|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural selection.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+close%5C+relatives%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+undergo%5C+considerable%5C+divergence%5C+in%5C+the%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+life%5C+forms%2C%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+habitats.%5C+In%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%2C%5C+leaf%5C+lifespans%2C%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+area%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%2C%5C+nutrient%5C+use%5C+efficiencies%2C%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+costs%2C%5C+and%5C+maintenance%5C+costs%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+ecophysiological%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+types%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+related%5C+ecological%5C+and%5C+evolutionary%5C+significances.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+drought%5C+tolerance%5C+from%5C+its%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structure%5C+including%5C+fleshy%5C+leaf%2C%5C+thicker%5C+surface%5C+cuticle%2C%5C+huge%5C+abaxial%5C+epidermis%5C+cells%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+palisade%5C+and%5C+spongy%5C+mesophyll%5C+layers%2C%5C+the%5C+prominent%5C+of%5C+mucilaginous%5C+substances%2C%5C+supportable%5C+leaf%5C+main%5C+vein%2C%5C+lower%5C+total%5C+stoma%5C+area%5C+%5C%28%25%5C%29%2C%5C+sunken%5C+stomata%5C+and%5C+special%5C+stoma%5C+structure.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+to%5C+the%5C+contrary%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+embodied%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+both%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+previous%5C+observation%5C+that%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+the%5C+only%5C+genus%5C+that%5C+did%5C+not%5C+possess%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+chloroplasts.2.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+leaves%5C+were%5C+different%5C+with%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+ages.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+1%5C-2%5C+years%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+1%5C+year%5C+and%5C+2%5C-4%5C+years.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+60%5C+days%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+30%5C+days%2C%5C+90%5C+days%5C+and%5C+120%5C+days.%5C+3.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+positions%5C+were%5C+mainly%5C+affected%5C+by%5C+leaf%5C+ages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+four%5C+leaves%5C+lying%5C+on%5C+the%5C+top%5C+did%5C+the%5C+most%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+assimilation%5C+products%5C+in%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+sequence%5C+number%5C+%3E%5C+6%5C+could%5C+use%5C+lots%5C+of%5C+photosynthates%2C%5C+but%5C+contributed%5C+little%5C+to%5C+the%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+biomass.%5C+4.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+decreased%5C+a%5C+little%5C+at%5C+the%5C+noon%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+at%5C+10%5C%3A00h%5C+in%5C+the%5C+greenhouse.%5C+The%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+trend%5C+as%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance.%5C+Higher%5C+relative%5C+humidity%5C+seemed%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+key%5C+for%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+5.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+was%5C+statistically%5C+larger%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+concentration%2Cleaf%5C+phosphorus%5C+concentration%5C+and%5C+enzyme%5C+activities.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+extremely%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+might%5C+greatly%5C+limit%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+might%5C+partially%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+lack%5C+of%5C+chloroplasts%5C+in%5C+the%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+flavum%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+more%5C+fond%5C+of%5C+shade%5C+environment.6.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+had%5C+bigger%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+and%5C+greater%5C+potential%5C+for%5C+fast%5C+growth.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+longer%5C+LL%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+enhanced%5C+nutrient%5C+conservation%5C+which%5C+could%5C+compensate%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+usually%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+dark%5C+respiration%5C+rate%2C%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+decreased%5C+fast%5C+with%5C+leaf%5C+age.%5C+However%2C%5C+for%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+the%5C+situation%5C+was%5C+the%5C+opposite.%5C+7.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+water%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency.%5C+8.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+and%5C+longer%5C+repayment%5C+time%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+their%5C+habitats.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+water%5C+and%5C+resource%5C-conserving%5C+traits%5C+in%5C+the%5C+karst%5C+habitat.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+water%5C+and%5C+nutrients%5C+but%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+change%5C+with%5C+seasons.Our%5C+results%5C+provided%5C+evidence%5C+of%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+congeneric%5C+orchids%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+selection."},{"jsname":"Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the Cypripedioideae.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%EF%BC%8Cknown%5C+as%5C+slipper%5C+orchids%5C+in%5C+horticulture%2C%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Orchidaceae.%5C+Although%5C+they%5C+are%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+phylogenetically%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+significant%5C+differences%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+geographical%5C+distributions%5C+between%5C+two%5C+genera.%5C+This%5C+dissertation%5C+includes%5C+the%5C+following%5C+sections%5C%3A%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+functional%5C+traits%5C+were%5C+compared%5C+in%5C+six%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C%3B%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+the%5C+physiological%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+to%5C+different%5C+water%5C+regimes%2C%5C+light%5C+regimes%5C+and%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C%3B%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+phenotypic%5C+plastics%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+different%5C+light%5C+condition%5C+and%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+three%5C+Cypripedium%5C+species%5C+during%5C+sexual%5C+reproduction.%5C+The%5C+aims%5C+are%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+convergent%5C+and%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+their%5C+adaptive%5C+significances%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+plastic%5C+responses%5C+to%5C+different%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+resources.%5C+Such%5C+information%5C+could%5C+provide%5C+scientific%5C+basis%5C+for%5C+conservation%5C+and%5C+domestication%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+given%5C+below%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+Cypripedium%5C+showed%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+%5C%28Pmax%5C%29%2C%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+content%5C+%5C%28Na%5C%29%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+utilization%5C+%5C%28PNUE%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+fractions%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+in%5C+carboxylation%5C+%5C%28PC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+bioenergetics%5C+%5C%28PB%5C%29%2C%5C+specific%5C+leaf%5C+area%5C+%5C%28SLA%5C%29%2C%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chla%5C%2Fb%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+significantly%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+%5C%28CC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+the%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+carbon%5C+content%5C+to%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+%5C%28C%5C%2FN%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+short%5C+growing%5C+period%5C+and%5C+rich%5C+soil%5C+nutrients%5C+in%5C+the%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Conversely%2C%5C+the%5C+long%5C+life%5C+span%2C%5C+low%5C+Pmax%5C+and%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gm%5C%29%5C+but%5C+high%5C+SLA%2C%5C+CC%5C+and%5C+C%5C%2FN%5C+in%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+low%5C-light%2C%5C+limited%5C-nutrient%5C+habitat%5C+in%5C+the%5C+limestone%5C+area.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+sympatric%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+C.%5C+lentiginosum%5C+not%5C+only%5C+kept%5C+phylogenetically%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+suchas%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gs%5C%29%2C%5C+Pmax%2C%5C+PNUE%5C+and%5C+dormant%5C+in%5C+winter%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+possessed%5C+many%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+which%5C+is%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+that%5C+in%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+relative%5C+stomatal%5C+limitations%5C+%5C%28RSL%5C%29%2C%5C+gm%2C%5C+the%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chl%5C+a%5C%2Fb%5C%29%2C%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+allocated%5C+to%5C+light%5C-harvesting%5C+components%5C+%5C%28PL%5C%29.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+the%5C+convergent%5C+and%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+traits.2.%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+armeniacum%5C+exhibited%5C+a%5C+high%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+function%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+different%5C+light%5C+regimes%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+changes%5C+with%5C+the%5C+time.%5C+Due%5C+to%5C+grow%5C+under%5C+low%5C+light%5C+habitat%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+50%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28HL%5C%29%5C+had%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+lowest%5C+Pmax%5C+than%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+75%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28ML%5C%29%5C+and%5C+95%25%5C+shade%5C+%5C%28LL%5C%29%5C+after%5C+six%5C+months.%5C+However%2C%5C+after%5C+twelve%5C+months%2C%5C+the%5C+Pmax%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+increased%5C+significantly%5C+and%5C+then%5C+became%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+one%5C+among%5C+three%5C+levels%5C+of%5C+light.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+also%5C+found%5C+that%5C+leaf%5C+dry%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+area%5C+%5C%28LMA%5C%29%2C%5C+leaf%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gS%5C%29%2C%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+%5C%28gm%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+fraction%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+in%5C+photosynthetic%5C+carboxylation%5C+%5C%28PC%5C%29%2C%5C+bioeneretics%5C+%5C%28PB%5C%29%5C+were%5C+greatly%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+irradiance.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+increased%5C+gS%2C%5C+gm%2C%5C+PC%2C%5C+PB%5C+to%5C+increase%5C+Pmax.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+HL%5C+had%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+total%5C+chlorophyll%5C+content%5C+to%5C+total%5C+Carotenoid%5C+content%5C+%5C%28Car%5C%2FChl%5C%29%5C+while%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+LL%5C+had%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+chlorophyll%5C+a%5C+and%5C+b%5C+%5C%28Chl%5C+a%5C%2Fb%5C%29.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+physiology%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+in%5C+response%5C+to%5C+different%5C+light%5C+regimes%5C+depended%5C+largely%5C+on%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+partitioning%5C+and%5C+leaf%5C+structure.%5C+As%5C+for%5C+the%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+flowering%5C+and%5C+fruiting%2C%5C+ML%5C+was%5C+the%5C+best%5C+light%5C+level.3.%5C+The%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+to%5C+different%5C+water%5C+regimes%5C+were%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+different.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+Pmax%5C+and%5C+the%5C+maximum%5C+photochemical%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+PS%E2%85%A1%5C+%5C%28Fv%5C%2FFm%5C%29%5C+decreased%5C+with%5C+the%5C+increased%5C+frequency%5C+of%5C+watering.%5C+The%5C+reasons%5C+were%5C+that%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+have%5C+high%5C+respiration%5C+rate%5C+%5C%28Rd%5C%29%5C+and%5C+make%5C+more%5C+use%5C+of%5C+light%5C+energy%5C+to%5C+oxidation%5C+cycle.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+watered%5C+every%5C+eight%5C+days%5C+%5C%28MW%5C%29%5C+and%5C+every%5C+twenty%5C+days%5C+%5C%28LW%5C%29%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+Pmax%5C+than%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+watered%5C+every%5C+four%5C+days%5C+%5C%28HW%5C%29%5C+mainly%5C+because%5C+of%5C+the%5C+higher%5C+PC%5C+and%5C+PB.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+had%5C+excellent%5C+property%5C+for%5C+holding%5C+water%5C+also%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+high%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.4.%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+the%5C+low%5C+temperature.%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+significantly%5C+decreased%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+after%5C+grown%5C+under%5C+4%E2%84%83%5C+for%5C+three%5C+days%5C+and%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+machinery%5C+was%5C+destroyed%5C+after%5C+fifteen%5C+days.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+exhibited%5C+no%5C+change%5C+at%5C+10%E2%84%83%5C+and%5C+15%E2%84%83.5.%5C+Cypripedium%5C+flavum%5C+of%5C+four%5C+habitats%5C+%5C%28DB%2C%5C+XRD%2C%5C+XZD%5C+and%5C+TSQ%5C%29%5C+with%5C+different%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+exhibited%5C+different%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+after%5C+transplanted%5C+to%5C+the%5C+same%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+Kunming.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+habitats%2C%5C+the%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+DB%5C+was%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+while%5C+XRD%5C+was%5C+the%5C+lowest.%5C+The%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+XZD%5C+and%5C+TSQ%5C+were%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+difference.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+Kunming%2C%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+DB%5C+had%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+highest%5C+Pmax%5C+but%5C+the%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+XRD%5C+had%5C+the%5C+lowest%5C+Pmax.%5C+The%5C+light%5C+saturation%5C+point%5C+%5C%28LSP%5C%29%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+%5C%28PNUE%5C%29%5C+agreed%5C+well%5C+with%5C+the%5C+light%5C+intensity%5C+of%5C+four%5C+habitats%5C+and%5C+contributed%5C+to%5C+the%5C+high%5C+Pmax%5C+of%5C+DB.%5C+The%5C+LMA%2C%5C+Chl%5C+and%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+content%5C+were%5C+not%5C+different%5C+among%5C+all%5C+the%5C+plants.%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+exhibited%5C+sensitively%5C+response%5C+to%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+while%5C+kept%5C+the%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+which%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+its%5C+own%5C+habitat.6.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+were%5C+significantly%5C+increased%5C+at%5C+the%5C+flowering%5C+stage.%5C+For%5C+these%5C+two%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+significantly%5C+increased%5C+Amax%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+maximum%5C+carboxylation%5C+rate%5C+by%5C+ribulose%5C-1%2C%5C+5%5C-bisphosphate%5C+carboxylase%5C%2Foxygenase%5C+%5C%28Vcmax%5C%29%2C%5C+photon%5C+saturated%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+electron%5C+transport%5C+%5C%28Jmax%5C%29%2C%5C+the%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+triose%5C+phosphate%5C+utilization%5C+%5C%28TPU%5C%29%5C+and%5C+actual%5C+quantum%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+the%5C+photosystem%5C+II%5C+photochemistry%5C+%5C%28%CE%A6PSII%5C%29%5C+respectively.%5C+However%2C%5C+flowering%5C+almost%5C+did%5C+not%5C+affect%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+guttatum.%5C+C.%5C+guttatum%5C+had%5C+the%5C+smallest%5C+plant%5C+size%2C%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+area%2C%5C+the%5C+volume%5C+of%5C+labellum%5C+and%5C+the%5C+volume%5C+of%5C+fruit%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+biggest%5C+fruit%5C+volume%5C+per%5C+leaf%5C+area%5C+among%5C+three%5C+species.%5C+These%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+for%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%5C+there%5C+were%5C+a%5C+physiological%5C+mechanism%5C+in%5C+photosynthesis%5C+to%5C+compensate%5C+the%5C+cost%5C+of%5C+flowering%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+increased%5C+resource%5C+acquisitions%2C%5C+which%5C+would%5C+be%5C+beneficial%5C+to%5C+the%5C+survival%5C+or%5C+future%5C+flowering%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plant.%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+could%5C+keep%5C+a%5C+steady%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+during%5C+life%5C+history.%5C+This%5C+kind%5C+of%5C+pattern%5C+could%5C+decrease%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+costs%5C+as%5C+much%5C+as%5C+possible.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%2C%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+more%5C+economical%5C+and%5C+effective%5C+reproductive%5C+pattern%5C+which%5C+maybe%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+wider%5C+distribution.In%5C+conclusion%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+have%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+which%5C+agree%5C+well%5C+with%5C+their%5C+habitats%5C+and%5C+there%5C+is%5C+a%5C+divergent%5C+and%5C+convergent%5C+evolution%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera.%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+is%5C+much%5C+tolerant%5C+and%5C+responsive%5C+to%5C+varying%5C+water%5C+and%5C+light%5C+availability%5C+but%5C+very%5C+sensitivity%5C+to%5C+the%5C+low%5C+temperature.%5C+Confronting%5C+the%5C+suddenly%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+environment%2C%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+can%5C+respond%5C+sensitively%5C+to%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+light%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+but%5C+the%5C+plasticity%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+characteristics%5C+which%5C+developed%5C+from%5C+its%5C+own%5C+habitat%5C+can%5C+hold%5C+for%5C+the%5C+next%5C+growing%5C+season.%5C+In%5C+contrast%5C+to%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+tibeticum%2C%5C+C.%5C+gutattum%5C+possesses%5C+a%5C+more%5C+economical%5C+and%5C+effective%5C+reproductive%5C+pattern%5C+which%5C+maybe%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+wider%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%2C%5C+the%5C+response%5C+and%5C+tolerance%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+factors%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+important%5C+for%5C+understanding%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Cypripedioideae."},{"jsname":"Plant secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Plants respond to unpredictable alpine environments by a high degree of specialization in the structural and functional aspects of their flowers and pollination. However, few original data about the reproductive biology of these plants has been documented, particularly in the species-rich Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. Incarvillea Juss. is notable for being a temperate and herbaceous member in the primarily tropical and woody family Bignoniaceae. Most species of the genus occur in alpine areas of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain regions. We investigated the reproductive biology of two alpine species, I. mairei and I. lutea. Incarvillea mairei was highly self-compatible, but depended on pollinators for seed production. The main pollinators were Halictus sp and Apis sp. at low altitude, and bumblebee at high altitude. Seed production was severely limited by pollinators, as indicated by supplemental hand-pollination experiments. The extended floral longevity and stigma receptivity greatly compensated for pollinator limitation. Outcrossing rates were high from 0.834 to 0.988 with altitude and cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.088, indicating a predominant outcrossing mating system. The combination of floral traits (approach herkogamy, sensitive stigma, anther appendages) and pollinator activities ensure a remarkably efficient pollination mechanism, as well as make it possible to ensure reproduction success in alpine habitats. Incarvillea lutea is self-compatible, but depends on insects for seed production. Both the fruit and seed set were high under natural conditions. The main pollinator is Halictus sp. The larger floral displays of I. lutea received more visitations, but facilitated geitonogamous pollination simultaneously. The cumulative inbreeding depression was 0.373. The corolla tube changed color with age from yellow to red. Young yellow flowers had a significant greater pollen and nectar reward. The co-occurrence of the change in amount of reward and flower color enabled I. lutea to direct pollinators to visit reproductive, highly rewarding yellow flowers. We suggest floral color change in I. lutea may serve as a mechanism for reducing geitonogamous pollination and increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer to enhance plant fitness.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlants%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+unpredictable%5C+alpine%5C+environments%5C+by%5C+a%5C+high%5C+degree%5C+of%5C+specialization%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+and%5C+functional%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+their%5C+flowers%5C+and%5C+pollination.%5C+However%2C%5C+few%5C+original%5C+data%5C+about%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+these%5C+plants%5C+has%5C+been%5C+documented%2C%5C+particularly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+species%5C-rich%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+Juss.%5C+is%5C+notable%5C+for%5C+being%5C+a%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+herbaceous%5C+member%5C+in%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+tropical%5C+and%5C+woody%5C+family%5C+Bignoniaceae.%5C+Most%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Himalaya%5C-Hengduan%5C+Mountain%5C+regions.%5C+We%5C+investigated%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+of%5C+two%5C+alpine%5C+species%2C%5C+I.%5C+mairei%5C+and%5C+I.%5C+lutea.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+mairei%5C+was%5C+highly%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depended%5C+on%5C+pollinators%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinators%5C+were%5C+Halictus%5C+sp%5C+and%5C+Apis%5C+sp.%5C+at%5C+low%5C+altitude%2C%5C+and%5C+bumblebee%5C+at%5C+high%5C+altitude.%5C+Seed%5C+production%5C+was%5C+severely%5C+limited%5C+by%5C+pollinators%2C%5C+as%5C+indicated%5C+by%5C+supplemental%5C+hand%5C-pollination%5C+experiments.%5C+The%5C+extended%5C+floral%5C+longevity%5C+and%5C+stigma%5C+receptivity%5C+greatly%5C+compensated%5C+for%5C+pollinator%5C+limitation.%5C+Outcrossing%5C+rates%5C+were%5C+high%5C+from%5C+0.834%5C+to%5C+0.988%5C+with%5C+altitude%5C+and%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.088%2C%5C+indicating%5C+a%5C+predominant%5C+outcrossing%5C+mating%5C+system.%5C+The%5C+combination%5C+of%5C+floral%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28approach%5C+herkogamy%2C%5C+sensitive%5C+stigma%2C%5C+anther%5C+appendages%5C%29%5C+and%5C+pollinator%5C+activities%5C+ensure%5C+a%5C+remarkably%5C+efficient%5C+pollination%5C+mechanism%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+make%5C+it%5C+possible%5C+to%5C+ensure%5C+reproduction%5C+success%5C+in%5C+alpine%5C+habitats.%5C+Incarvillea%5C+lutea%5C+is%5C+self%5C-compatible%2C%5C+but%5C+depends%5C+on%5C+insects%5C+for%5C+seed%5C+production.%5C+Both%5C+the%5C+fruit%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+set%5C+were%5C+high%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+conditions.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+pollinator%5C+is%5C+Halictus%5C+sp.%5C+The%5C+larger%5C+floral%5C+displays%5C+of%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+received%5C+more%5C+visitations%2C%5C+but%5C+facilitated%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+simultaneously.%5C+The%5C+cumulative%5C+inbreeding%5C+depression%5C+was%5C+0.373.%5C+The%5C+corolla%5C+tube%5C+changed%5C+color%5C+with%5C+age%5C+from%5C+yellow%5C+to%5C+red.%5C+Young%5C+yellow%5C+flowers%5C+had%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+greater%5C+pollen%5C+and%5C+nectar%5C+reward.%5C+The%5C+co%5C-occurrence%5C+of%5C+the%5C+change%5C+in%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+reward%5C+and%5C+flower%5C+color%5C+enabled%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+to%5C+direct%5C+pollinators%5C+to%5C+visit%5C+reproductive%2C%5C+highly%5C+rewarding%5C+yellow%5C+flowers.%5C+We%5C+suggest%5C+floral%5C+color%5C+change%5C+in%5C+I.%5C+lutea%5C+may%5C+serve%5C+as%5C+a%5C+mechanism%5C+for%5C+reducing%5C+geitonogamous%5C+pollination%5C+and%5C+increasing%5C+the%5C+efficiency%5C+of%5C+pollen%5C+transfer%5C+to%5C+enhance%5C+plant%5C+fitness."},{"jsname":"Pulverolide, a new butenolide-type fungal pigment with a rare 2H-furo[3,2-b]chromen-2-one skeleton isolated from Pulveroboltus ravenelii, showed potentiating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor activity. Therefore, it was considered to be a promising candidate treating Alzheimer’s and dysmnesia disease. Total synthesis of pulverolide together with its analogues and further investigations on its pharmacological activity are important to find new medicines for treatment of Alzhermeri’s disease.Chapter 1 elaborated the study on total synthesis of pulverolide. Three different approaches for the synthesis with same starting materials isovanillin and phenylacetic acid have been investigated. In the first synthetic route, 2,5-diphenyl-pentanoate was designed as a key intermediate via Michael addition reaction for the synthesis. In the second method, similar structure of chromene was used as an intermediate material to synthesize the target molecule. In the third approach, there are two key steps included to synthesize pulverolide. One is the development of 5-(hydroxyl(phenyl)methyl)-3-phenyl-tetromic acid aldol reaction and another is an aromatization reaction step with microwave. As a result, the first total synthesis of pulverolide has been successfully achieved through the third route, and the original proposed structure was revised. Microwave heating enhanced aromatization was the highlight. The original synthesis route has been shortened and several analogues were obtained through this manner.In Chapters 2-4, chemical constituents of seven higher fungi were studied. There are including Boletus edulis, B. aereus, Leccinum crocipodium, Polyporus ellisii, Coltricia perennis, Catathelasma ventricosum and Hygrophorus camarophyllus collected from Yunnan Province, P. R. China. More than 60 different compounds, including two news, (1S)-(4-acetylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol and (1S)-(3-ethenylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol, were isolated and identified. Four phenyl-1,2-ethanediols and one Al(Ⅲ) complex desferriferricrocin were isolated from B. edulis for the first time.Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents of Boletaceae. The paper provides 184 structurally diverse compounds published between 1975-2009, and 51 references.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APulverolide%2C%5C+a%5C+new%5C+butenolide%5C-type%5C+fungal%5C+pigment%5C+with%5C+a%5C+rare%5C+2H%5C-furo%5C%5B3%2C2%5C-b%5C%5Dchromen%5C-2%5C-one%5C+skeleton%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Pulveroboltus%5C+ravenelii%2C%5C+showed%5C+potentiating%5C+%CE%B1%5C-amino%5C-3%5C-hydroxy%5C-5%5C-methyl%5C-4%5C-isoxazolepropionic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28AMPA%5C%29%5C+receptor%5C+activity.%5C+%5C+Therefore%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+considered%5C+to%5C+be%5C+a%5C+promising%5C+candidate%5C+treating%5C+Alzheimer%E2%80%99s%5C+and%5C+dysmnesia%5C+disease.%5C+%5C+Total%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+pulverolide%5C+together%5C+with%5C+its%5C+analogues%5C+and%5C+further%5C+investigations%5C+on%5C+its%5C+pharmacological%5C+activity%5C+are%5C+important%5C+to%5C+find%5C+new%5C+medicines%5C+for%5C+treatment%5C+of%5C+Alzhermeri%E2%80%99s%5C+disease.Chapter%5C+1%5C+elaborated%5C+the%5C+study%5C+on%5C+total%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+pulverolide.%5C+%5C+Three%5C+different%5C+approaches%5C+for%5C+the%5C+synthesis%5C+with%5C+same%5C+starting%5C+materials%5C+isovanillin%5C+and%5C+phenylacetic%5C+acid%5C+have%5C+been%5C+investigated.%5C+%5C+In%5C+the%5C+first%5C+synthetic%5C+route%2C%5C+2%2C5%5C-diphenyl%5C-pentanoate%5C+was%5C+designed%5C+as%5C+a%5C+key%5C+intermediate%5C+via%5C+Michael%5C+addition%5C+reaction%5C+for%5C+the%5C+synthesis.%5C+%5C+In%5C+the%5C+second%5C+method%2C%5C+similar%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+chromene%5C+was%5C+used%5C+as%5C+an%5C+intermediate%5C+material%5C+to%5C+synthesize%5C+the%5C+target%5C+molecule.%5C+%5C+In%5C+the%5C+third%5C+approach%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+two%5C+key%5C+steps%5C+included%5C+to%5C+synthesize%5C+pulverolide.%5C+One%5C+is%5C+the%5C+development%5C+of%5C+5%5C-%5C%28hydroxyl%5C%28phenyl%5C%29methyl%5C%29%5C-3%5C-phenyl%5C-tetromic%5C+acid%5C+aldol%5C+reaction%5C+and%5C+another%5C+is%5C+an%5C+aromatization%5C+reaction%5C+step%5C+with%5C+microwave.%5C+%5C+As%5C+a%5C+result%2C%5C+the%5C+first%5C+total%5C+synthesis%5C+of%5C+pulverolide%5C+has%5C+been%5C+successfully%5C+achieved%5C+through%5C+the%5C+third%5C+route%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+original%5C+proposed%5C+structure%5C+was%5C+revised.%5C+%5C+Microwave%5C+heating%5C+enhanced%5C+aromatization%5C+was%5C+the%5C+highlight.%5C+%5C+The%5C+original%5C+synthesis%5C+route%5C+has%5C+been%5C+shortened%5C+and%5C+several%5C+analogues%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+through%5C+this%5C+manner.In%5C+Chapters%5C+2%5C-4%2C%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+seven%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+were%5C+studied.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+including%5C+Boletus%5C+edulis%2C%5C+B.%5C+aereus%2C%5C+Leccinum%5C+crocipodium%2C%5C+Polyporus%5C+ellisii%2C%5C+Coltricia%5C+perennis%2C%5C+Catathelasma%5C+ventricosum%5C+and%5C+Hygrophorus%5C+camarophyllus%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China.%5C+More%5C+than%5C+60%5C+different%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+two%5C+news%2C%5C+%5C%281S%5C%29%5C-%5C%284%5C-acetylphenyl%5C%29%5C-1%2C2%5C-ethanediol%5C+and%5C+%5C%281S%5C%29%5C-%5C%283%5C-ethenylphenyl%5C%29%5C-1%2C2%5C-ethanediol%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified.%5C+%5C+Four%5C+phenyl%5C-1%2C2%5C-ethanediols%5C+and%5C+one%5C+Al%5C%28%E2%85%A2%5C%29%5C+complex%5C+desferriferricrocin%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+B.%5C+edulis%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.Chapter%5C+5%5C+is%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+Boletaceae.%5C+%5C+The%5C+paper%5C+provides%5C+184%5C+structurally%5C+diverse%5C+compounds%5C+published%5C+between%5C+1975%5C-2009%2C%5C+and%5C+51%5C+references."},{"jsname":"Seeds contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation tolerance","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASeeds%5C+contain%5C+the%5C+entire%5C+genetic%5C+information%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+which%5C+enable%5C+to%5C+develop%5C+the%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+preservation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+and%5C+intermediate%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+two%5C+important%5C+areas%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+biology%5C+but%5C+poorly%5C+understood.Those%5C+two%5C+areas%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+and%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+represent%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively%5C+as%5C+studied%5C+models.%5C+Biophysical%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+employed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+mechanism%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing%5C+and%5C+desiccation.First%5C+of%5C+all%2C%5C+Ageing%5C+induced%5C+porgrammed%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds.The%5C+morphology%5C+change%2C%5C+nucleic%5C+acid%5C+integrity%2C%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+expression%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+investigated.The%5C+data%5C+above%5C+confirmed%5C+that%5C+PCD%5C+is%5C+an%5C+underlying%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+mortality.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+glutathione%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+function%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing.An%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+glutathione%5C+redox%5C+potential%5C+%5C%28EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C%29%5C+while%5C+seed%5C+lost%5C+viability%5C+was%5C+discovered%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sativum%5C+seeds.%5C+Seed%5C+viability%5C+decreased%5C+50%25%5C+when%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+attained%5C+values%5C+of%5C+%5C-180%5C+to%5C+%5C-160%5C+mV%2C%5C+which%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+was%5C+a%5C+marker%5C+for%5C+seeds%5C+viability.%5C+Secondely%2CReactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+plays%5C+different%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+after%5C+desiccation.%5C+After%5C+different%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+%5C%28C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C%29%5C+seeds%2C%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+ROS%5C+dose%5C+and%5C+the%5C+viability%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+desication%5C+treatment%5C+was%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+ROS%5C+could%5C+released%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+desiccation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+seeds.%5C+Thridly%2Cthe%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+with%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior.%5C+Cell%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+environment%2C%5C+and%5C+adjust%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+main%5C+methord%5C+for%5C+cell%5C+to%5C+response%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+changes.%5C+There%5C+is%5C+a%5C+rule%5C+that%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%2C%5C+with%5C+special%5C+structure%2C%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+water%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+content%5C+indicates%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+membrane.%5C+ESI%5C%2FMS%5C-MS%5C+technology%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+compare%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%C2%A0membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+represented%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+to%5C+dehydration%5C+in%5C+embryonic%5C+axis%5C+of%5C+orhtordox%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+different.%5C+The%5C+percentage%5C+increasement%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+in%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+was%5C+not%5C+incredible%5C+and%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+decreased%5C+and%5C+achieved%5C+the%5C+same%5C+level%5C+as%5C+controled%2C%5C+while%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+increased%5C+dramatically%5C+without%5C+showing%5C+any%5C+decrease%5C+trend%5C+in%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+membrane%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+was%5C+inevitable.%C2%A0Those%5C+results%5C+indicted%5C+that%5C+the%5C+dehydration%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+reversible%5C+memebrane%5C+damage%5C+in%5C+the%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+in%5C+no%5C+affect%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+viability%2C%5C+while%5C+it%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+irreversible%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+the%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+inducned%5C+the%5C+dramatically%5C+reduce%5C+of%5C+viabiligy%5C+and%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+the%5C+end.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+and%5C+analysis%5C+systematically%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+of%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior%5C+seeds%5C+during%5C+desiccation.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+first%5C+time%5C+to%5C+report%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+PA%5C+and%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+storeage%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+could%5C+be%5C+used%5C+as%5C+the%5C+marker%5C+to%5C+diagnose.the%5C+property%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+for%5C+desiccation%5C+sensitivity%5C+or%5C+desiccation%5C+tolerance"},{"jsname":"Sinopteris, a rare genus endemic to China, has two species S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca. To explore systematic position and endangerment mechanisms of Sinopteris, its sporophyte morphological characteristics, gametophyte development, cytology, molecular phologenetics, and biogeography were investigated based on the extensive investigation of its distribution, existing circumstances and ecological adaptation. The main progresses are briefly summarized as follows:1. Resource investigation, S. grevilleoides has a scattered distribution only in very few areas of Dayao, Binchuan, Qiaojia in Yunnan and Qingchuan in Sichuan; the elevation scope of its habitate is 1100-1800m. S. albofusca distributes in areas, 1700-2800 meters above sealevel in Hebei, Beijing, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. Our investigation showed that the resources of the two species were decreasing and it was very difficult to find them in wild, even in distribution areas on record. 2. Sporophyte morphological characteristics, The plants of Sinopteris are evergreen small xerophytes. Fronds are texture coriaceous, pentagon, upper surface smooth, under surface whitish-farinose; veins pinnate branching, not seen above, but very prominently raised beneath. Sori are marginal, terminal, consisting of one or two large, globose, subsessile sporangium, provided with a very broad annulus. Indusia deeply cut into triangular, toothed lobes. The form of frond epidermis of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca bring into correspondence with each other: the epidermis cells are irregular narrow strip with sinuous anticlinal walls; the stomatal apparatus exists on the lower epidermis and its types according to Dilcher’s [26] nomination are polycytic and axillocytic. Scales attaching to the base of petiole are brown, lanceolate.3. Gametophyte development, The spores of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were cultured in improved Knop’s agar medium and three kinds of soil substrata respectively. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed. The impact of four culture substrata on the gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of S. grevilleoides was compared. The results are as follows:(1) The mature spores of Sinopteris were black-brown, isospory, regular tetrahedron, trilete, blunt triangle in polar view, scoop in equatorial view. Spore germination was of Vittaria-type and gametophyte exhibited Adiantum-type development. The adult prothalli were symmetric cordate. Antheridium protruding from the surface of prothalus was nearly spherosome. Archegonium was born near the notch on the ventral face of the cordate prothalus and those near the notch matured late. Mature archegonium was tall and slender, whose neck was composed of four lines cells and three to five layerscells each line. The four cells at the top separated when the archegonium matured. (2) The gametophyte and infant sporophyte morphological development of S. grevilleoides represented very different features on different culture substrata. Mature cordate prothalli on humus soil did not bear archegonias, and thus the process of sexual reproduction ofS. grevilleoides could not be finished. The substratum composed of humus soil and original soil in ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable substratum for gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of this species. Infant sporophytes needed extra nutrient solution to sustain its growth on improved Knop''s agar medium.(3) The main contaminants were bacteria, fungi and algae during sterile cultures and algae, moss and other higher plants during soil cultures.4. Cytology, Chromosome numbers of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were investigated firstly. The result showed that the chromosome numbers of the two species both were 2n=60 and the basic choromosome number was x=30. 5. Molecular phologenetics, The phylogeny of 26 species was estimated from combined analyses of four cpDNA sequence data sets (rps4, rps4-trnS, atpB, atpB-rbcL and trnL-F). Most parsimonious (MP) and Bayesian analysis both shows the genus Sinopteris is monophyletic with strong support and it is nearly related to A. subargentea from Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris. The MPsystematic tree also shows: both Leptolepidium and Cheilosoria are not monophyletic; Cheilosoria is nearly related to Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris and Leptolepidium is nearly related to Ser. Farinosae of Aleuritopteris.6. Population and community structure, The two species of Sinopteris mainly grow in the crevices of cliffs and the numbers of individuals within populations are small. In the community, they are less competitive and under dog. Its geographical distribution requires strict elevation, humidity and illumination. S. grevilleoides often grows in the brushwood or grass. Thickets of S. albofusca usually grows in the brushwood or coniferous forest. 7. Soil property,S. grevilleoides grows in purplish soil in wild; the soil is very thin and it isdifficult to store water. S. albofusca grows in sticky and infertile red soil. Analysis of the soil chemical property shows: the two original soils both are acid soil with high calcium and available B; their total Pand K is low.8. Endangerment factors and conservation measures, Endangerment factors: (1) Their distribution areas are so narrow that they are difficult to cope with environmental changes. (2)Their own physiological and ecological characteristics: spore germination was exigent over humidity, illumination and soil; their ecological circumstances cause their rhizomes to have no too much room to extend. Based on the previous two, reproduction by spores and rhizomes for the genus Sinopteris is limited. (3)To some extent, human-induced habitat loss, accompanying habit fragmentation, and natural disaster such as drought and fire accelerated the endangerment process. Conservation measures: (1) Have a clear and definite acquaintance to recent population size, distribution and growth dynamics by strengthening field investigation. (2) According to the specific circumstances, introduce in-situ and ex-situ conservation. (3)Rejuvenate and expand Sinopteris by adopting division propagation and artificial reproduction by spores. (4) Exploit species of the genus as greening and floral materials.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASinopteris%2C%5C+a%5C+rare%5C+genus%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+has%5C+two%5C+species%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+albofusca.%5C+To%5C+explore%5C+systematic%5C+position%5C+and%5C+endangerment%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+Sinopteris%2C%5C+its%5C+sporophyte%5C+morphological%5C+characteristics%2C%5C+gametophyte%5C+development%2C%5C+cytology%2C%5C+molecular%5C+phologenetics%2C%5C+and%5C+biogeography%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+extensive%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+its%5C+distribution%2C%5C+existing%5C+circumstances%5C+and%5C+ecological%5C+adaptation.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+progresses%5C+are%5C+briefly%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Resource%5C+investigation%2C%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+has%5C+a%5C+scattered%5C+distribution%5C+only%5C+in%5C+very%5C+few%5C+areas%5C+of%5C+Dayao%2C%5C+Binchuan%2C%5C+Qiaojia%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+Qingchuan%5C+in%5C+Sichuan%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+elevation%5C+scope%5C+of%5C+its%5C+habitate%5C+is%5C+1100%5C-1800m.%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+distributes%5C+in%5C+areas%2C%5C+1700%5C-2800%5C+meters%5C+above%5C+sealevel%5C+in%5C+Hebei%2C%5C+Beijing%2C%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+Sichuan%2C%5C+Guangxi%2C%5C+Hunan%5C+and%5C+Guizhou.%5C+Our%5C+investigation%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+resources%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+species%5C+were%5C+decreasing%5C+and%5C+it%5C+was%5C+very%5C+difficult%5C+to%5C+find%5C+them%5C+in%5C+wild%2C%5C+even%5C+in%5C+distribution%5C+areas%5C+on%5C+record.%5C+2.%5C+Sporophyte%5C+morphological%5C+characteristics%2C%5C+The%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+Sinopteris%5C+are%5C+evergreen%5C+small%5C+xerophytes.%5C+Fronds%5C+are%5C+texture%5C+coriaceous%2C%5C+pentagon%2C%5C+upper%5C+surface%5C+smooth%2C%5C+under%5C+surface%5C+whitish%5C-farinose%5C%3B%5C+veins%5C+pinnate%5C+branching%2C%5C+not%5C+seen%5C+above%2C%5C+but%5C+very%5C+prominently%5C+raised%5C+beneath.%5C+Sori%5C+are%5C+marginal%2C%5C+terminal%2C%5C+consisting%5C+of%5C+one%5C+or%5C+two%5C+large%2C%5C+globose%2C%5C+subsessile%5C+sporangium%2C%5C+provided%5C+with%5C+a%5C+very%5C+broad%5C+annulus.%5C+Indusia%5C+deeply%5C+cut%5C+into%5C+triangular%2C%5C+toothed%5C+lobes.%5C+The%5C+form%5C+of%5C+frond%5C+epidermis%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+bring%5C+into%5C+correspondence%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+epidermis%5C+cells%5C+are%5C+irregular%5C+narrow%5C+strip%5C+with%5C+sinuous%5C+anticlinal%5C+walls%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+stomatal%5C+apparatus%5C+exists%5C+on%5C+the%5C+lower%5C+epidermis%5C+and%5C+its%5C+types%5C+according%5C+to%5C+Dilcher%E2%80%99s%5C+%5C%5B26%5C%5D%5C+nomination%5C+are%5C+polycytic%5C+and%5C+axillocytic.%5C+Scales%5C+attaching%5C+to%5C+the%5C+base%5C+of%5C+petiole%5C+are%5C+brown%2C%5C+lanceolate.3.%5C+Gametophyte%5C+development%2C%5C+The%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+were%5C+cultured%5C+in%5C+improved%5C+Knop%E2%80%99s%5C+agar%5C+medium%5C+and%5C+three%5C+kinds%5C+of%5C+soil%5C+substrata%5C+respectively.%5C+Spore%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+gametophyte%5C+development%5C+were%5C+observed.%5C+The%5C+impact%5C+of%5C+four%5C+culture%5C+substrata%5C+on%5C+the%5C+gametophyte%5C+development%5C+and%5C+sexual%5C+reproduction%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+was%5C+compared.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C%281%5C%29%5C+The%5C+mature%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+Sinopteris%5C+were%5C+black%5C-brown%2C%5C+isospory%2C%5C+regular%5C+tetrahedron%2C%5C+trilete%2C%5C+blunt%5C+triangle%5C+in%5C+polar%5C+view%2C%5C+scoop%5C+in%5C+equatorial%5C+view.%5C+Spore%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+of%5C+Vittaria%5C-type%5C+and%5C+gametophyte%5C+exhibited%5C+Adiantum%5C-type%5C+development.%5C+The%5C+adult%5C+prothalli%5C+were%5C+symmetric%5C+cordate.%5C+Antheridium%5C+protruding%5C+from%5C+the%5C+surface%5C+of%5C+prothalus%5C+was%5C+nearly%5C+spherosome.%5C+Archegonium%5C+was%5C+born%5C+near%5C+the%5C+notch%5C+on%5C+the%5C+ventral%5C+face%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cordate%5C+prothalus%5C+and%5C+those%5C+near%5C+the%5C+notch%5C+matured%5C+late.%5C+Mature%5C+archegonium%5C+was%5C+tall%5C+and%5C+slender%2C%5C+whose%5C+neck%5C+was%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+four%5C+lines%5C+cells%5C+and%5C+three%5C+to%5C+five%5C+layerscells%5C+each%5C+line.%5C+The%5C+four%5C+cells%5C+at%5C+the%5C+top%5C+separated%5C+when%5C+the%5C+archegonium%5C+matured.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+The%5C+gametophyte%5C+and%5C+infant%5C+sporophyte%5C+morphological%5C+development%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+represented%5C+very%5C+different%5C+features%5C+on%5C+different%5C+culture%5C+substrata.%5C+Mature%5C+cordate%5C+prothalli%5C+on%5C+humus%5C+soil%5C+did%5C+not%5C+bear%5C+archegonias%2C%5C+and%5C+thus%5C+the%5C+process%5C+of%5C+sexual%5C+reproduction%5C+ofS.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+could%5C+not%5C+be%5C+finished.%5C+The%5C+substratum%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+humus%5C+soil%5C+and%5C+original%5C+soil%5C+in%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+1%5C%3A1%5C+was%5C+the%5C+most%5C+suitable%5C+substratum%5C+for%5C+gametophyte%5C+development%5C+and%5C+sexual%5C+reproduction%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species.%5C+Infant%5C+sporophytes%5C+needed%5C+extra%5C+nutrient%5C+solution%5C+to%5C+sustain%5C+its%5C+growth%5C+on%5C+improved%5C+Knop%27%27s%5C+agar%5C+medium.%5C%283%5C%29%5C+The%5C+main%5C+contaminants%5C+were%5C+bacteria%2C%5C+fungi%5C+and%5C+algae%5C+during%5C+sterile%5C+cultures%5C+and%5C+algae%2C%5C+moss%5C+and%5C+other%5C+higher%5C+plants%5C+during%5C+soil%5C+cultures.4.%5C+Cytology%2C%5C+Chromosome%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+firstly.%5C+The%5C+result%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+chromosome%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+species%5C+both%5C+were%5C+2n%3D60%5C+and%5C+the%5C+basic%5C+choromosome%5C+number%5C+was%5C+x%3D30.%5C+5.%5C+Molecular%5C+phologenetics%2C%5C+The%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+26%5C+species%5C+was%5C+estimated%5C+from%5C+combined%5C+analyses%5C+of%5C+four%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequence%5C+data%5C+sets%5C+%5C%28rps4%2C%5C+rps4%5C-trnS%2C%5C+atpB%2C%5C+atpB%5C-rbcL%5C+and%5C+trnL%5C-F%5C%29.%5C+Most%5C+parsimonious%5C+%5C%28MP%5C%29%5C+and%5C+Bayesian%5C+analysis%5C+both%5C+shows%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Sinopteris%5C+is%5C+monophyletic%5C+with%5C+strong%5C+support%5C+and%5C+it%5C+is%5C+nearly%5C+related%5C+to%5C+A.%5C+subargentea%5C+from%5C+Ser.%5C+Argentea%5C+of%5C+Aleuritopteris.%5C+The%5C+MPsystematic%5C+tree%5C+also%5C+shows%5C%3A%5C+both%5C+Leptolepidium%5C+and%5C+Cheilosoria%5C+are%5C+not%5C+monophyletic%5C%3B%5C+Cheilosoria%5C+is%5C+nearly%5C+related%5C+to%5C+Ser.%5C+Argentea%5C+of%5C+Aleuritopteris%5C+and%5C+Leptolepidium%5C+is%5C+nearly%5C+related%5C+to%5C+Ser.%5C+Farinosae%5C+of%5C+Aleuritopteris.6.%5C+Population%5C+and%5C+community%5C+structure%2C%5C+The%5C+two%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Sinopteris%5C+mainly%5C+grow%5C+in%5C+the%5C+crevices%5C+of%5C+cliffs%5C+and%5C+the%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+individuals%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+small.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+community%2C%5C+they%5C+are%5C+less%5C+competitive%5C+and%5C+under%5C+dog.%5C+Its%5C+geographical%5C+distribution%5C+requires%5C+strict%5C+elevation%2C%5C+humidity%5C+and%5C+illumination.%5C+S.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+often%5C+grows%5C+in%5C+the%5C+brushwood%5C+or%5C+grass.%5C+Thickets%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+usually%5C+grows%5C+in%5C+the%5C+brushwood%5C+or%5C+coniferous%5C+forest.%5C+7.%5C+Soil%5C+property%2CS.%5C+grevilleoides%5C+grows%5C+in%5C+purplish%5C+soil%5C+in%5C+wild%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+soil%5C+is%5C+very%5C+thin%5C+and%5C+it%5C+isdifficult%5C+to%5C+store%5C+water.%5C+S.%5C+albofusca%5C+grows%5C+in%5C+sticky%5C+and%5C+infertile%5C+red%5C+soil.%5C+Analysis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+soil%5C+chemical%5C+property%5C+shows%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+two%5C+original%5C+soils%5C+both%5C+are%5C+acid%5C+soil%5C+with%5C+high%5C+calcium%5C+and%5C+available%5C+B%5C%3B%5C+their%5C+total%5C+Pand%5C+K%5C+is%5C+low.8.%5C+Endangerment%5C+factors%5C+and%5C+conservation%5C+measures%2C%5C+Endangerment%5C+factors%5C%3A%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+Their%5C+distribution%5C+areas%5C+are%5C+so%5C+narrow%5C+that%5C+they%5C+are%5C+difficult%5C+to%5C+cope%5C+with%5C+environmental%5C+changes.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29Their%5C+own%5C+physiological%5C+and%5C+ecological%5C+characteristics%5C%3A%5C+spore%5C+germination%5C+was%5C+exigent%5C+over%5C+humidity%2C%5C+illumination%5C+and%5C+soil%5C%3B%5C+their%5C+ecological%5C+circumstances%5C+cause%5C+their%5C+rhizomes%5C+to%5C+have%5C+no%5C+too%5C+much%5C+room%5C+to%5C+extend.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+previous%5C+two%2C%5C+reproduction%5C+by%5C+spores%5C+and%5C+rhizomes%5C+for%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Sinopteris%5C+is%5C+limited.%5C+%5C%283%5C%29To%5C+some%5C+extent%2C%5C+human%5C-induced%5C+habitat%5C+loss%2C%5C+accompanying%5C+habit%5C+fragmentation%2C%5C+and%5C+natural%5C+disaster%5C+such%5C+as%5C+drought%5C+and%5C+fire%5C+accelerated%5C+the%5C+endangerment%5C+process.%5C+Conservation%5C+measures%5C%3A%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+Have%5C+a%5C+clear%5C+and%5C+definite%5C+acquaintance%5C+to%5C+recent%5C+population%5C+size%2C%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+growth%5C+dynamics%5C+by%5C+strengthening%5C+field%5C+investigation.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+specific%5C+circumstances%2C%5C+introduce%5C+in%5C-situ%5C+and%5C+ex%5C-situ%5C+conservation.%5C+%5C%283%5C%29Rejuvenate%5C+and%5C+expand%5C+Sinopteris%5C+by%5C+adopting%5C+division%5C+propagation%5C+and%5C+artificial%5C+reproduction%5C+by%5C+spores.%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%5C+Exploit%5C+species%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+as%5C+greening%5C+and%5C+floral%5C+materials."},{"jsname":"The chemical constituents of eight higher fungi and one medicinal plant were investigated. The fungi included Trametes corrugate, Campanella junghuhnii, Craterellus cornucopioides, Phlebia radiate, Laccaria amethystea, Hydnochaete sp., Nidula sp. and Rhodophyllus ater, which are all collected from Yunnan province, P. R. China. The leaves of Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) were collected from south of Vietnam. 119 compounds, including 91 different compounds and 9 new ones, have been obtained using varied chromatographic methods, and the structures of new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including IR, UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.Two unusual diterpenes (13-14) with neodolastane skeletons were isolated and identified from the culture broth of Trametes corrugate. This type of diterpene was obtained for the first time from higer fungi. A new tricyclo[6.3.1.02,5]dodecane sesquiterpene (1) was isolated from the culture broth of Campanella junghuhnii. Three new keto esters (65-67) and a series of illudine sesquiterpenes (4-10) were isolated and identified from the culture broth of the basidiomycete Craterellus cornucopioides. A new fatty acid ester (48) was isolated from the culture broth of Phlebia radiate.A new isoprenyl phenyl ether riboside (68) was isolated from culture broth of Laccaria amethystea. During our studies on chemical constituents of the culture broth of Hydnochaete sp., a conjugate lactone (71) was obtained. Preliminary biological assay showed that the lactone exhibited inhibitory activity against the11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) of human and mouse with IC50 value of 53.338 mg/mL and 95.950 mg/mL, respectively. A new guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (2) and a new phenolic glucoside gallate (69) were isolated and identified from the leaves of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke). A review summarized their structures, biological activities, and the producing species of naturally occurring triterpenes from higher fungi. The paper provides 433 structurally diverse compounds published between 1985~2010, and 114 references.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=MASS&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+and%5C+one%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+fungi%5C+included%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate%2C%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii%2C%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides%2C%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate%2C%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea%2C%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+Nidula%5C+sp.%5C+and%5C+Rhodophyllus%5C+ater%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+all%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+L.%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29%5C+were%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+south%5C+of%5C+Vietnam.%5C+119%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+91%5C+different%5C+compounds%5C+and%5C+9%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+new%5C+metabolites%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%5C+including%5C+IR%2C%5C+UV%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+1D%5C-%5C+and%5C+2D%5C-NMR%5C+experiments.Two%5C+unusual%5C+diterpenes%5C+%5C%2813%5C-14%5C%29%5C+with%5C+neodolastane%5C+skeletons%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate.%5C+This%5C+type%5C+of%5C+diterpene%5C+was%5C+obtained%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+from%5C+higer%5C+fungi.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+tricyclo%5C%5B6.3.1.02%2C5%5C%5Ddodecane%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+keto%5C+esters%5C+%5C%2865%5C-67%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+illudine%5C+sesquiterpenes%5C+%5C%284%5C-10%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+ester%5C+%5C%2848%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate.A%5C+new%5C+isoprenyl%5C+phenyl%5C+ether%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%2868%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea.%5C+During%5C+our%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+a%5C+conjugate%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%2871%5C%29%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+Preliminary%5C+biological%5C+assay%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+lactone%5C+exhibited%5C+inhibitory%5C+activity%5C+against%5C+the11b%5C-hydroxysteroid%5C+dehydrogenase%5C+%5C%2811%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C%29%5C+of%5C+human%5C+and%5C+mouse%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+53.338%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%5C+and%5C+95.950%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+guaiane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+phenolic%5C+glucoside%5C+gallate%5C+%5C%2869%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+review%5C+summarized%5C+their%5C+structures%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+producing%5C+species%5C+of%5C+naturally%5C+occurring%5C+triterpenes%5C+from%5C+higher%5C+fungi.%5C+The%5C+paper%5C+provides%5C+433%5C+structurally%5C+diverse%5C+compounds%5C+published%5C+between%5C+1985%5C%7E2010%2C%5C+and%5C+114%5C+references."},{"jsname":"lastIndexed","jscount":"2024-08-25"}],"资助项目","dc.project.title_filter")'>
|
|
|
|
|
