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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Saccharinae Kuntze belongs to the tribe Andropogoneae, subfamily Panicoideae, Poaceae. There are about 156 species in the world, with 66 species occurring in China. They are distributed throughout China, mostly in the Provinces of the south and southwest. They are especially abundant in the mid and lower reaches of the Changjiang and its tributaries. A few species extend to northern China. Saccharinae grasses are usually tall, with many species being cultivated as agricultural crop plants and others possessing commercial value. In many parts of the world, selected species are currently undergoing trials as potential target plants for the exploitation of new energy sources. However, there are many taxonomic problems remaining within Saccharinae and historic studies are both incomplete and inconclusive. Problems exist and opinions differ on the systematic positioning of several genera and species. Conclusions which led to this taxonomic revision utilized the following tools and methods: field works; literature research; the study of 7069 specimens and photos from 17 herbaria; leaf anatomical experiments; analysis of the morphological characters (using statistic methodology).Generic revisions:1. Pseudopogonatherum and Eulalia are quite different in their morphology, leaf epidermis and transverse characteristics. They should be treated as two separate genera. This is consistent with the earlier opinions of Bor and S. L. Chen.2. The leaf anatomical structures and morphological characteristics in Diandranthus, Miscanthus, Triarrhena and Rubimons are almost all the same except for a few differences which exist in Rubimons. According to the result, Diandranthus, Triarrhena and Rubimons should be included in to Miscanthus as described in The Flora of China, but the subgenus Miscanthus subgen. Rubimons (B. S. Sun) Y. C. Liu et H. Peng is usefully aligned to the distinct Rubimons taxa.3. The leaf anatomical structures of Saccharum, Erianthus and Narenga show significant similarity. We agree with Clayton’s suggestion that Erianthus and Narenga should be included into Saccharum.4. The study result of leaf anatomy and morphology in Eccoilopus and Spodiopogon indicate that Eccoilopus should be included with Spodiopogon which agrees with the taxonomic treatment in Genera Graminum, Flora Yunnanica and Flora of China.On Species:1. According to the statistical research and characteristics comparison, we conclude that Microstegium reticulatum should be treated as a synonym of Microstegium vimineum; Miscanthus purpurascence should be included with Miscanthus sinensis; Saccharum arundinaceum var. trichophyllum is simply an extreme variation of Saccharum arundinaceum, and should be treated as a synonym of the latter.2. Specimens labeled as Eulalia siamensis and Eulalia wightii in Chinese herbaria are actually specimens of Eulalia quadrinervis, and specimens labeled as Imperata cylindrica var. cylindrica are in fact specimens of Imperata cylindrica var. major, which means that Eulalia siamensis, Eulalia wightii and Imperata cylindrica var. cylindrica do not occur in China.3. The specimens of Microstegium fasciculatum in Chinese herbaria have long been identified as Microstegium ciliatum. And the descriptions in Flora illustralis Plantarum Primarium Sinicarum Poaceae, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Tomus 10(2) and Flora Yunnanica Tomus 9 were wrong in some key details. The correct description of Microstegium ciliatum is available in Flora of China Vol. 22.4. Two new species are found: Miscanthus villosus Y. C. Liu et H. Peng Sp. Nov. and Microstegium butuoense Y. C. Liu et H. Peng Sp. Nov.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASubtrib.%5C+Saccharinae%5C+Kuntze%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+the%5C+tribe%5C+Andropogoneae%2C%5C+subfamily%5C+Panicoideae%2C%5C+Poaceae.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+about%5C+156%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+with%5C+66%5C+species%5C+occurring%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+They%5C+are%5C+distributed%5C+throughout%5C+China%2C%5C+mostly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Provinces%5C+of%5C+the%5C+south%5C+and%5C+southwest.%5C+They%5C+are%5C+especially%5C+abundant%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mid%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+reaches%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Changjiang%5C+and%5C+its%5C+tributaries.%5C+A%5C+few%5C+species%5C+extend%5C+to%5C+northern%5C+China.%5C+Saccharinae%5C+grasses%5C+are%5C+usually%5C+tall%2C%5C+with%5C+many%5C+species%5C+being%5C+cultivated%5C+as%5C+agricultural%5C+crop%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+others%5C+possessing%5C+commercial%5C+value.%5C+In%5C+many%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+selected%5C+species%5C+are%5C+currently%5C+undergoing%5C+trials%5C+as%5C+potential%5C+target%5C+plants%5C+for%5C+the%5C+exploitation%5C+of%5C+new%5C+energy%5C+sources.%5C+However%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+many%5C+taxonomic%5C+problems%5C+remaining%5C+within%5C+Saccharinae%5C+and%5C+historic%5C+studies%5C+are%5C+both%5C+incomplete%5C+and%5C+inconclusive.%5C+Problems%5C+exist%5C+and%5C+opinions%5C+differ%5C+on%5C+the%5C+systematic%5C+positioning%5C+of%5C+several%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+species.%5C+Conclusions%5C+which%5C+led%5C+to%5C+this%5C+taxonomic%5C+revision%5C+utilized%5C+the%5C+following%5C+tools%5C+and%5C+methods%5C%3A%5C+field%5C+works%5C%3B%5C+literature%5C+research%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+study%5C+of%5C+7069%5C+specimens%5C+and%5C+photos%5C+from%5C+17%5C+herbaria%5C%3B%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+experiments%5C%3B%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+characters%5C+%5C%28using%5C+statistic%5C+methodology%5C%29.Generic%5C+revisions%5C%3A1.%5C+Pseudopogonatherum%5C+and%5C+Eulalia%5C+are%5C+quite%5C+different%5C+in%5C+their%5C+morphology%2C%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+and%5C+transverse%5C+characteristics.%5C+They%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+two%5C+separate%5C+genera.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+opinions%5C+of%5C+Bor%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+L.%5C+Chen.2.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+morphological%5C+characteristics%5C+in%5C+Diandranthus%2C%5C+Miscanthus%2C%5C+Triarrhena%5C+and%5C+Rubimons%5C+are%5C+almost%5C+all%5C+the%5C+same%5C+except%5C+for%5C+a%5C+few%5C+differences%5C+which%5C+exist%5C+in%5C+Rubimons.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+result%2C%5C+Diandranthus%2C%5C+Triarrhena%5C+and%5C+Rubimons%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+in%5C+to%5C+Miscanthus%5C+as%5C+described%5C+in%5C+The%5C+Flora%5C+of%5C+China%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+subgenus%5C+Miscanthus%5C+subgen.%5C+Rubimons%5C+%5C%28B.%5C+S.%5C+Sun%5C%29%5C+Y.%5C+C.%5C+Liu%5C+et%5C+H.%5C+Peng%5C+is%5C+usefully%5C+aligned%5C+to%5C+the%5C+distinct%5C+Rubimons%5C+taxa.3.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Saccharum%2C%5C+Erianthus%5C+and%5C+Narenga%5C+show%5C+significant%5C+similarity.%5C+We%5C+agree%5C+with%5C+Clayton%E2%80%99s%5C+suggestion%5C+that%5C+Erianthus%5C+and%5C+Narenga%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+into%5C+Saccharum.4.%5C+The%5C+study%5C+result%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+anatomy%5C+and%5C+morphology%5C+in%5C+Eccoilopus%5C+and%5C+Spodiopogon%5C+indicate%5C+that%5C+Eccoilopus%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+with%5C+Spodiopogon%5C+which%5C+agrees%5C+with%5C+the%5C+taxonomic%5C+treatment%5C+in%5C+Genera%5C+Graminum%2C%5C+Flora%5C+Yunnanica%5C+and%5C+Flora%5C+of%5C+China.On%5C+Species%5C%3A1.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+statistical%5C+research%5C+and%5C+characteristics%5C+comparison%2C%5C+we%5C+conclude%5C+that%5C+Microstegium%5C+reticulatum%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+Microstegium%5C+vimineum%5C%3B%5C+Miscanthus%5C+purpurascence%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+with%5C+Miscanthus%5C+sinensis%5C%3B%5C+Saccharum%5C+arundinaceum%5C+var.%5C+trichophyllum%5C+is%5C+simply%5C+an%5C+extreme%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+Saccharum%5C+arundinaceum%2C%5C+and%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+the%5C+latter.2.%5C+Specimens%5C+labeled%5C+as%5C+Eulalia%5C+siamensis%5C+and%5C+Eulalia%5C+wightii%5C+in%5C+Chinese%5C+herbaria%5C+are%5C+actually%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Eulalia%5C+quadrinervis%2C%5C+and%5C+specimens%5C+labeled%5C+as%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+cylindrica%5C+are%5C+in%5C+fact%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+major%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+that%5C+Eulalia%5C+siamensis%2C%5C+Eulalia%5C+wightii%5C+and%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+cylindrica%5C+do%5C+not%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+China.3.%5C+The%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Microstegium%5C+fasciculatum%5C+in%5C+Chinese%5C+herbaria%5C+have%5C+long%5C+been%5C+identified%5C+as%5C+Microstegium%5C+ciliatum.%5C+And%5C+the%5C+descriptions%5C+in%5C+Flora%5C+illustralis%5C+Plantarum%5C+Primarium%5C+Sinicarum%5C+P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Xianfeng flora and its palaeoclimte were studied using three quantitative methods. The vegetation and climatic change in Yunnan were also discussed in this paper. The results are summarized as follows:1） 34 species belonging to 9 families, 21 genera were identified in Xianfeng flora. The dominant families are Fagaceae and Lauraceae. Most genera are tropic and subtropic distribution. Consequently, Xianfeng flora is a typical subtropic flora dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae.2）Two new coniferous species were identified, Pinus prekesiya and Tsuga miodumosa. P. prekesiya sp. nov., which belongs to subsection Pinus of subgenus Pinus shows a combination of characters of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis, but has a closer affinity with P. kesiya which distributes in the humid region of Yunnan and therefore suggests a more humid climate in central Yunnan during the late Miocene than today. The general cooling trend during the late Neogene and topographic change due to the dramatic Tibetan uplift might have cause a vicariance origin of P. kesiya and P. yunnanensis from the ancestral P. prekesiya. Tsuga miodumosa shows a closest affinity with T. dumosa and might represent the ancestral stock of T. dumosa. The discovery of the Tsuga cone confirmed the presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of southwestern China and represents the earliest Tsuga megafossil record in China. The new species provides fossil evidence to support molecular phylogeny study that T. dumosa might be differentiated in the Miocene. It also support the hypothesis that diversification of the genus occurred mainly during Miocene and Pliocene time as global climate cooled and new habitats formed in response to major orogenic events.3）The MATs results from three methods (CA: 17.2-18.0°C；CLAMP3B: 15.7±1.33°C；LMA: 17.2±1.6°C) are higher than present. This indicates that the climate at late Miocene is warmer than today. The MAPs from CA and CLAMP are 1206-1537.4mm and 1297.0±184.7mm respectively, which are higher than today (1003.2mm) obviously. This indicates that the climate is more humid in late Miocene. The differences between precipitation in humid season and dry season suggest the existence of seasonality，but not so strong as today. The palaeoelevation was reconstructed using CA method; the result indicates a lower elevation (1330-1500m) of Xianfeng in late Miocene compared to today.4) The palaeoenvirmental change was discussed based on the comparisons of fossil records and paleoclimate constructions. The results show that, at late Miocene, most floras represented ever-green forests dominanted by Fagaceae and Lauraceae etc. The climate of Yunnan in Miocene was warmer and more humid than today. At Pliocene age, the vegetation type in West Yunnan is still typical ever-green forest, while in the Sanying flora, the species adapt to cold environment like Quercus sect. Heterobalnus increased greatly.5) Two monsoon sensitivity indices were used to illustrate the change of sensitivity of monsoon climate. The results suggest lower seasonality and monsoon sensitivity, especially the winter monsoon sensitivity during late Miocene.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+and%5C+its%5C+palaeoclimte%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+using%5C+three%5C+quantitative%5C+methods.%5C+The%5C+vegetation%5C+and%5C+climatic%5C+change%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+were%5C+also%5C+discussed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+paper.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1%EF%BC%89%5C+34%5C+species%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+9%5C+families%2C%5C+21%5C+genera%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora.%5C+The%5C+dominant%5C+families%5C+are%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.%5C+Most%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+tropic%5C+and%5C+subtropic%5C+distribution.%5C+Consequently%2C%5C+Xianfeng%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+a%5C+typical%5C+subtropic%5C+flora%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae.2%EF%BC%89Two%5C+new%5C+coniferous%5C+species%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+Pinus%5C+prekesiya%5C+and%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa.%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya%5C+sp.%5C+nov.%2C%5C+which%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+subsection%5C+Pinus%5C+of%5C+subgenus%5C+Pinus%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+characters%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+but%5C+has%5C+a%5C+closer%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+which%5C+distributes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+humid%5C+region%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+therefore%5C+suggests%5C+a%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+climate%5C+in%5C+central%5C+Yunnan%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+general%5C+cooling%5C+trend%5C+during%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Neogene%5C+and%5C+topographic%5C+change%5C+due%5C+to%5C+the%5C+dramatic%5C+Tibetan%5C+uplift%5C+might%5C+have%5C+cause%5C+a%5C+vicariance%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+kesiya%5C+and%5C+P.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+from%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+P.%5C+prekesiya.%5C+Tsuga%5C+miodumosa%5C+shows%5C+a%5C+closest%5C+affinity%5C+with%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+and%5C+might%5C+represent%5C+the%5C+ancestral%5C+stock%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+dumosa.%5C+The%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Tsuga%5C+cone%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+Tsuga%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene%5C+of%5C+southwestern%5C+China%5C+and%5C+represents%5C+the%5C+earliest%5C+Tsuga%5C+megafossil%5C+record%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+new%5C+species%5C+provides%5C+fossil%5C+evidence%5C+to%5C+support%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+study%5C+that%5C+T.%5C+dumosa%5C+might%5C+be%5C+differentiated%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Miocene.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+support%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+that%5C+diversification%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occurred%5C+mainly%5C+during%5C+Miocene%5C+and%5C+Pliocene%5C+time%5C+as%5C+global%5C+climate%5C+cooled%5C+and%5C+new%5C+habitats%5C+formed%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+major%5C+orogenic%5C+events.3%EF%BC%89The%5C+MATs%5C+results%5C+from%5C+three%5C+methods%5C+%5C%28CA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%5C-18.0%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BCLAMP3B%5C%3A%5C+15.7%C2%B11.33%C2%B0C%EF%BC%9BLMA%5C%3A%5C+17.2%C2%B11.6%C2%B0C%5C%29%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+present.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+is%5C+warmer%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+MAPs%5C+from%5C+CA%5C+and%5C+CLAMP%5C+are%5C+1206%5C-1537.4mm%5C+and%5C+1297.0%C2%B1184.7mm%5C+respectively%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+today%5C+%5C%281003.2mm%5C%29%5C+obviously.%5C+This%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+climate%5C+is%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene.%5C+The%5C+differences%5C+between%5C+precipitation%5C+in%5C+humid%5C+season%5C+and%5C+dry%5C+season%5C+suggest%5C+the%5C+existence%5C+of%5C+seasonality%EF%BC%8Cbut%5C+not%5C+so%5C+strong%5C+as%5C+today.%5C+The%5C+palaeoelevation%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+using%5C+CA%5C+method%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+result%5C+indicates%5C+a%5C+lower%5C+elevation%5C+%5C%281330%5C-1500m%5C%29%5C+of%5C+Xianfeng%5C+in%5C+late%5C+Miocene%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+today.4%5C%29%5C+The%5C+palaeoenvirmental%5C+change%5C+was%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+comparisons%5C+of%5C+fossil%5C+records%5C+and%5C+paleoclimate%5C+constructions.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+show%5C+that%2C%5C+at%5C+late%5C+Miocene%2C%5C+most%5C+floras%5C+represented%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forests%5C+dominanted%5C+by%5C+Fagaceae%5C+and%5C+Lauraceae%5C+etc.%5C+The%5C+climate%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+in%5C+Miocene%5C+was%5C+warmer%5C+and%5C+more%5C+humid%5C+than%5C+today.%5C+At%5C+Pliocene%5C+age%2C%5C+the%5C+vegetation%5C+type%5C+in%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+still%5C+typical%5C+ever%5C-green%5C+forest%2C%5C+while%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Sanying%5C+flora%2C%5C+the%5C+species%5C+adapt%5C+to%5C+cold%5C+environment%5C+like%5C+Quercus%5C+sect.%5C+Heterobalnus%5C+increased%5C+greatly.5%5C%29%5C+Two%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+indices%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+illustrate%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+monsoon%5C+climate.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+lower%5C+seasonality%5C+and%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%2C%5C+especially%5C+the%5C+winter%5C+monsoon%5C+sensitivity%5C+during%5C+late%5C+Miocene."},{"jsname":"The chemical constituents of six higher fungi including Gomphus floccosus, Marasmius maximus Hongo, Paxillus panuoides, Tylopilus felleus, Cantharellus cibarius and Grifola frondosa collected from Yunnan Province, P. R. China, and a medicinal plant Hypericum reptans, were investigated.43 Compounds including 3 new ones have been obtained by chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (1D NMR, 2D NMR, MS, HR-MS, UV/Vis) in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.Two new furanone derivatives, (E)-3-(1,3-butadienyl)-4-(3-oxopentyl)-2(5H)-furanone (1), 3-((S,E)-3,4-dihydroxy-butylenyl)-4-((S,E)-3-hydroxy-pentenyl)-2(5H)-furanone (2) which had a large conjugated systemGomphus floccosus. The absolute configurations of 2 were determined based on the modified Moshers method after selectively protected the primary alcohol group in the 1,2-primary/secondary diol. in the structures, were isolated from the culture of the basidiomycete. A new compound based on a dibenzodioxinone skeleton was isolated from the medical plant Hypericum reptans. The plane structure and relative configurations of the new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic data and further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+six%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+including%5C+Gomphus%5C+floccosus%2C%5C+Marasmius%5C+maximus%5C+Hongo%2C%5C+Paxillus%5C+panuoides%2C%5C+Tylopilus%5C+felleus%2C%5C+Cantharellus%5C+cibarius%5C+and%5C+Grifola%5C+frondosa%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+Hypericum%5C+reptans%2C%5C+were%5C+investigated.43%5C+Compounds%5C+including%5C+3%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+by%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+data%5C+%5C%281D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+HR%5C-MS%2C%5C+UV%5C%2FVis%5C%29%5C+in%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.Two%5C+new%5C+furanone%5C+derivatives%2C%5C+%5C%28E%5C%29%5C-3%5C-%5C%281%2C3%5C-butadienyl%5C%29%5C-4%5C-%5C%283%5C-oxopentyl%5C%29%5C-2%5C%285H%5C%29%5C-furanone%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+3%5C-%5C%28%5C%28S%2CE%5C%29%5C-3%2C4%5C-dihydroxy%5C-butylenyl%5C%29%5C-4%5C-%5C%28%5C%28S%2CE%5C%29%5C-3%5C-hydroxy%5C-pentenyl%5C%29%5C-2%5C%285H%5C%29%5C-furanone%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+which%5C+had%5C+a%5C+large%5C+conjugated%5C+systemGomphus%5C+floccosus.%5C+The%5C+absolute%5C+configurations%5C+of%5C+2%5C+were%5C+determined%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+modified%5C+Moshers%5C+method%5C+after%5C+selectively%5C+protected%5C+the%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+group%5C+in%5C+the%5C+1%2C2%5C-primary%5C%2Fsecondary%5C+diol.%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structures%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+based%5C+on%5C+a%5C+dibenzodioxinone%5C+skeleton%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+medical%5C+plant%5C+Hypericum%5C+reptans.%5C+The%5C+plane%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+relative%5C+configurations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+was%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+spectroscopic%5C+data%5C+and%5C+further%5C+confirmed%5C+by%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction."},{"jsname":"The dissertation is comprised of six chapters, in which the chemical and bioactive constituents of nine plants, Melodinus henryi, Melodinus tenuicaudatus, Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia yunnanensis, Lycoris radiata, Lycoris aurea, Litsea cubeba, Poncirus trifoliata, and Pinus yunnanensis, have been phytochemically studied. A total of 267 compounds, including 57 new ones, were isolated from these species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and the combination with X-ray diffraction analysis. Of these compounds, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids are an important part, including several novel carbon skeletons, such as melohenines A and B and melotenine A, and a series of new and bioactive compounds, such as new bisindole alkaloids from two Melodinus species showing significant cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines. As a whole, the discovery of these compounds enriched the family of natural products, and the structural elucidation of these compounds enhanced our understanding towards the relationship among the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids types.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+comprised%5C+of%5C+six%5C+chapters%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+nine%5C+plants%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+henryi%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+tenuicaudatus%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+scholaris%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+radiata%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+aurea%2C%5C+Litsea%5C+cubeba%2C%5C+Poncirus%5C+trifoliata%2C%5C+and%5C+Pinus%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+phytochemically%5C+studied.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+267%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+57%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+established%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+the%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.%5C+Of%5C+these%5C+compounds%2C%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+are%5C+an%5C+important%5C+part%2C%5C+including%5C+several%5C+novel%5C+carbon%5C+skeletons%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+melohenines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+and%5C+melotenine%5C+A%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+compounds%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+new%5C+bisindole%5C+alkaloids%5C+from%5C+two%5C+Melodinus%5C+species%5C+showing%5C+significant%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enriched%5C+the%5C+family%5C+of%5C+natural%5C+products%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+elucidation%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enhanced%5C+our%5C+understanding%5C+towards%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+among%5C+the%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+types."},{"jsname":"The origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this species","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+origin%5C+center%5C+and%5C+diversity%5C+center%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Ligularia%5C+were%5C+considered%5C+to%5C+be%5C+central%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+Region%5C+%5C%28HMR%5C%29%5C+of%5C+China%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+research%2C%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+the%5C+phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+and%5C+L.%5C+tongolensis%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+origin%5C+center%5C+and%5C+diversity%5C+center%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+We%5C+aimed%5C+to%5C+infer%5C+the%5C+evolutionary%5C+process%5C+of%5C+Ligularia%5C+species.%5C+1.%5C+The%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%EF%BC%8CHere%2C%5C+we%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+phylogeographic%5C+history%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+disjunctively%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan.%5C+Two%5C+hundred%5C+and%5C+eighty%5C+individuals%5C+were%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+29%5C+natural%5C+populations%2C%5C+23%5C+located%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+6%5C+in%5C+Japan.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+19%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+with%5C+the%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+three%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+sequences%5C+variations%5C+%5C%28trnQ%5C-5%E2%80%99rps16%2C%5C+trnL%5C-rpl32%5C+and%5C+psbA%5C-trnH%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+species%5C+level%2C%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+haplotype%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C%29%5C+and%C2%A0total%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HT%5C%29%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+average%5C+intrapopulation%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28HS%5C%29%5C+was%5C+very%5C+low.%5C+Consequently%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+differentiation%5C%28NST%5C+%3D%5C+0.989%2C%5C+GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.933%5C+%5C%29%5C+was%5C+pronounced%5C+with%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+phylogeographic%5C+structure%5C+%5C%28NST%5C+%3E%5C+GST%2C%5C+p%5C+%3C%5C+0.01%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+regional%5C+level%2C%5C+Chinese%5C+and%5C+Japanese%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+had%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+estimate%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28China%5C%3A%5C+Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.847%2C%5C+HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.869%5C%3B%5C+Japan%5C%3A%5C+Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.766%2C%5C+HT%5C+%3D%5C+0.867%5C%29.%5C+Populations%5C+from%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+possess%5C+unique%5C+sets%5C+of%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+and%5C+no%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+shared%5C+between%5C+the%5C+regions.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+both%5C+the%5C+phyloegenetic%5C+and%5C+network%5C+analyses%5C+recovered%5C+the%5C+haplotypes%5C+of%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+as%5C+two%5C+distinct%5C+clades.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+we%5C+suggested%5C+the%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+in%5C+China%5C+and%5C+Japan%5C+may%5C+present%5C+the%5C+climatic%5C+vicariant%5C+relicts%5C+of%5C+the%5C+ancient%5C+widely%5C+distributed%5C+populations.%5C+After%5C+divergence%2C%5C+this%5C+species%5C+within%5C+each%5C+region%5C+experienced%5C+independent%5C+evolutionary%5C+process.%5C+In%5C+China%2C%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+around%5C+the%5C+Sichuan%5C+Basin.%5C+This%5C+distribution%5C+range%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+regions.%5C+They%5C+were%5C+Jiajin%5C+Mountain%5C+region%2C%5C+E%E2%80%99mei%5C+Mountain%5C+region%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%5C+region%2C%5C+Wushan%5C-Wuling%5C+Mountain%5C+region%5C+and%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountain%5C+region.%5C+Twelve%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+indentified%5C+within%5C+these%5C+regions.%5C+Each%5C+region%5C+had%5C+its%5C+own%5C+specific%5C+haplotypes%2C%5C+which%5C+had%5C+different%5C+ancestry%5C+in%5C+the%5C+network.%5C+We%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+Chinese%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+might%5C+survive%5C+the%5C+LGM%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+isolated%5C+refugia%5C+around%5C+the%5C+Sichuan%5C+Basin.%5C+In%5C+Japan%2C%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+was%5C+disjunctively%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northern%5C+Honshu%5C+and%5C+Hokkaido.%5C+Seven%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+within%5C+this%5C+region.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+in%5C+Honshu%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.821%5C%29%5C+was%5C+much%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+in%5C+Hokkaido%5C+%5C%28Hd%5C+%3D%5C+0.513%5C%29.%5C+And%5C+all%5C+haplotypes%5C+in%5C+Hokkaido%5C+were%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+Honshu.%5C+This%5C+haplotype%5C+distribution%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+northern%5C+Honshu%5C+could%5C+have%5C+served%5C+as%5C+refuge%5C+in%5C+Japan.%5C+Nested%5C+clade%5C+analysis%5C+%5C%28NCA%5C%29%5C+indicated%5C+multiple%5C+forces%5C+including%5C+the%5C+vicariance%5C+and%5C+long%5C-distance%5C+dispersal%5C+affected%5C+the%5C+disjunctive%5C+distribution%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+hodgsonii%5C+in%5C+Japan.2.%5C+The%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+L.%5C+tongolensis%EF%BC%8CLigularia%5C+tongolensis%5C+was%5C+distributed%5C+along%5C+the%5C+Jinshajiang%5C+watershed%2C%5C+Yalongjiang%5C+watershed%5C+and%5C+Wumeng%5C+Mountain.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+deduce%5C+the%5C+demographic%5C+history%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%2C%5C+we%5C+sequenced%5C+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relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate is widely used to reconstruct paleoclimates of Cenozoic floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA show regional constraints. Until now, no equation has been set up directly from Chinese forests. This relationship is exhaustively studied based on 50 samples from mesic to humid forests across China. Models including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Single Linear regression for Precipitation, and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), are set up and used to quantitatively reconstruct paleoclimates of Chinese Neogene floras. Meanwhile, a paleoflora, i.e., Yangjie flora, which belongs to the Upper Pliocene Sanying formation in West Yunnan Province, is studied. The species assemblage, paleoclimate and paleoecology of Yangjie flora are discussed. Conclusions in this dissertation are as following: 1. Chinese leaf physiognomy-climate models based on regression analyses，LMA is a widely used method that applies present-day linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. The Chinese data indicate that P shows a strong linear correlation with MAT, but the actual relationship is slightly different from those recognized from other regions. Among all currently used LMA equations, the one resulting from North and Central American and Japanese data, rather than the widely used East Asian LMA equation, yields the closest values to the actual MATs of the Chinese samples (mean absolute error = 1.9°C). A new equation derived from the Chinese forests is therefore developed, where MAT = 1.038 + 27.6 × P. This study not only demonstrates the similarity of the relationship between P and MAT in the Northern Hemisphere, but also improves the reliability of LMA for paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese paleofloras. Besides, regression analyses are used to explore the relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation. In contrast to former studies, entire leaf margin shows the highest correlation with the Growing Season Precipitation (GSP). A new equation is proposed: GSP = 228.0 + 1707.0 × P. 2. The new calibrated CLAMP dataset – PHYSGCHINA，CLAMP, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis, is improved by the inclusion of 50 Chinese samples. The result indicates that, new calibrated data from 50 Chinese sample sites are situated away from the former 144 samples in the physiognomic space, which may be caused by the unique characters of leaf physiognomy under monsoon condition. Therefore, a new calibrated CLAMP dataset, i.e., PHYSGCHINA, is set up based on 50 new Chinese samples, and 144 former samples from PHYSG3BRC. This new dataset could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions for floras under the monsoon climate condition. When it is applied to Chinese Neogene floras, PHYSGCHINA could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate parameters, especially parameters related to precipitation. 3. Paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese Cenozoic floras，Paleoclimates of Chinese Cenozoic floras are reconstructed using leaf physiognomy- climate models being set up in this study. The Chinese paleoclimate history in Eocene is similar to the trend from worldwide record. That is, hot climate presented in early Eocene and early Middle Eocene, and then, climate cooled down from late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene in China. Moreover, paleoclimates of two Late Miocene floras from Yunnan province, i.e., Xiaolongtan flora and Bangmai flora, are reconstructed using different models. The results indicate that, temperature of Yunnan is slightly higher than that in nowadays, but the precipitation is much higher than that at present day, which may be caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain. 4. Late Pliocene Yangjie flora in West Yunnan Province, China，A Late Pliocene Yangjie flora form Yongping County, western Yunnan province, which belongs to Sanying formation, is studied in this dissertation. Yangjie flora is dominated by Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. (evergreen sclerophyllous oaks), and this forest type is quite common in SW China at present. The discovery of Yangjie flora provides evidence that, vegetations of Yunnan in Miocene were dominated by evergreen forests, and the dominant families were Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In Pliocene, this vegetation type changed gradually to evergreen sclerophyllous oak forests. This vegetation change may have been caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain in Neogene. A polypodiaceous fern, Drynaria callispora sp. nov., is described from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation in western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The species with well-preserved pinnae and in situ spores is the first convincing Drynaria fossil record. Detailed morphological investigation reveals that D. callispora is characterized by 1) pinnatifid fronds with entire-margined pinnae having straight or zigzag secondary veins; 2) finer venation showing void quadrangular areoles, but occasionally with one unbranched veinlet; 3) one row of circular sori on each side of the strong primary vein; and 4) in situ spores with verrucate exospores elliptical in polar view and bean-shaped in equatorial view. A morphological comparison shows that D. callispora is significantly different from all the fossil species previously identified as drynarioids. A phylogenetic analysis of D. callispora supports that the fossil is closely related to D. sinica Diels and D. mollis Bedd., two extant species distributing in the Himalayas. The discovery of the new fern indicates that the genus Drynaria became diversified in its modern distribution region no later than the late Pliocene and had retained the similar ecology to that of many modern drynarioid ferns ever since. 5. Paleoclimate reconstruction of Yangjie flora，LMA, Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA are applied to reconstruct paleoclimate of Yangjie flora. MAT calculated by LMA and CLAMP is 22.0 ± 2.4°C and 20.0 ± 1.4°C, respectively, and GSP calculated by Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA is 1521.9 ± 131.3 mm and 2084.7 ± 223.1 mm, respectively All methods agree that, both temperature and precipitation were higher in Late Pliocene than in nowadays. Meanwhile, precipitation parameters calculated by CLAMP gets high values. 6. Preliminary study of insect herbivory in Yangjie flora，Insect herbivory on leaves of Quercus preguyavaefolia Tao and Q. presenescens Zhou, two dominant species in Yangjie flora, is reported by the preliminary research. Each of these two species has a high diversity of insect damage. Among all damage types, margin feeding and surface feeding are most common, and skeletonization, piercing and sucking, and galling are less found. Most of these damage types belonge to the high host specialization (HS = 1). However, the proportion of leaves without insect damage in Q. presenescens is much higher than that in Q. preguyavaefolia. According to the log-log linear regression model, both Quercus preguyavaefolia and Q. presenescens have very high leaf mass per area (with 184.8 ± 6.7 g/m2 and 155.3 ± 10.7 g/m2, respectively). The high diversity of insect herbivory demonstrates a warm climate in the Late Pliocene of West Yunnan 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temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"This dissertation is composed of eight chapters. In chapters 1-7, the chemical and bioactive constituents of seven higher fungi, Boreostereum vibrans, Hexagonia speciosa, Panaeolus leucophanes, Gomphus purpuraceus, Sparassis crispa, Craterellus aureus and Hydnum repandum have been investigated. In chapter 8, a review about the chemical and bioactivity of N-containing compounds of macromycetes between 2004 and 2009 was given.100 compounds, including 36 new ones, were isolated from the above mentioned seven species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The type of the isolated compounds includes sesquiterpenoids, ergostols, isocoumarins, vibralactone derivertives, as well as oxygenated cyclohexanoids.Fourteen compounds were isolated from the culture broth of basidiomycete Boreostereum vibrans (Berk & M.A. Curtis Davydkina & Bondartseva (Aphyllophorales)). Among them, seven new ones were the vibralactone derivatives. 1,5-Secovibralactone and vibralactone C exhibited moderate inhibitory effect against human 11β-HSD1 but did not exhibit inhibition on 11β-HSD2. Vibralactone B, vibralactone D and acetylated vibralactone showed inhibitory activities against both 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. Twenty new oxygenated cyclohexanoids and a new acetylated aporpinone compounds, together with seven known compounds were isolated from the broth cultures of the basidiomycete Hexagonia speciosa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, while the structure of 8 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data.Phytochemical study of the culture of Panaeolus leucophanes has resulted in the isolation of thirteen compounds which of eight were isocoumarins, including four new ones. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. A new alliacane sesquiterpene, together with 5 known compounds, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Gomphus purpuraceu. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Five known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Sparassis crispa, and five from the fruiting bodies including two new compounds. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). A new hydroxyl acetylenic fatty acid, together with ten known compounds have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Craterellus aureus, and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR). Eleven known compounds have been isolated from the culture broth of Hydnum repandum. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (1D NMR, MS).In chapter 8, the chemical, biological, and mycological literature dealing with the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, and synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from the fruiting bodies and the culture broths of macromycetes were reviewed (2004-2009).","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=New%2Bcombination&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+chapters.%5C+In%5C+chapters%5C+1%5C-7%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+seven%5C+higher%5C+fungi%2C%5C+Boreostereum%5C+vibrans%2C%5C+Hexagonia%5C+speciosa%2C%5C+Panaeolus%5C+leucophanes%2C%5C+Gomphus%5C+purpuraceus%2C%5C+Sparassis%5C+crispa%2C%5C+Craterellus%5C+aureus%5C+and%5C+Hydnum%5C+repandum%5C+have%5C+been%5C+investigated.%5C+In%5C+chapter%5C+8%2C%5C+a%5C+review%5C+about%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+N%5C-containing%5C+compounds%5C+of%5C+macromycetes%5C+between%5C+2004%5C+and%5C+2009%5C+was%5C+given.100%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+36%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+seven%5C+species.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+established%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+in%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.%5C+The%5C+type%5C+of%5C+the%5C+isolated%5C+compounds%5C+includes%5C+sesquiterpenoids%2C%5C+ergostols%2C%5C+isocoumarins%2C%5C+vibralactone%5C+derivertives%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+oxygenated%5C+cyclohexanoids.Fourteen%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Boreostereum%5C+vibrans%5C+%5C%28Berk%5C+%5C%26%5C+M.A.%5C+Curtis%5C+Davydkina%5C+%5C%26%5C+Bondartseva%5C+%5C%28Aphyllophorales%5C%29%5C%29.%5C+Among%5C+them%2C%5C+seven%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+the%5C+vibralactone%5C+derivatives.%5C+1%2C5%5C-Secovibralactone%5C+and%5C+vibralactone%5C+C%5C+exhibited%5C+moderate%5C+inhibitory%5C+effect%5C+against%5C+human%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C+but%5C+did%5C+not%5C+exhibit%5C+inhibition%5C+on%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD2.%5C+Vibralactone%5C+B%2C%5C+vibralactone%5C+D%5C+and%5C+acetylated%5C+vibralactone%5C+showed%5C+inhibitory%5C+activities%5C+against%5C+both%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C+and%5C+11%CE%B2%5C-HSD2.%5C+Twenty%5C+new%5C+oxygenated%5C+cyclohexanoids%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+acetylated%5C+aporpinone%5C+compounds%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+seven%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+broth%5C+cultures%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Hexagonia%5C+speciosa.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%2C%5C+while%5C+the%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+8%5C+was%5C+confirmed%5C+by%5C+single%5C+crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+data.Phytochemical%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+of%5C+Panaeolus%5C+leucophanes%5C+has%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+thirteen%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+were%5C+isocoumarins%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+alliacane%5C+sesquiterpene%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+5%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+of%5C+Gomphus%5C+purpuraceu.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+Five%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Sparassis%5C+crispa%2C%5C+and%5C+five%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+including%5C+two%5C+new%5C+compounds.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+hydroxyl%5C+acetylenic%5C+fatty%5C+acid%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+ten%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+of%5C+Craterellus%5C+aureus%2C%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+and%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+IR%5C%29.%5C+Eleven%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Hydnum%5C+repandum.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+means%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+%5C%281D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%5C%29.In%5C+chapter%5C+8%2C%5C+the%5C+chemical%2C%5C+biological%2C%5C+and%5C+mycological%5C+literature%5C+dealing%5C+with%5C+the%5C+isolation%2C%5C+structure%5C+elucidation%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+nitrogen%5C-containing%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+fruiting%5C+bodies%5C+and%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broths%5C+of%5C+macromycetes%5C+were%5C+reviewed%5C+%5C%282004%5C-2009%5C%29."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-06-22"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
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