5C+in%5C+the%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+flavum%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+more%5C+fond%5C+of%5C+shade%5C+environment.6.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+had%5C+bigger%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+and%5C+greater%5C+potential%5C+for%5C+fast%5C+growth.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+longer%5C+LL%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+enhanced%5C+nutrient%5C+conservation%5C+which%5C+could%5C+compensate%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+usually%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+dark%5C+respiration%5C+rate%2C%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+decreased%5C+fast%5C+with%5C+leaf%5C+age.%5C+However%2C%5C+for%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+the%5C+situation%5C+was%5C+the%5C+opposite.%5C+7.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+water%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency.%5C+8.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+and%5C+longer%5C+repayment%5C+time%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+their%5C+habitats.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+water%5C+and%5C+resource%5C-conserving%5C+traits%5C+in%5C+the%5C+karst%5C+habitat.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+water%5C+and%5C+nutrients%5C+but%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+change%5C+with%5C+seasons.Our%5C+results%5C+provided%5C+evidence%5C+of%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+congeneric%5C+orchids%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+selection."},{"jsname":"Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the Cypripedioideae.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%EF%BC%8Cknown%5C+as%5C+slipper%5C+orchids%5C+in%5C+horticulture%2C%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Orchidaceae.%5C+Although%5C+they%5C+are%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+phylogenetically%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+significant%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+geographical%5C+distributions%5C+between%5C+two%5C+genera.%5C+This%5C+dissertation%5C+includes%5C+the%5C+following%5C+sections%5C%3A%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+functional%5C+traits%5C+were%5C+compared%5C+in%5C+six%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C%3B%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+the%5C+physiological%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+to%5C+different%5C+water%5C+regimes%2C%5C+light%5C+regimes%5C+and%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C%3B%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+phenotypic%5C+plastics%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+different%5C+light%5C+condition%5C+and%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Cypripedium%5C+species%5C+during%5C+sexual%5C+reproduction.%5C+The%5C+aims%5C+are%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+convergent%5C+and%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+their%5C+adaptive%5C+significances%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+plastic%5C+responses%5C+to%5C+different%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+resources.%5C+Such%5C+information%5C+could%5C+provide%5C+scientific%5C+basis%5C+for%5C+conservation%5C+and%5C+domestication%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+given%5C+below%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+Cypripedium%5C+showed%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+%5C%28Pmax%5C%29%2C%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+content%5C+%5C%28Na%5C%29%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+utilization%5C+%5C%28PNUE%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+fractions%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+in%5C+carboxylation%5C+%5C%28PC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+bioenergetics%5C+%5C%28PB%5C%29%2C%5C+specific%5C+leaf%5C+area%5C+%5C%28SLA%5C%29%2C%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chla%5C%2Fb%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+significantly%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+%5C%28CC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+carbon%5C+content%5C+to%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+%5C%28C%5C%2FN%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+short%5C+growing%5C+period%5C+and%5C+rich%5C+soil%5C+nutrients%5C+in%5C+the%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Conversely%2C%5C+the%5C+long%5C+life%5C+span%2C%5C+low%5C+Pmax%5C+and%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gm%5C%29%5C+but%5C+high%5C+SLA%2C%5C+CC%5C+and%5C+C%5C%2FN%5C+in%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+low%5C-light%2C%5C+limited%5C-nutrient%5C+habitat%5C+in%5C+the%5C+limestone%5C+area.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+sympatric%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+C.%5C+lentiginosum%5C+not%5C+only%5C+kept%5C+phylogenetically%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+suchas%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gs%5C%29%2C%5C+Pmax%2C%5C+PNUE%5C+and%5C+dormant%5C+in%5C+winter%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+possessed%5C+many%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+which%5C+is%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+that%5C+in%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+relative%5C+stomatal%5C+limitations%5C+%5C%28RSL%5C%29%2C%5C+gm%2C%5C+the%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chl%5C+a%5C%2Fb%5C%29%2C%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+allocated%5C+to%5C+light%5C-harvesting%5C+components%5C+%5C%28PL%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+the%5C+convergent%5C+and%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits.2.%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+armeniacum%5C+exhibited%5C+a%5C+high%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+function%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+different%5C+light%5C+regimes%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+changes%5C+with%5C+the%5C+time.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+grow%5C+under%5C+low%5C+light%5C+habitat%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+50%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28HL%5C%29%5C+had%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+lowest%5C+Pmax%5C+than%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+75%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28ML%5C%29%5C+and%5C+95%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28LL%5C%29%5C+after%5C+six%5C+months.%5C+However%2C%5C+after%5C+twelve%5C+months%2C%5C+the%5C+Pmax%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+increased%5C+significantly%5C+and%5C+then%5C+became%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+one%5C+among%5C+three%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+light.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+also%5C+found%5C+that%5C+leaf%5C+dry%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+area%5C+%5C%28LMA%5C%29%2C%5C+leaf%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gS%5C%29%2C%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gm%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+in%5C+photosynthetic%5C+carboxylation%5C+%5C%28PC%5C%29%2C%5C+bioeneretics%5C+%5C%28PB%5C%29%5C+were%5C+greatly%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+irradiance.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+increased%5C+gS%2C%5C+gm%2C%5C+PC%2C%5C+PB%5C+to%5C+increase%5C+Pmax.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+had%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+total%5C+chlorophyll%5C+content%5C+to%5C+total%5C+Carotenoid%5C+content%5C+%5C%28Car%5C%2FChl%5C%29%5C+while%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+LL%5C+had%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chl%5C+a%5C%2Fb%5C%29.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+physiology%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+different%5C+light%5C+regimes%5C+depended%5C+largely%5C+on%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+and%5C+leaf%5C+structure.%5C+As%5C+for%5C+the%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+flowering%5C+and%5C+fruiting%2C%5C+ML%5C+was%5C+the%5C+best%5C+light%5C+level.3.%5C+The%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+to%5C+different%5C+water%5C+regimes%5C+were%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+different.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+Pmax%5C+and%5C+the%5C+maximum%5C+photochemical%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+PS%E2%85%A1%5C+%5C%28Fv%5C%2FFm%5C%29%5C+decreased%5C+with%5C+the%5C+increased%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+watering.%5C+The%5C+reasons%5C+were%5C+that%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+have%5C+high%5C+respiration%5C+rate%5C+%5C%28Rd%5C%29%5C+and%5C+make%5C+more%5C+use%5C+of%5C+light%5C+energy%5C+to%5C+oxidation%5C+cycle.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+watered%5C+every%5C+eight%5C+days%5C+%5C%28MW%5C%29%5C+and%5C+every%5C+twenty%5C+days%5C+%5C%28LW%5C%29%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+Pmax%5C+than%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+watered%5C+every%5C+four%5C+days%5C+%5C%28HW%5C%29%5C+mainly%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+higher%5C+PC%5C+and%5C+PB.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+had%5C+excellent%5C+property%5C+for%5C+holding%5C+water%5C+also%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+high%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.4.%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+the%5C+low%5C+temperature.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+significantly%5C+decreased%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+after%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+4%E2%84%83%5C+for%5C+three%5C+days%5C+and%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+machinery%5C+was%5C+destroyed%5C+after%5C+fifteen%5C+days.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+exhibited%5C+no%5C+change%5C+at%5C+10%E2%84%83%5C+and%5C+15%E2%84%83.5.%5C+Cypripedium%5C+flavum%5C+of%5C+four%5C+habitats%5C+%5C%28DB%2C%5C+XRD%2C%5C+XZD%5C+and%5C+TSQ%5C%29%5C+with%5C+different%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+exhibited%5C+different%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+after%5C+transplanted%5C+to%5C+the%5C+same%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+Kunming.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+habitats%2C%5C+the%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+DB%5C+was%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+while%5C+XRD%5C+was%5C+the%5C+lowest.%5C+The%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+XZD%5C+and%5C+TSQ%5C+were%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+difference.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+Kunming%2C%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+DB%5C+had%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+highest%5C+Pmax%5C+but%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+XRD%5C+had%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+Pmax.%5C+The%5C+light%5C+saturation%5C+point%5C+%5C%28LSP%5C%29%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+%5C%28PNUE%5C%29%5C+agreed%5C+well%5C+with%5C+the%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+four%5C+habitats%5C+and%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+high%5C+Pmax%5C+of%5C+DB.%5C+The%5C+LMA%2C%5C+Chl%5C+and%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+content%5C+were%5C+not%5C+different%5C+among%5C+all%5C+the%5C+plants.%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+exhibited%5C+sensitively%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+while%5C+kept%5C+the%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+which%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+its%5C+own%5C+habitat.6.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+were%5C+significantly%5C+increased%5C+at%5C+the%5C+flowering%5C+stage.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+two%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+increased%5C+Amax%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+maximum%5C+carboxylation%5C+rate%5C+by%5C+ribulose%5C-1%2C%5C+5%5C-bisphosphate%5C+carboxylase%5C%2Foxygenase%5C+%5C%28Vcmax%5C%29%2C%5C+photon%5C+saturated%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+electron%5C+transport%5C+%5C%28Jmax%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+triose%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+%5C%28TPU%5C%29%5C+and%5C+actual%5C+quantum%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+the%5C+photosystem%5C+II%5C+photochemistry%5C+%5C%28%CE%A6PSII%5C%29%5C+respectively.%5C+However%2C%5C+flowering%5C+almost%5C+did%5C+not%5C+affect%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+guttatum.%5C+C.%5C+guttatum%5C+had%5C+the%5C+smallest%5C+plant%5C+size%2C%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+area%2C%5C+the%5C+volume%5C+of%5C+labellum%5C+and%5C+the%5C+volume%5C+of%5C+fruit%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+biggest%5C+fruit%5C+volume%5C+per%5C+leaf%5C+area%5C+among%5C+three%5C+species.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+for%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%5C+there%5C+were%5C+a%5C+physiological%5C+mechanism%5C+in%5C+photosynthesis%5C+to%5C+compensate%5C+the%5C+cost%5C+of%5C+flowering%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+increased%5C+resource%5C+acquisitions%2C%5C+which%5C+would%5C+be%5C+beneficial%5C+to%5C+the%5C+survival%5C+or%5C+future%5C+flowering%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plant.%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+could%5C+keep%5C+a%5C+steady%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+during%5C+life%5C+history.%5C+This%5C+kind%5C+of%5C+pattern%5C+could%5C+decrease%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+costs%5C+as%5C+much%5C+as%5C+possible.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%2C%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+more%5C+economical%5C+and%5C+effective%5C+reproductive%5C+pattern%5C+which%5C+maybe%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+wider%5C+distribution.In%5C+conclusion%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+have%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+which%5C+agree%5C+well%5C+with%5C+their%5C+habitats%5C+and%5C+there%5C+is%5C+a%5C+divergent%5C+and%5C+convergent%5C+evolution%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera.%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+is%5C+much%5C+tolerant%5C+and%5C+responsive%5C+to%5C+varying%5C+water%5C+and%5C+light%5C+availability%5C+but%5C+very%5C+sensitivity%5C+to%5C+the%5C+low%5C+temperature.%5C+Confronting%5C+the%5C+suddenly%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+environment%2C%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+can%5C+respond%5C+sensitively%5C+to%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+but%5C+the%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+which%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+its%5C+own%5C+habitat%5C+can%5C+hold%5C+for%5C+the%5C+next%5C+growing%5C+season.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%2C%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+possesses%5C+a%5C+more%5C+economical%5C+and%5C+effective%5C+reproductive%5C+pattern%5C+which%5C+maybe%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+wider%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%2C%5C+the%5C+response%5C+and%5C+tolerance%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+factors%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+important%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Cypripedioideae."},{"jsname":"Pedicularis sect. Cyathophora is a distinctive group endemic to the eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. It was regarded as a ‘grex’ or section and included all four general corolla types of Pedicularis. A unique feature is that the leaf and bract bases are fused together to form a cup-like structure around the stem at each node. Our molecular phylogenetic study indicated that P. sect. Cyathophora was a monophyletic lineage, although the relationships among species were not fully resolved. P. rex C. B. Clarke ex Maxim. is the most various and wide-distributed species in P. sect. Cyathophora. It is extremely variable in wild populations, and elicits a vast quantity of morpho-variations, which qualifies the species as one of the most diverse and complex taxa of the genus Pedicularis. In this study, the phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on four chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F) and one nuclear gene, ITS, using 78 samples, with an emphasis on the P. rex complex. Also morphometric analyses were used to assess the morphological variation in P. rex complex and taxonomic revisions were presented for some taxa of this complex. Thirteen microsatellite markers were developed from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique, which could be used for further studies on the genetic diversity and population structure of this species and its congeners. Main results were summarized as follows: 1. Molecular phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora H. L. Li， The phylogeny of P. sect. Cyathophora was reconstructed based on chloroplast matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and one nuclear gene, ITS, involving six species and 11 outgroups with a total of 78 samples. Our study showed that the monophyly of this group was strongly supported, in which P. superba was monophyletic based on chloroplast genes. The samples of P. cyathophylloides from Sichuan nested within P. cyathophylla. Ancient hybridization may occur between the two species. P. xiangchengensis is better to treat as a synonym of P. cyathophylla. Especially, P. ser. Reges was complicated, in which the individuals from different populations in the same species were rarely monophyletic. In addition, individuals forming monophyletic groups were not geographically close. In P. ser. Reges, lineage sorting of chloroplast DNA variations following rapid divergence is likely to have caused complex phylogeny of the taxa, which was reconstructed in our study. Hybridzation, introgression, lineage sorting and adaptive radiation may play important roles in the evolution of these taxa studied. Multiple, independent data sets are needed for resolving phylogenetic relationships of rapidly diverged lineages in P. sect. Cyathophora. 2. The taxonomic revision of P. rex complex，A total of 165 specimens with about 14 vegetative and eight reproductive characters were involved in the morphometric analysis. The results of PCA did not support six taxa for it emerged considerable morphological overlap. P. rex var. rockii was promoted to subspecies level for its prominent performance in PCA. Three taxa, P. rex subsp. pseudocyathus, P. rex subsp. zayuensis and P. rex subsp. parva, were merged into P. rex subsp. rex. Then P. rex subsp. lipskyana kept still at its rank for its purple red corolla color. The result of DA led to the selection of diagnostic traits between the P. rex and P. thamnophila. P. rex has less dissected leaves than P. thamnophila. P. rex is various in leaves number in whole, but P. thamnophila has stable three leaves in whole. Itpossesses a smaller corolla than P. rex. But P. thamnophila subsp. cupuliformis is a little different from P. thamnophila subsp. thamnophila in some vegetative characters, and it has purple stripes with the lower lip, so it is kept at the subspecies level. 3. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from P. rex， We developed 13 microsatellite markers from three microsatellite-enriched libraries (AG, AC and AAG) of P. rex with a modified biotin-streptavidin capture technique. Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 22 individuals with representation of five populations of P. rex. Additionally, among the 13 identified microsatellite markers, eleven of them were successfully amplified in species P. thamnophila, and five of them showed polymorphisms. This study may provide important information for further investigation on the population genetics, introduction and acclimatization of P. rex and its congeners.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APedicularis%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+distinctive%5C+group%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+the%5C+eastern%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+region.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+regarded%5C+as%5C+a%5C+%E2%80%98grex%E2%80%99%5C+or%5C+section%5C+and%5C+included%5C+all%5C+four%5C+general%5C+corolla%5C+types%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+A%5C+unique%5C+feature%5C+is%5C+that%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+and%5C+bract%5C+bases%5C+are%5C+fused%5C+together%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+cup%5C-like%5C+structure%5C+around%5C+the%5C+stem%5C+at%5C+each%5C+node.%5C+Our%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+study%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+a%5C+monophyletic%5C+lineage%2C%5C+although%5C+the%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+species%5C+were%5C+not%5C+fully%5C+resolved.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+C.%5C+B.%5C+Clarke%5C+ex%5C+Maxim.%5C+is%5C+the%5C+most%5C+various%5C+and%5C+wide%5C-distributed%5C+species%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+extremely%5C+variable%5C+in%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+and%5C+elicits%5C+a%5C+vast%5C+quantity%5C+of%5C+morpho%5C-variations%2C%5C+which%5C+qualifies%5C+the%5C+species%5C+as%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+most%5C+diverse%5C+and%5C+complex%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pedicularis.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+four%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes%5C+%5C%28matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+and%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C%29%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+using%5C+78%5C+samples%2C%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex.%5C+Also%5C+morphometric%5C+analyses%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+assess%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+taxa%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex.%5C+Thirteen%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+were%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+three%5C+microsatellite%5C-enriched%5C+libraries%5C+%5C%28AG%2C%5C+AC%5C+and%5C+AAG%5C%29%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+with%5C+a%5C+modified%5C+biotin%5C-streptavidin%5C+capture%5C+technique%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+used%5C+for%5C+further%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+population%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+and%5C+its%5C+congeners.%5C+Main%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+H.%5C+L.%5C+Li%EF%BC%8C%5C+The%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+matK%2C%5C+rbcL%2C%5C+trnH%5C-psbA%2C%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C+and%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+involving%5C+six%5C+species%5C+and%5C+11%5C+outgroups%5C+with%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+78%5C+samples.%5C+Our%5C+study%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+this%5C+group%5C+was%5C+strongly%5C+supported%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+P.%5C+superba%5C+was%5C+monophyletic%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+genes.%5C+The%5C+samples%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylloides%5C+from%5C+Sichuan%5C+nested%5C+within%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Ancient%5C+hybridization%5C+may%5C+occur%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+species.%5C+P.%5C+xiangchengensis%5C+is%5C+better%5C+to%5C+treat%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+cyathophylla.%5C+Especially%2C%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%5C+was%5C+complicated%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+different%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+species%5C+were%5C+rarely%5C+monophyletic.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+individuals%5C+forming%5C+monophyletic%5C+groups%5C+were%5C+not%5C+geographically%5C+close.%5C+In%5C+P.%5C+ser.%5C+Reges%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+of%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+variations%5C+following%5C+rapid%5C+divergence%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+caused%5C+complex%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+taxa%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+in%5C+our%5C+study.%5C+Hybridzation%2C%5C+introgression%2C%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+and%5C+adaptive%5C+radiation%5C+may%5C+play%5C+important%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+these%5C+taxa%5C+studied.%5C+Multiple%2C%5C+independent%5C+data%5C+sets%5C+are%5C+needed%5C+for%5C+resolving%5C+phylogenetic%5C+relationships%5C+of%5C+rapidly%5C+diverged%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+sect.%5C+Cyathophora.%5C+2.%5C+The%5C+taxonomic%5C+revision%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+complex%EF%BC%8CA%5C+total%5C+of%5C+165%5C+specimens%5C+with%5C+about%5C+14%5C+vegetative%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+reproductive%5C+characters%5C+were%5C+involved%5C+in%5C+the%5C+morphometric%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+PCA%5C+did%5C+not%5C+support%5C+six%5C+taxa%5C+for%5C+it%5C+emerged%5C+considerable%5C+morphological%5C+overlap.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+var.%5C+rockii%5C+was%5C+promoted%5C+to%5C+subspecies%5C+level%5C+for%5C+its%5C+prominent%5C+performance%5C+in%5C+PCA.%5C+Three%5C+taxa%2C%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+pseudocyathus%2C%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+zayuensis%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+parva%2C%5C+were%5C+merged%5C+into%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+rex.%5C+Then%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+subsp.%5C+lipskyana%5C+kept%5C+still%5C+at%5C+its%5C+rank%5C+for%5C+its%5C+purple%5C+red%5C+corolla%5C+color.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+of%5C+DA%5C+led%5C+to%5C+the%5C+selection%5C+of%5C+diagnostic%5C+traits%5C+between%5C+the%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+has%5C+less%5C+dissected%5C+leaves%5C+than%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila.%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+is%5C+various%5C+in%5C+leaves%5C+number%5C+in%5C+whole%2C%5C+but%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila%5C+has%5C+stable%5C+three%5C+leaves%5C+in%5C+whole.%5C+Itpossesses%5C+a%5C+smaller%5C+corolla%5C+than%5C+P.%5C+rex.%5C+But%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila%5C+subsp.%5C+cupuliformis%5C+is%5C+a%5C+little%5C+different%5C+from%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila%5C+subsp.%5C+thamnophila%5C+in%5C+some%5C+vegetative%5C+characters%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+has%5C+purple%5C+stripes%5C+with%5C+the%5C+lower%5C+lip%2C%5C+so%5C+it%5C+is%5C+kept%5C+at%5C+the%5C+subspecies%5C+level.%5C+3.%5C+Isolation%5C+and%5C+characterization%5C+of%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+from%5C+P.%5C+rex%EF%BC%8C%5C+We%5C+developed%5C+13%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%5C+from%5C+three%5C+microsatellite%5C-enriched%5C+libraries%5C+%5C%28AG%2C%5C+AC%5C+and%5C+AAG%5C%29%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+with%5C+a%5C+modified%5C+biotin%5C-streptavidin%5C+capture%5C+technique.%5C+Polymorphism%5C+of%5C+each%5C+locus%5C+was%5C+assessed%5C+in%5C+22%5C+individuals%5C+with%5C+representation%5C+of%5C+five%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+among%5C+the%5C+13%5C+identified%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers%2C%5C+eleven%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+successfully%5C+amplified%5C+in%5C+species%5C+P.%5C+thamnophila%2C%5C+and%5C+five%5C+of%5C+them%5C+showed%5C+polymorphisms.%5C+This%5C+study%5C+may%5C+provide%5C+important%5C+information%5C+for%5C+further%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+population%5C+genetics%2C%5C+introduction%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+rex%5C+and%5C+its%5C+congeners."},{"jsname":"Plants in the genus of Pedicularis L. have high values in horticulture and some species are medicinal plants. However, they have a reputation for being uncultivable, which is an obstacle for their exploitation and utilization. In this dissertation, the hemiparasitism of Pedicularis species was studied systematically for the first time, and the successful cultivation of three Pedicularis species (Pedicularis densispica，Pedicularis cephalantha and Pedicularis rex) throughout all life stages was achieved for the first time. With several representative species as main study materials, a series of experiments on seed germination, vegetation survey in Pedicularis communities, and pot cultivation were carried out. We studied Pedicularis parasitic habit systematically and aimed to achieve progress in the cultivation of Pedicularis species based on the understanding of their parasitic habit. The main results are as follows:1. The dormancy showed by the tested Pedicularis species was non-deep physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy could be overcome by moist-chilling and GA3. Cold stratification for 30-60 days, or 500-1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for germination percentage, and stratification for 15 days, or 1000 mg/L GA3 were the optimal treatments for mean germination time. The combination of cold stratification and GA3 were more effective measures to promote seed germination. The optimal germination conditions varied with species, while as a whole, the highest germination percentages were obtained from treatments of 500-1000 mg/L GA3 followed by 15-30 days stratification, and the lowest values of mean germination time were obtained from treatments of 100-1000mg/L GA3 followed by 15-day stratification. Seed germination was not the obstacle for the cultivation of Pedicularis species.2. Host range and host selectivity of a Pedicularis species were studied systematically for the first time. Examinations of haustorial connections revealed that P. densispica had a wide host range, and it can form haustorial connections on the roots of 33 species belonging to 14 families. Compositae (8 species), Gramineae (5 species) and Leguminosae (5 species) species comprised major hosts. In addition, self-parasitism was observed. Haustoria were non-randomly distributed among host species, suggesting that there was some host selectivity. P. densispica generally preferred species in the families of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. The results of association analysis and correlation analysis based on vegetation survey supported the result of examinations of haustorial connections. And correlation analysis was a better way to test host selectivity.3. This is the first report for the performance of Pedicularis species in cultivation throughout all life stages (from seeds to seeds). The high dependence of Pedicularis specieson host plants and their host preference were demonstrated in this study. Pedicularis speciesstrongly depended on host presence, while host plants were essential to Pedicularis speciesnot for survival but for proper development. Different Pedicularis species preferred to different hosts. Host defoliation was a useful promoting measure for the cultivation of Pedicularis species. Pedicularis species reduced the performance of host plants. With the assistance of hosts, three Pedicularis species were cultivated successfully and they retained high horticulture quality.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+L.%5C+have%5C+high%5C+values%5C+in%5C+horticulture%5C+and%5C+some%5C+species%5C+are%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+have%5C+a%5C+reputation%5C+for%5C+being%5C+uncultivable%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+an%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+their%5C+exploitation%5C+and%5C+utilization.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+the%5C+hemiparasitism%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+successful%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Pedicularis%5C+densispica%EF%BC%8CPedicularis%5C+cephalantha%5C+and%5C+Pedicularis%5C+rex%5C%29%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+was%5C+achieved%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+With%5C+several%5C+representative%5C+species%5C+as%5C+main%5C+study%5C+materials%2C%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+experiments%5C+on%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+in%5C+Pedicularis%5C+communities%2C%5C+and%5C+pot%5C+cultivation%5C+were%5C+carried%5C+out.%5C+We%5C+studied%5C+Pedicularis%5C+parasitic%5C+habit%5C+systematically%5C+and%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+achieve%5C+progress%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+understanding%5C+of%5C+their%5C+parasitic%5C+habit.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+The%5C+dormancy%5C+showed%5C+by%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+was%5C+non%5C-deep%5C+physiological%5C+dormancy.%5C+Seed%5C+dormancy%5C+could%5C+be%5C+overcome%5C+by%5C+moist%5C-chilling%5C+and%5C+GA3.%5C+Cold%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+30%5C-60%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+and%5C+stratification%5C+for%5C+15%5C+days%2C%5C+or%5C+1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+the%5C+optimal%5C+treatments%5C+for%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+cold%5C+stratification%5C+and%5C+GA3%5C+were%5C+more%5C+effective%5C+measures%5C+to%5C+promote%5C+seed%5C+germination.%5C+The%5C+optimal%5C+germination%5C+conditions%5C+varied%5C+with%5C+species%2C%5C+while%5C+as%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+germination%5C+percentages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+500%5C-1000%5C+mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-30%5C+days%5C+stratification%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+values%5C+of%5C+mean%5C+germination%5C+time%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+100%5C-1000mg%5C%2FL%5C+GA3%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+15%5C-day%5C+stratification.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+not%5C+the%5C+obstacle%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.2.%5C+Host%5C+range%5C+and%5C+host%5C+selectivity%5C+of%5C+a%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+systematically%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+revealed%5C+that%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+had%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+host%5C+range%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+can%5C+form%5C+haustorial%5C+connections%5C+on%5C+the%5C+roots%5C+of%5C+33%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+14%5C+families.%5C+Compositae%5C+%5C%288%5C+species%5C%29%2C%5C+Gramineae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+and%5C+Leguminosae%5C+%5C%285%5C+species%5C%29%5C+species%5C+comprised%5C+major%5C+hosts.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+self%5C-parasitism%5C+was%5C+observed.%5C+Haustoria%5C+were%5C+non%5C-randomly%5C+distributed%5C+among%5C+host%5C+species%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+some%5C+host%5C+selectivity.%5C+P.%5C+densispica%5C+generally%5C+preferred%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gramineae%5C+and%5C+Cyperaceae.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+association%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+based%5C+on%5C+vegetation%5C+survey%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+examinations%5C+of%5C+haustorial%5C+connections.%5C+And%5C+correlation%5C+analysis%5C+was%5C+a%5C+better%5C+way%5C+to%5C+test%5C+host%5C+selectivity.3.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+report%5C+for%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+in%5C+cultivation%5C+throughout%5C+all%5C+life%5C+stages%5C+%5C%28from%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+seeds%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+high%5C+dependence%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+specieson%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+their%5C+host%5C+preference%5C+were%5C+demonstrated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+study.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesstrongly%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+host%5C+presence%2C%5C+while%5C+host%5C+plants%5C+were%5C+essential%5C+to%5C+Pedicularis%5C+speciesnot%5C+for%5C+survival%5C+but%5C+for%5C+proper%5C+development.%5C+Different%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+preferred%5C+to%5C+different%5C+hosts.%5C+Host%5C+defoliation%5C+was%5C+a%5C+useful%5C+promoting%5C+measure%5C+for%5C+the%5C+cultivation%5C+of%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species.%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+reduced%5C+the%5C+performance%5C+of%5C+host%5C+plants.%5C+With%5C+the%5C+assistance%5C+of%5C+hosts%2C%5C+three%5C+Pedicularis%5C+species%5C+were%5C+cultivated%5C+successfully%5C+and%5C+they%5C+retained%5C+high%5C+horticulture%5C+quality."},{"jsname":"The chemical constituents of eight higher fungi and one medicinal plant were investigated. The fungi included Trametes corrugate, Campanella junghuhnii, Craterellus cornucopioides, Phlebia radiate, Laccaria amethystea, Hydnochaete sp., Nidula sp. and Rhodophyllus ater, which are all collected from Yunnan province, P. R. China. The leaves of Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) were collected from south of Vietnam. 119 compounds, including 91 different compounds and 9 new ones, have been obtained using varied chromatographic methods, and the structures of new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including IR, UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.Two unusual diterpenes (13-14) with neodolastane skeletons were isolated and identified from the culture broth of Trametes corrugate. This type of diterpene was obtained for the first time from higer fungi. A new tricyclo[6.3.1.02,5]dodecane sesquiterpene (1) was isolated from the culture broth of Campanella junghuhnii. Three new keto esters (65-67) and a series of illudine sesquiterpenes (4-10) were isolated and identified from the culture broth of the basidiomycete Craterellus cornucopioides. A new fatty acid ester (48) was isolated from the culture broth of Phlebia radiate.A new isoprenyl phenyl ether riboside (68) was isolated from culture broth of Laccaria amethystea. During our studies on chemical constituents of the culture broth of Hydnochaete sp., a conjugate lactone (71) was obtained. Preliminary biological assay showed that the lactone exhibited inhibitory activity against the11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) of human and mouse with IC50 value of 53.338 mg/mL and 95.950 mg/mL, respectively. A new guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (2) and a new phenolic glucoside gallate (69) were isolated and identified from the leaves of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke). A review summarized their structures, biological activities, and the producing species of naturally occurring triterpenes from higher fungi. The paper provides 433 structurally diverse compounds published between 1985~2010, and 114 references.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+and%5C+one%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+fungi%5C+included%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate%2C%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii%2C%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides%2C%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate%2C%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea%2C%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+Nidula%5C+sp.%5C+and%5C+Rhodophyllus%5C+ater%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+all%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+L.%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29%5C+were%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+south%5C+of%5C+Vietnam.%5C+119%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+91%5C+different%5C+compounds%5C+and%5C+9%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+new%5C+metabolites%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%5C+including%5C+IR%2C%5C+UV%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+1D%5C-%5C+and%5C+2D%5C-NMR%5C+experiments.Two%5C+unusual%5C+diterpenes%5C+%5C%2813%5C-14%5C%29%5C+with%5C+neodolastane%5C+skeletons%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate.%5C+This%5C+type%5C+of%5C+diterpene%5C+was%5C+obtained%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+from%5C+higer%5C+fungi.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+tricyclo%5C%5B6.3.1.02%2C5%5C%5Ddodecane%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+keto%5C+esters%5C+%5C%2865%5C-67%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+illudine%5C+sesquiterpenes%5C+%5C%284%5C-10%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+ester%5C+%5C%2848%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate.A%5C+new%5C+isoprenyl%5C+phenyl%5C+ether%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%2868%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea.%5C+During%5C+our%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+a%5C+conjugate%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%2871%5C%29%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+Preliminary%5C+biological%5C+assay%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+lactone%5C+exhibited%5C+inhibitory%5C+activity%5C+against%5C+the11b%5C-hydroxysteroid%5C+dehydrogenase%5C+%5C%2811%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C%29%5C+of%5C+human%5C+and%5C+mouse%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+53.338%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%5C+and%5C+95.950%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+guaiane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+phenolic%5C+glucoside%5C+gallate%5C+%5C%2869%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+review%5C+summarized%5C+their%5C+structures%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+producing%5C+species%5C+of%5C+naturally%5C+occurring%5C+triterpenes%5C+from%5C+higher%5C+fungi.%5C+The%5C+paper%5C+provides%5C+433%5C+structurally%5C+diverse%5C+compounds%5C+published%5C+between%5C+1985%5C%7E2010%2C%5C+and%5C+114%5C+references."},{"jsname":"This thesis deals with the research work on the chemical constituents of Camellia taliensis, Camellia pachyandra, Camellia oleifera, Metapanax delavayi , Pu-er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) and one of the dominant microorganisms in the post-fermentation of Pu-er tea, Aspergillus japonicus var. japonicus through the systematic phytochemical methods. By the modern techniques of chromatography, spectroscopy along with chemical degradation methods, 107 compounds were isolated and identified by MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra along with other spectroscopic method along with chemical degradation. The compounds include hydrolysable tannins, flavan-3ols, flavonoid glycosides, triterpene glycosides, simple phenolics and so on, most of which were evaluated by antioxidant or anti-viral activities. Meantime, the HPLC analytical methods were applied to compare the chemical constituents of C. taliensis and C. pachyandra with with those of the cultivated tea, C. sinensis var. assamica. Above all, the detection methods were established for the analysis of tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, caffeine and the main polyphenolic constituents in tea. And finally, the progress of the research work on Pu-er tea was reviewed.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+thesis%5C+deals%5C+with%5C+the%5C+research%5C+work%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+Camellia%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+pachyandra%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+oleifera%2C%5C+Metapanax%5C+delavayi%5C+%2C%5C+Pu%5C-er%5C+tea%5C+%5C%28Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C%29%5C+and%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+dominant%5C+microorganisms%5C+in%5C+the%5C+post%5C-fermentation%5C+of%5C+Pu%5C-er%5C+tea%2C%5C+Aspergillus%5C+japonicus%5C+var.%5C+japonicus%5C+through%5C+the%5C+systematic%5C+phytochemical%5C+methods.%5C+By%5C+the%5C+modern%5C+techniques%5C+of%5C+chromatography%2C%5C+spectroscopy%5C+along%5C+with%5C+chemical%5C+degradation%5C+methods%2C%5C+107%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+by%5C+MS%2C%5C+1D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%5C+spectra%5C+along%5C+with%5C+other%5C+spectroscopic%5C+method%5C+along%5C+with%5C+chemical%5C+degradation.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+hydrolysable%5C+tannins%2C%5C+flavan%5C-3ols%2C%5C+flavonoid%5C+glycosides%2C%5C+triterpene%5C+glycosides%2C%5C+simple%5C+phenolics%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on%2C%5C+most%5C+of%5C+which%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+by%5C+antioxidant%5C+or%5C+anti%5C-viral%5C+activities.%5C+Meantime%2C%5C+the%5C+HPLC%5C+analytical%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+compare%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+pachyandra%5C+with%5C+with%5C+those%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cultivated%5C+tea%2C%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica.%5C+Above%5C+all%2C%5C+the%5C+detection%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+established%5C+for%5C+the%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+tea%5C+polyphenols%2C%5C+tea%5C+polysaccharides%2C%5C+caffeine%5C+and%5C+the%5C+main%5C+polyphenolic%5C+constituents%5C+in%5C+tea.%5C+And%5C+finally%2C%5C+the%5C+progress%5C+of%5C+the%5C+research%5C+work%5C+on%5C+Pu%5C-er%5C+tea%5C+was%5C+reviewed."},{"jsname":"Trigonobalanus doichangensis is an endangered plant. In this paper, the megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, seed morphological traits and seed germination, seed conservation, micropropagation and acclimatization of this species were studied. Combined with the published results of cytology, molecular genetics and other researches,the mechanisms of extinction, basic biology and technology of germplasm conservation and acclimatization of T. doichangensis were discussed. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte，Stamens exist under the stigma of T. doichangensis, and the pollen is aborted on the later development stage of pistil, therefore, the pistillate flower in function is hermaphrodite flower in morphology. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The primary archesporium is hypodermal and single-celled and the sporogenous cell of the nucellus functions directly as a megaspore mother cell which goes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore of the tetrad is functional. The development of embryo sac conforms to the polygonum type. There are six ovules in the ovary of T. doichangensis, and only one develops into a seed in normal fruits. In the process of megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, there are several links of abortion, and 93.3% of mature embryo sacs is aborted.2. Morphological characters and germination of seeds，Most of the variation occurred among individual trees within populations in seed morphological traits (length, width and 1000-seed weight) and germination-related indices (germination percentage, germination index and vigor index). In addition, the variation in percentage of well-developed seeds among populations and among individual trees within populations is equal, each accounting for 48%. Each of seed morphological traits has significantly positive correlation with each other (p < 0.01), but they have no significant correlation with percentage of well-developed seeds and germination-related indices. In the same batch of seeds of T. doichangensis, there are light-colored and dark-colored seed coats, and development of light-colored seeds is significantly poorer than that of dark-colored seeds.The sensitivity of seeds to high temperature varys in different stages of seed imbibition. In each stage, heat acclimatization don’t increase germination percentage, germination index and fresh weight of seedlings. If the distilled water is substituted by solution of SA during seed imbibition, seed germination and germination index after heat shock are not significantly different from control, but they are significantly higher than that of other treatments. Moreover, when the seeds are treatmented with SA, the fresh weight of seedlings is significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.3. Seed conservation，Seeds of T. doichangensis belong to orthodox seeds which can tolerate certain level of dehydration. The condition of low temperature and low water content of seeds is conducive to seed conservation.Germination of fresh seeds shows significant variation among populations, howerer, germination of the seeds after storage for one year in room temperature shows no significant variation among populations.High temperature and high relative humidity damages the seeds more severely than high temperature does. In addition, low water content of seeds enable the seeds to be more tolerant to high temperature.The electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity and germination percentage have no significant correlation with each other.4. Micropropagation and in vitro conservation，Cotyledonary nodes are a kind of efficient explants. Low salt media are conducive to shoot propagation and root induction.The maximum multiplication rate (20-25 shoots/explant within 4 months) is achieved on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/4 MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).Rooting is promoted by auxins, however, IBA alone or low concentrations of NAA are preferable due to small amount of callus induced. The research has established an efficient protocol for micropropagation of T. doichangensis, and it provides technology support for in vitro conservation of special germplasm of the species.5. Acclimatization，Quercus variabilis, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides and T. doichangensis belong to the family of Fagaceae, and the natural distribution ranges of the 3 species are decreasing in turn. The research suggests that the ranges of temperature tolerance of the 3 species are decreasing corresponding to their distribution ranges.The high and low semi-lethal temperature of one-year old T. doichangensis is 49.5℃ and -5℃ respectively. It suggests that T. doichangensis has a wide range of basic temperature tolerance. Short-term heat and cold acclimatization cannot expand the range of temperature tolerance. It can be inferred that T. doichangensis may lack induced tolerance to temperature. Under proper conditions, ABA can increase the cold tolerance, and SA can increase the heat tolerance of leaf discs of T. doichangensis.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATrigonobalanus%5C+doichangensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+plant.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+the%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seed%5C+conservation%2C%5C+micropropagation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied.%5C+Combined%5C+with%5C+the%5C+published%5C+results%5C+of%5C+cytology%2C%5C+molecular%5C+genetics%5C+and%5C+other%5C+researches%2Cthe%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+extinction%2C%5C+basic%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+germplasm%5C+conservation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%EF%BC%8CStamens%5C+exist%5C+under%5C+the%5C+stigma%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+pollen%5C+is%5C+aborted%5C+on%5C+the%5C+later%5C+development%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+pistil%2C%5C+therefore%2C%5C+the%5C+pistillate%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+function%5C+is%5C+hermaphrodite%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+morphology.%5C+The%5C+ovule%5C+is%5C+anatropous%2C%5C+bitegmic%5C+and%5C+crassinucellate.%5C+The%5C+primary%5C+archesporium%5C+is%5C+hypodermal%5C+and%5C+single%5C-celled%5C+and%5C+the%5C+sporogenous%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+the%5C+nucellus%5C+functions%5C+directly%5C+as%5C+a%5C+megaspore%5C+mother%5C+cell%5C+which%5C+goes%5C+meiosis%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+linear%5C+tetrad.%5C+The%5C+chalazal%5C+megaspore%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetrad%5C+is%5C+functional.%5C+The%5C+development%5C+of%5C+embryo%5C+sac%5C+conforms%5C+to%5C+the%5C+polygonum%5C+type.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+six%5C+ovules%5C+in%5C+the%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+only%5C+one%5C+develops%5C+into%5C+a%5C+seed%5C+in%5C+normal%5C+fruits.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+process%5C+of%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+several%5C+links%5C+of%5C+abortion%2C%5C+and%5C+93.3%25%5C+of%5C+mature%5C+embryo%5C+sacs%5C+is%5C+aborted.2.%5C+Morphological%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+seeds%EF%BC%8CMost%5C+of%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28length%2C%5C+width%5C+and%5C+1000%5C-seed%5C+weight%5C%29%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices%5C+%5C%28germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+vigor%5C+index%5C%29.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+equal%2C%5C+each%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+48%25.%5C+Each%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+has%5C+significantly%5C+positive%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+%5C%28p%5C+%3C%5C+0.01%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+have%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+same%5C+batch%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+and%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seed%5C+coats%2C%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+poorer%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seeds.The%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+varys%5C+in%5C+different%5C+stages%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+imbibition.%5C+In%5C+each%5C+stage%2C%5C+heat%5C+acclimatization%5C+don%E2%80%99t%5C+increase%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+distilled%5C+water%5C+is%5C+substituted%5C+by%5C+solution%5C+of%5C+SA%5C+during%5C+seed%5C+imbibition%2C%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+after%5C+heat%5C+shock%5C+are%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+from%5C+control%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+are%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+other%5C+treatments.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+when%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+treatmented%5C+with%5C+SA%2C%5C+the%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+control%5C+and%5C+other%5C+treatments.3.%5C+Seed%5C+conservation%EF%BC%8CSeeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+can%5C+tolerate%5C+certain%5C+level%5C+of%5C+dehydration.%5C+The%5C+condition%5C+of%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+low%5C+water%5C+content%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+conducive%5C+to%5C+seed%5C+conservation.Germination%5C+of%5C+fresh%5C+seeds%5C+shows%5C+significant%5C+variation%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+howerer%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+storage%5C+for%5C+one%5C+year%5C+in%5C+room%5C+temperature%5C+shows%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+variation%5C+among%5C+populations.High%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+high%5C+relative%5C+humidity%5C+damages%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+more%5C+severely%5C+than%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+does.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+low%5C+water%5C+content%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+enable%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+be%5C+more%5C+tolerant%5C+to%5C+high%5C+temperature.The%5C+electrical%5C+conductivity%2C%5C+dehydrogenase%5C+activity%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+have%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other.4.%5C+Micropropagation%5C+and%5C+in%5C+vitro%5C+conservation%EF%BC%8CCotyledonary%5C+nodes%5C+are%5C+a%5C+kind%5C+of%5C+efficient%5C+explants.%5C+Low%5C+salt%5C+media%5C+are%5C+conducive%5C+to%5C+shoot%5C+propagation%5C+and%5C+root%5C+induction.The%5C+maximum%5C+multiplication%5C+rate%5C+%5C%2820%5C-25%5C+shoots%5C%2Fexplant%5C+within%5C+4%5C+months%5C%29%5C+is%5C+achieved%5C+on%5C+quarter%5C-strength%5C+Murashige%5C+and%5C+Skoog%5C+%5C%281%5C%2F4%5C+MS%5C%29%5C+medium%5C+supplemented%5C+with%5C+1%5C+mg%C2%B7L%5C-1%5C+6%5C-benzyladenine%5C+%5C%286%5C-BA%5C%29%5C+and%5C+0.05%5C+mg%C2%B7L%5C-1%5C+%CE%B1%5C-naphthaleneacetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28NAA%5C%29.Rooting%5C+is%5C+promoted%5C+by%5C+auxins%2C%5C+however%2C%5C+IBA%5C+alone%5C+or%5C+low%5C+concentrations%5C+of%5C+NAA%5C+are%5C+preferable%5C+due%5C+to%5C+small%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+callus%5C+induced.%5C+The%5C+research%5C+has%5C+established%5C+an%5C+efficient%5C+protocol%5C+for%5C+micropropagation%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+it%5C+provides%5C+technology%5C+support%5C+for%5C+in%5C+vitro%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+special%5C+germplasm%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species.5.%5C+Acclimatization%EF%BC%8CQuercus%5C+variabilis%2C%5C+Cyclobalanopsis%5C+glaucoides%5C+and%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+the%5C+family%5C+of%5C+Fagaceae%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+natural%5C+distribution%5C+ranges%5C+of%5C+the%5C+3%5C+species%5C+are%5C+decreasing%5C+in%5C+turn.%5C+The%5C+research%5C+suggests%5C+that%5C+the%5C+ranges%5C+of%5C+temperature%5C+tolerance%5C+of%5C+the%5C+3%5C+species%5C+are%5C+decreasing%5C+corresponding%5C+to%5C+their%5C+distribution%5C+ranges.The%5C+high%5C+and%5C+low%5C+semi%5C-lethal%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+one%5C-year%5C+old%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+is%5C+49.5%E2%84%83%5C+and%5C+%5C-5%E2%84%83%5C+respectively.%5C+It%5C+suggests%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+has%5C+a%5C+wide%5C+range%5C+of%5C+basic%5C+temperature%5C+tolerance.%5C+Short%5C-term%5C+heat%5C+and%5C+cold%5C+acclimatization%5C+cannot%5C+expand%5C+the%5C+range%5C+of%5C+temperature%5C+tolerance.%5C+It%5C+can%5C+be%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+may%5C+lack%5C+induced%5C+tolerance%5C+to%5C+temperature.%5C+Under%5C+proper%5C+conditions%2C%5C+ABA%5C+can%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+cold%5C+tolerance%2C%5C+and%5C+SA%5C+can%5C+increase%5C+the%5C+heat%5C+tolerance%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+discs%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis."},{"jsname":"Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic variability.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATupistra%5C+pingbianensis%5C+J.%5C+L.%5C+Huang%5C+%5C%26%5C+X.%5C+Z.%5C+Liu%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+newly%5C+described%5C+perennial%5C+herb%5C+narrowly%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+South%5C-east%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+It%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+genera%5C+Tupistra%5C+Ker%5C+Gawler%5C%28Liliaceae%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+usually%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss.%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+unusual%5C+in%5C+that%5C+it%5C+exhibits%5C+rarity%5C+according%5C+to%5C+three%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+of%5C+measuring%5C+rarity%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+habitat%5C+specialist%2C%5C+and%5C+always%5C+has%5C+low%5C+abundance%5C+where%5C+it%5C+occurs.%5C+Because%5C+of%5C+this%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+has%5C+been%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+and%5C+catalogued%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+Species%5C+Red%5C+List.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+discuss%5C+the%5C+causes%5C+of%5C+rarity%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+multidisciplinary%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+and%5C+seedling%5C+establishment%2C%5C+cytology%2C%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+and%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endangered%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+thesis.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+also%5C+proposed%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Biological%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CT.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herbaceous%5C+with%5C+a%5C+creeping%5C+rhizome%2C%5C+thick%5C+basal%5C+leaves%2C%5C+and%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+that%5C+is%5C+a%5C+terminal%5C+spike.%5C+Florescence%5C+is%5C+from%5C+November%5C+to%5C+December%2C%5C+while%5C+fruiting%5C+occurs%5C+between%5C+November%5C+and%5C+December%5C+in%5C+the%5C+next%5C+year.%5C+Reproduction%5C+and%5C+spread%5C+also%5C+occurs%5C+clonally%5C+via%5C+rhizomes%2C%5C+most%5C+seeds%5C+simply%5C+fall%5C+from%5C+the%5C+mother%5C+plant%5C+and%5C+germinate%5C+where%5C+they%5C+land.%5C+It%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+habitat.%5C+Throughout%5C+its%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+occurs%5C+as%5C+discrete%2C%5C+small%5C+populations%5C+size.%5C+2.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CSeed%5C+morphology%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%2C%5C+light%2C%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+on%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+primarily.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+average%5C+seed%5C+size%5C+was%5C+%5C%281.17%C2%B10.02%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.79%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.77%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%5C%28length%5C+%C3%97%5C+width%5C+%C3%97%5C+thickness%5C%29%2C%5C+per%5C-hundred%5C-seed%5C-weight%5C+was%5C+about%5C+35.03%C2%B10.12g.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+three%5C+different%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%5C+and%5C+sowing%5C+depths%2C%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+germinate%5C+best%5C+in%5C+alkalescence%5C+soil%5C+and%5C+shallow%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+%5C%282cm%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+could%5C+germinate%5C+in%5C+the%5C+both%5C+light%5C+and%5C+dark%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+can%5C+be%5C+accelerated%5C+by%5C+light%5C+obviously.%5C+Its%5C+seed%5C+has%5C+high%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+not%5C+just%5C+in%5C+greenhouse%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+in%5C+the%5C+field.%5C+We%5C+considered%5C+that%5C+this%5C+is%5C+a%5C+good%5C+strategy%5C+to%5C+expand%5C+its%5C+population%5C+in%5C+the%5C+special%5C+habit.3.%5C+Karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CThe%5C+karyotype%5C+of%5C+total%5C+eight%5C+species%5C+in%5C+Campylandra%2C%5C+Tupistra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra%5C+from%5C+China%5C+were%5C+reported.%5C+Considering%5C+Tupistra%5C+has%5C+the%5C+similar%5C+morphological%5C+character%5C+with%5C+Campylandra%5C+but%5C+resemble%5C+Aspidistra%5C+in%5C+karyotype.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+support%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+study%5C+that%5C+Tupistra%5C+is%5C+a%5C+transition%5C+between%5C+Compylandra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+showes%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+and%5C+T.%5C+fungilliformis%5C+has%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+than%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+this%5C+genera%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+these%5C+species%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status.%5C+4.%5C+Reproduction%5C+ecology%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+The%5C+flower%5C+phenology%2C%5C+pollinators%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+documented%5C+herein.%5C+We%5C+also%5C+examined%5C+the%5C+breeding%5C+system%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+fitness%5C+traits%5C+to%5C+determine%5C+what%5C+forms%5C+of%5C+pollination%5C+and%5C+mating%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+this%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+species%2C%5C+and%5C+is%5C+there%5C+evidence%5C+of%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+in%5C+its%5C+populations.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flowers%5C+opened%5C+10%5C-15%5C+days%2C%5C+which%5C+suggest%5C+stigma%5C+and%5C+pollen%5C+can%5C+keep%5C+high%5C+vitality%5C+for%5C+a%5C+long%5C+time%5C+%5C%2810%5C-15%5C+days%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+only%5C+pollinators%5C+observed%5C+on%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+flowers%5C+were%5C+ants%5C+%5C%28Aphaenogaster%5C+smythiesii%5C+Forel%2CFormicidea%5C%29%2C%5C+springtail%5C+%5C%28Hypogastrura%5C+sp.%2C%5C+Hypogastruridae%2C%5C+Collembola%5C%29%5C+and%5C+one%5C+species%5C+of%5C+beetles%5C+%5C%28Anomala%5C+corpulenta%5C+Motsch%2C%5C+Rutelidae%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+pollinators%5C+generally%5C+have%5C+restricted%5C+movement%5C+capacities%5C+and%5C+hence%5C+promote%5C+geitonogamy%5C+or%5C+mating%5C+between%5C+individuals%5C+in%5C+close%5C+proximity%5C+within%5C+populations.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+out%5C+crossing%5C+index%5C+%5C%28OCI%5C%29%5C+pollination%5C+experiments%5C+in%5C+our%5C+study%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+has%5C+an%5C+animal%5C-pollinated%2C%5C+mixed%5C+selfing%5C+and%5C+outcrossing%5C+breeding%5C+systems.%5C+However%2C%5C+a%5C+pollination%5C+experiment%5C+also%5C+fail%5C+to%5C+detect%5C+significant%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+upon%5C+F1%5C+fruit%5C+set%2C%5C+seed%5C+weight%5C+and%5C+germinate%5C+rate%5C+fitness%5C-traits.%5C+Since%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+species%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+not%5C+seriously%5C+genetically%5C+impoverished%5C+and%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+adapted%5C+to%5C+tolerating%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+inbreeding%5C+early%5C+in%5C+its%5C+history.%5C+5.%5C+Conservation%5C+genetic%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+The%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+partitioning%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+Tupistra%5C+pingbianensis.%5C+Here%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+patterns%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+variation%5C+within%5C+and%5C+among%5C+11%5C+populations%5C+were%5C+analyzed%5C+using%5C+AFLP%5C+markers%5C+with%5C+97%5C+individuals%5C+across%5C+its%5C+whole%5C+geographical%5C+range.%5C+High%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+variation%5C+were%5C+revealed%5C+both%5C+at%5C+the%5C+species%5C+level%5C+%5C%28P99%5C+%3D%5C+96.012%25%5C%3B%5C+Ht%5C+%3D%5C+0.302%5C%29%5C+and%5C+at%5C+the%5C+population%5C+level%5C+%5C%28P99%5C+%3D%5C+51.41%25%5C%3B%5C+Hs%5C+%3D%5C+0.224%5C%29.%5C+Strong%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+was%5C+also%5C+detected%5C+%5C%28FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.2961%5C%3B%5C+%E2%8D%AC%E2%85%A1%3D%5C+0.281%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+corresponded%5C+to%5C+results%5C+reported%5C+for%5C+typical%5C+animal%5C-pollinated%2C%5C+mixed%5C+selfing%5C+and%5C+outcrossing%5C+plant%5C+species.%5C+Special%5C+habitat%5C+and%5C+its%5C+life%5C+history%5C+traits%5C+may%5C+play%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+shaping%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+special%5C+habitat%5C+in%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+most%5C+suitable%5C+strategy%5C+for%5C+its%5C+conservation%5C+is%5C+the%5C+protection%5C+of%5C+its%5C+habitat.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+given%5C+the%5C+observed%5C+strong%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+preservation%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+in%5C+this%5C+species%5C+will%5C+require%5C+the%5C+protection%5C+of%5C+many%5C+populations%5C+as%5C+possible%5C+to%5C+maintain%5C+the%5C+current%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+variability."},{"jsname":"Until now, little data about the plant reproductive characters and ecological adaptation have been documented in the species-rich Sino-Himalaya region. Anemone rivularis (Ranunculaceae), mainly occurs in this area, and is of particular interest for its unique flower heliotropic movement and sex allocation strategy. In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology and adaptation mechanism of A. rivularis on the Yulong Snow Mountain Lijiang, northwestern Yunnan. The main results were summarized as follows: 1 Reproductive biology, The mating system, flowering phenology, floral morphology and pollination efficiency were examined in Anemone rivularis. This species is a perennial plant with hermaphroditic flowers, and its inflorescence is an acropetal cyme with protogynous flowers. In contrast to some self-incompatible species reported in Anemone, our results proved that A. rivularis was self-compatible. The seed set under natural pollination was more than 70%, indicating that there was no pollen limitation. Meanwhile, the seed set of artificial-cross-pollinated flowers was significantly higher than that of artificial-self-pollinated flowers, suggesting that the mixed mating system of A. rivularis was based on cross-pollination, and the results also supported a favor of outcrossing reproductive strategy for perennial herbs as some previous reports. Clearly, the reproductive strategy of A. rivularis prefer to cross-pollination in the alpine Sino-Himalayan region, in order to improve the reproductive fitness. 2 Flower heliotropism, The flower heliotropic movement mechanism, influences and adaptive significance were investigated in Anemone rivularis. The results indicated that under natural conditions, a treatment of pistils and stamens removal, flowers of A. rivularis retained accurately sun-tracking behavior through daytime, and the petals were found to close in the evening; but flowers would lose heliotropic movement if tepals were removed, with peduncles keeping a vertical orientation. This indicated that the tepals were crucial for heliotropic behavior. The flower heliotropism of A. rivularis was sensitive to blue light frequencies rather than red frequencies, suggesting that the light signal must be received by tepals, which driving the peduncles to bend due to differential cell elongation along the two sides of peduncle. Furthermore, there was a close relationship between diurnal heliotropic movements and temperature of flower interior in A. rivularis. Flowers with tepals could provide a relatively narrow range of temperatures, in comparison with flowers lacking tepals, in order to maintain reproductive organs in functional floral temperature range. Our study demonstrated that both the development of pistils and stamens and the visiting of insects could benefit from flower heliotropism in A. rivularis.3 Sex allocation, Floral traits, male and female functions, reproductive fitness, and sex allocation hypotheses were assessed in intra-inflorescence of Anemone rivularis. Though the inflorescence showed an acropetal flower-opening sequence as well as in many flowering species (early flowers are proximal and late flowers are distal), it engaged different sex allocation strategy. Our observations documented that the late-opening flowers of each inflorescence produce significantly more ovules and fewer pollen grains compared to early-opening flowers, and the pollen:ovule ratio (P:O) declined obviously from primary flower position to tertiary flower position, suggesting that later flowers would tend to favor female-bias investment. The nature-pollinating seed set among flower positions was constant, and there was no resource trade-off between flower size and sexual organs in this species, and the first-removal treatment did not lead to a significant increase in seed set of flowers in the later position. Thus, early-opening flower may not represent a significant competitor for resources with late-opening flowers on the same inflorescence, suggesting that the pattern of floral design and floral display may be determined prior to flowering and is inalterable by resources during flowering. So the female-biased allocation of distal flowers in A. rivularis may be resulted from the the selection by variation in the mating environment.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=PERFORMANCE&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AUntil%5C+now%2C%5C+little%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+reproductive%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+ecological%5C+adaptation%5C+have%5C+been%5C+documented%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Sino%5C-Himalaya%5C+region.%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis%5C+%5C%28Ranunculaceae%5C%29%2C%5C+mainly%5C+occurs%5C+in%5C+this%5C+area%2C%5C+and%5C+is%5C+of%5C+particular%5C+interest%5C+for%5C+its%5C+unique%5C+flower%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+and%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+strategy.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+adaptation%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Yulong%5C+Snow%5C+Mountain%5C+Lijiang%2C%5C+northwestern%5C+Yunnan.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1%5C+Reproductive%5C+biology%2C%5C+The%5C+mating%5C+system%2C%5C+flowering%5C+phenology%2C%5C+floral%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+pollination%5C+efficiency%5C+were%5C+examined%5C+in%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+This%5C+species%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+plant%5C+with%5C+hermaphroditic%5C+flowers%2C%5C+and%5C+its%5C+inflorescence%5C+is%5C+an%5C+acropetal%5C+cyme%5C+with%5C+protogynous%5C+flowers.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+some%5C+self%5C-incompatible%5C+species%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+Anemone%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+self%5C-compatible.%5C+The%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+pollination%5C+was%5C+more%5C+than%5C+70%25%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+there%5C+was%5C+no%5C+pollen%5C+limitation.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+of%5C+artificial%5C-cross%5C-pollinated%5C+flowers%5C+was%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+artificial%5C-self%5C-pollinated%5C+flowers%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+the%5C+mixed%5C+mating%5C+system%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+based%5C+on%5C+cross%5C-pollination%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+results%5C+also%5C+supported%5C+a%5C+favor%5C+of%5C+outcrossing%5C+reproductive%5C+strategy%5C+for%5C+perennial%5C+herbs%5C+as%5C+some%5C+previous%5C+reports.%5C+Clearly%2C%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+strategy%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+prefer%5C+to%5C+cross%5C-pollination%5C+in%5C+the%5C+alpine%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+region%2C%5C+in%5C+order%5C+to%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+fitness.%5C+2%5C+Flower%5C+heliotropism%2C%5C+The%5C+flower%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+influences%5C+and%5C+adaptive%5C+significance%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions%2C%5C+a%5C+treatment%5C+of%5C+pistils%5C+and%5C+stamens%5C+removal%2C%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+retained%5C+accurately%5C+sun%5C-tracking%5C+behavior%5C+through%5C+daytime%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+petals%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+close%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evening%5C%3B%5C+but%5C+flowers%5C+would%5C+lose%5C+heliotropic%5C+movement%5C+if%5C+tepals%5C+were%5C+removed%2C%5C+with%5C+peduncles%5C+keeping%5C+a%5C+vertical%5C+orientation.%5C+This%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+tepals%5C+were%5C+crucial%5C+for%5C+heliotropic%5C+behavior.%5C+The%5C+flower%5C+heliotropism%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+was%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+blue%5C+light%5C+frequencies%5C+rather%5C+than%5C+red%5C+frequencies%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+the%5C+light%5C+signal%5C+must%5C+be%5C+received%5C+by%5C+tepals%2C%5C+which%5C+driving%5C+the%5C+peduncles%5C+to%5C+bend%5C+due%5C+to%5C+differential%5C+cell%5C+elongation%5C+along%5C+the%5C+two%5C+sides%5C+of%5C+peduncle.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+diurnal%5C+heliotropic%5C+movements%5C+and%5C+temperature%5C+of%5C+flower%5C+interior%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+rivularis.%5C+Flowers%5C+with%5C+tepals%5C+could%5C+provide%5C+a%5C+relatively%5C+narrow%5C+range%5C+of%5C+temperatures%2C%5C+in%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+flowers%5C+lacking%5C+tepals%2C%5C+in%5C+order%5C+to%5C+maintain%5C+reproductive%5C+organs%5C+in%5C+functional%5C+floral%5C+temperature%5C+range.%5C+Our%5C+study%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+both%5C+the%5C+development%5C+of%5C+pistils%5C+and%5C+stamens%5C+and%5C+the%5C+visiting%5C+of%5C+insects%5C+could%5C+benefit%5C+from%5C+flower%5C+heliotropism%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+rivularis.3%5C+Sex%5C+allocation%2C%5C+Floral%5C+traits%2C%5C+male%5C+and%5C+female%5C+functions%2C%5C+reproductive%5C+fitness%2C%5C+and%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+hypotheses%5C+were%5C+assessed%5C+in%5C+intra%5C-inflorescence%5C+of%5C+Anemone%5C+rivularis.%5C+Though%5C+the%5C+inflorescence%5C+showed%5C+an%5C+acropetal%5C+flower%5C-opening%5C+sequence%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+in%5C+many%5C+flowering%5C+species%5C+%5C%28early%5C+flowers%5C+are%5C+proximal%5C+and%5C+late%5C+flowers%5C+are%5C+distal%5C%29%2C%5C+it%5C+engaged%5C+different%5C+sex%5C+allocation%5C+strategy.%5C+Our%5C+observations%5C+documented%5C+that%5C+the%5C+late%5C-opening%5C+flowers%5C+of%5C+each%5C+inflorescence%5C+produce%5C+significantly%5C+more%5C+ovules%5C+and%5C+fewer%5C+pollen%5C+grains%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+early%5C-opening%5C+flowers%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+pollen%5C%3Aovule%5C+ratio%5C+%5C%28P%5C%3AO%5C%29%5C+declined%5C+obviously%5C+from%5C+primary%5C+flower%5C+position%5C+to%5C+tertiary%5C+flower%5C+position%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+later%5C+flowers%5C+would%5C+tend%5C+to%5C+favor%5C+female%5C-bias%5C+investment.%5C+The%5C+nature%5C-pollinating%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+among%5C+flower%5C+positions%5C+was%5C+constant%2C%5C+and%5C+there%5C+was%5C+no%5C+resource%5C+trade%5C-off%5C+between%5C+flower%5C+size%5C+and%5C+sexual%5C+organs%5C+in%5C+this%5C+species%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+first%5C-removal%5C+treatment%5C+did%5C+not%5C+lead%5C+to%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+of%5C+flowers%5C+in%5C+the%5C+later%5C+position.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+early%5C-opening%5C+flower%5C+may%5C+not%5C+represent%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+competitor%5C+for%5C+resources%5C+with%5C+late%5C-opening%5C+flowers%5C+on%5C+the%5C+same%5C+inflorescence%2C%5C+suggesting%5C+that%5C+the%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+design%5C+and%5C+floral%5C+display%5C+may%5C+be%5C+determined%5C+prior%5C+to%5C+flowering%5C+and%5C+is%5C+inalterable%5C+by%5C+resources%5C+during%5C+flowering.%5C+So%5C+the%5C+female%5C-biased%5C+allocation%5C+of%5C+distal%5C+flowers%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+rivularis%5C+may%5C+be%5C+resulted%5C+from%5C+the%5C+the%5C+selection%5C+by%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mating%5C+environment."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-06-17"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
|
|
|
|
|
