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中国科学院昆明植物研究所知识管理系统
Knowledge Management System of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS
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6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural 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and Cypripedium，known as slipper orchids in horticulture, belong to the subfamily Cypripedioideae of the Orchidaceae. Although they are closely related phylogenetically, there are significant differences in leaf traits and geographical distributions between two genera. This dissertation includes the following sections: (1) the leaf functional traits were compared in six species of the two genera; (2) the physiological responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes, light regimes and low temperature; (3) the leaf phenotypic plastics of C. flavum in response to the different light condition and the photosynthetic characteristics of three Cypripedium species during sexual reproduction. The aims are to understand the convergent and divergent evolution between the two genera in leaf traits and their adaptive significances, and the leaf plastic responses to different levels of resources. Such information could provide scientific basis for conservation and domestication of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. The results are given below:1. Compared with Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate (Pmax), leaf nitrogen content (Na), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization (PNUE), the fractions of leaf nitrogen partitioning in carboxylation (PC) and bioenergetics (PB), specific leaf area (SLA), ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chla/b), but significantly lower leaf construction cost (CC) and the ratio of leaf carbon content to leaf nitrogen (C/N). These leaf traits of Cypripedium are considered as the adaptation to short growing period and rich soil nutrients in the alpine habitats. Conversely, the long life span, low Pmax and mesophyll conductance (gm) but high SLA, CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicated that the adaptation to low-light, limited-nutrient habitat in the limestone area. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, C. lentiginosum not only kept phylogenetically leaf traits of Cypripedium, suchas stomatal conductance (gs), Pmax, PNUE and dormant in winter, but also possessed many leaf traits which is similar to that in Paphiopedilum, such as relative stomatal limitations (RSL), gm, the ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b), fraction of leaf nitrogen allocated to light-harvesting components (PL). These results indicated the convergent and divergent evolution of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium in leaf traits.2. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum exhibited a high plasticity of leaf photosynthetic function in response to different light regimes, but the responses changes with the time. Due to grow under low light habitat, P. armeniacum grown under 50% shade (HL) had the significantly lowest Pmax than the plants grown under 75% shade (ML) and 95% shade (LL) after six months. However, after twelve months, the Pmax of the plants grown under HL increased significantly and then became the highest one among three levels of light. It is also found that leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), leaf stomatal conductance (gS), internal mesophyll conductance (gm), the fraction of leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic carboxylation (PC), bioeneretics (PB) were greatly influenced by irradiance. The plants grown under HL increased gS, gm, PC, PB to increase Pmax. In addition, the plants grown under HL had the highest ratio of total chlorophyll content to total Carotenoid content (Car/Chl) while the plants grown under LL had the lowest ratio of leaf chlorophyll a and b (Chl a/b). As a result, plasticity of leaf photosynthetic physiology of P. armeniacum in response to different light regimes depended largely on leaf nitrogen partitioning and leaf structure. As for the numbers of flowering and fruiting, ML was the best light level.3. The responses of P. armeniacum to different water regimes were not significantly different. But the Pmax and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with the increased frequency of watering. The reasons were that the plants have high respiration rate (Rd) and make more use of light energy to oxidation cycle. The plants watered every eight days (MW) and every twenty days (LW) had higher Pmax than the plant watered every four days (HW) mainly because of the higher PC and PB. Besides, the leaves of P. armeniacum had excellent property for holding water also contributed to the high photosynthetic capacity.4. Paphiopedilum. armeniacum was very sensitive to the low temperature. The plants significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity after grown under 4℃ for three days and the photosynthetic machinery was destroyed after fifteen days. The photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum exhibited no change at 10℃ and 15℃.5. Cypripedium flavum of four habitats (DB, XRD, XZD and TSQ) with different light intensity exhibited different photosynthetic characteristics after transplanted to the same environment in Kunming. Among the habitats, the light intensity of DB was the highest while XRD was the lowest. The light intensity of XZD and TSQ were not significantly difference. Among all the plants in Kunming, the plants of DB had the significantly highest Pmax but the plants of XRD had the lowest Pmax. The light saturation point (LSP) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) agreed well with the light intensity of four habitats and contributed to the high Pmax of DB. The LMA, Chl and leaf nitrogen content were not different among all the plants. C. flavum exhibited sensitively response to the change of light in leaf construction while kept the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat.6. The photosynthetic capacity of C. tibeticum and C. flavum were significantly increased at the flowering stage. For these two species, the significantly increased Amax were closely related to the maximum carboxylation rate by ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Vcmax), photon saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax), the rate of triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and actual quantum efficiency of the photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) respectively. However, flowering almost did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of C. guttatum. C. guttatum had the smallest plant size, the leaf area, the volume of labellum and the volume of fruit, but the biggest fruit volume per leaf area among three species. These results indicated that for C. flavum and C. tibeticum there were a physiological mechanism in photosynthesis to compensate the cost of flowering as well as increased resource acquisitions, which would be beneficial to the survival or future flowering of the plant. C. gutattum could keep a steady photosynthetic capacity during life history. This kind of pattern could decrease the effect of the reproductive costs as much as possible. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possessed a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution.In conclusion, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium have significantly different leaf traits which agree well with their habitats and there is a divergent and convergent evolution between the two genera. P. armeniacum is much tolerant and responsive to varying water and light availability but very sensitivity to the low temperature. Confronting the suddenly change of light environment, C. flavum can respond sensitively to the change of light in leaf construction but the plasticity of leaf photosynthetic characteristics which developed from its own habitat can hold for the next growing season. In contrast to C. flavum and C. tibeticum, C. gutattum possesses a more economical and effective reproductive pattern which maybe related to its wider distribution. The study of the relationship between the two genera, the response and tolerance to the environmental factors of the two genera are important for understanding the adaptation and evolution of the 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dissertation is composed of three chapters. Chapter 1 provided an introduction to the investigation on the chemical constituents of two species of fern, including L. japonicium and S. doederleinii. In the second chapter, we described the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from three species of Viburnum, including V. odoratissimum, V. odoratissimum var. sessilifolrum, and V. foetidum. var. ceanothoides. In the last chapter, we summarized all the natural vibsane-type diterpenoids, and the activity and the synthesis research about them. By means of chromatography methods and spectroscopic evidences, 188 compounds were isolated and identified from the five species of plants, among which 43 compounds were new. The classes of these compounds include Lycopodium alkaloid, triterpenoid, diterpenoid, vibsane-type diterpenoid, steroid, lignan, flavnone, coumarin, phenol, phenolic glycoside. A Lycopodium alkaloid with a novel skeleton, lycojapodine A, was isolated from L. japonicium, as well as other 14 new ones. And 16 vibsane-type diterpenoid were isolated from species of Viburnum, 10 of which were new ones.All the new Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for the inhibition activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), part of the known Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for the anticancer activity, and most of the known Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from L. japonicium were evaluated for anti-HIV activity. Some of the vibsane-type diterpenoids were tested for the activity of inducing differentiation about leukaemia, controlling the migration of macrophages, and inducing morphological change in NGF-mediated PC-12 cell.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+three%5C+chapters.%5C+Chapter%5C+1%5C+provided%5C+an%5C+introduction%5C+to%5C+the%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+two%5C+species%5C+of%5C+fern%2C%5C+including%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+doederleinii.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+second%5C+chapter%2C%5C+we%5C+described%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+and%5C+identification%5C+of%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+three%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Viburnum%2C%5C+including%5C+V.%5C+odoratissimum%2C%5C+V.%5C+odoratissimum%5C+var.%5C+sessilifolrum%2C%5C+and%5C+V.%5C+foetidum.%5C+var.%5C+ceanothoides.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+last%5C+chapter%2C%5C+we%5C+summarized%5C+all%5C+the%5C+natural%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoids%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+activity%5C+and%5C+the%5C+synthesis%5C+research%5C+about%5C+them.%5C+By%5C+means%5C+of%5C+chromatography%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+spectroscopic%5C+evidences%2C%5C+188%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+five%5C+species%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+among%5C+which%5C+43%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+new.%5C+The%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+include%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%2C%5C+triterpenoid%2C%5C+diterpenoid%2C%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoid%2C%5C+steroid%2C%5C+lignan%2C%5C+flavnone%2C%5C+coumarin%2C%5C+phenol%2C%5C+phenolic%5C+glycoside.%5C+A%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+with%5C+a%5C+novel%5C+skeleton%2C%5C+lycojapodine%5C+A%2C%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%2C%5C+as%5C+well%5C+as%5C+other%5C+14%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+And%5C+16%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoid%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+species%5C+of%5C+Viburnum%2C%5C+10%5C+of%5C+which%5C+were%5C+new%5C+ones.All%5C+the%5C+new%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+the%5C+inhibition%5C+activity%5C+of%5C+acetylcholine%5C+esterase%5C+%5C%28AChE%5C%29%2C%5C+part%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+the%5C+anticancer%5C+activity%2C%5C+and%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+known%5C+Lycopodium%5C+alkaloid%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+L.%5C+japonicium%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+anti%5C-HIV%5C+activity.%5C+Some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+vibsane%5C-type%5C+diterpenoids%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+for%5C+the%5C+activity%5C+of%5C+inducing%5C+differentiation%5C+about%5C+leukaemia%2C%5C+controlling%5C+the%5C+migration%5C+of%5C+macrophages%2C%5C+and%5C+inducing%5C+morphological%5C+change%5C+in%5C+NGF%5C-mediated%5C+PC%5C-12%5C+cell."},{"jsname":"The dissertation is comprised of six chapters, in which the chemical and bioactive constituents of nine plants, Melodinus henryi, Melodinus tenuicaudatus, Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia yunnanensis, Lycoris radiata, Lycoris aurea, Litsea cubeba, Poncirus trifoliata, and Pinus yunnanensis, have been phytochemically studied. A total of 267 compounds, including 57 new ones, were isolated from these species. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and the combination with X-ray diffraction analysis. Of these compounds, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids are an important part, including several novel carbon skeletons, such as melohenines A and B and melotenine A, and a series of new and bioactive compounds, such as new bisindole alkaloids from two Melodinus species showing significant cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines. As a whole, the discovery of these compounds enriched the family of natural products, and the structural elucidation of these compounds enhanced our understanding towards the relationship among the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids types.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+dissertation%5C+is%5C+comprised%5C+of%5C+six%5C+chapters%2C%5C+in%5C+which%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+nine%5C+plants%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+henryi%2C%5C+Melodinus%5C+tenuicaudatus%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+scholaris%2C%5C+Alstonia%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+radiata%2C%5C+Lycoris%5C+aurea%2C%5C+Litsea%5C+cubeba%2C%5C+Poncirus%5C+trifoliata%2C%5C+and%5C+Pinus%5C+yunnanensis%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+phytochemically%5C+studied.%5C+A%5C+total%5C+of%5C+267%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+57%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+these%5C+species.%5C+Their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+established%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+methods%5C+and%5C+the%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.%5C+Of%5C+these%5C+compounds%2C%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+are%5C+an%5C+important%5C+part%2C%5C+including%5C+several%5C+novel%5C+carbon%5C+skeletons%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+melohenines%5C+A%5C+and%5C+B%5C+and%5C+melotenine%5C+A%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+new%5C+and%5C+bioactive%5C+compounds%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+new%5C+bisindole%5C+alkaloids%5C+from%5C+two%5C+Melodinus%5C+species%5C+showing%5C+significant%5C+cytotoxicity%5C+against%5C+five%5C+human%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines.%5C+As%5C+a%5C+whole%2C%5C+the%5C+discovery%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enriched%5C+the%5C+family%5C+of%5C+natural%5C+products%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structural%5C+elucidation%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+enhanced%5C+our%5C+understanding%5C+towards%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+among%5C+the%5C+monoterpenoid%5C+indole%5C+alkaloids%5C+types."},{"jsname":"The membrane system of cell performs many important functions, such as separates cells from the environment, keeps the biochemical reactions in order ect.. The integrity of membrane is very important for plants to survive, especially under the environmental stress. Among all environmental factors, temperature has the closest relationship with membrane and intensively study on this area has been reported. Most researches are mainly focused on the relationship between the composition of fatty acid about membrane and low temperature, while that with high temperature are rare. Nowadays, the increasing concentration of CO2 resulted in increasing temperature and high temperature has become an important inhibition to crop productivity. Thus, it’s necessary and emergent to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature.In the present dissertation, Arabidopsis and its high temperature sensitive mutant were chosen to study the relationship between membrane lipids and high temperature. The ESI-MS/MS was used to examine the composition of membrane lipids. High temperature includes two categories, one is heat stress and the other is moderate heat stress. Heat stress can be divided into two processes: with and without heat acclimation. Five results have been obtained grounding on these works. Firstly, different change models of membrane lipids during heat stress and moderate stress had been found. The degradation of membrane lipids during moderate heat stress was controlled, while that of heat stress was out of control. During moderate heat stress, the degradation mainly happened on chloroplast, such as DGDG and PG, especially those lipids which has polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under heat stress, the degradation about plasma membrane and chloroplast membrane shared same rates. Secondly, the degradation of membrane lipids was reduced when plants had experienced heat acclimation before heat stress, and this change had nothing to do with accumulation of HSP101. The results suggested the acquired thermo-tolerance not only had related with HSP101, but also with membrane lipids. Thirdly, the amount of phosphatidic acid (PA) played an important role during heat stress. If the amount of PA rose to proper extent, it benefited the plants, while if it rose to high level, it destroyed the membrane structure. At last, the HSP101 mutant had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids than that of wild Arabidopsis under long term moderate heat stress. The dissertation also included other two parts: the drought-tolerance of Thellungiella halophila and the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor. Thellungiella halophila shared the same characteristic with Arabidopsis in many aspects, such as dwarf phenotype, short life cycle, fertility and small genome. The research indicated that at cDNA level, they were also very similar. Besides these Thellungiella halophila was more tolerant to stress condition. The previous research about Thellungiella halophila mainly focused on the high-salinity stress, and the researches of drought stress were rare. In this dissertation we focused on the drought-resistance of Thellungiella halophila. Compare to Arabidopsis, Thellungiella halophila could keep water content in high level, more resist to ROS, good photosynthesis activity and keep the membrane system integrity under drought stress. It was interesting that the substances, which rose when Arabidopsis under stress, were at high level in normal Thellungiella halophila, such as: proline, ABA. The degradation of membrane lipids mainly happened on chloroplast membrane of Arabidopsis. In contrast, the membrane of Thellungiella halophila didn’t change. All these evidence indicated that Thellungiella halophila was more drought-tolerant than Arabidopsis. During the research about the chemical structure and bioactivity of the second metabolites from endophytes, which were isolated from Trewia nudiflor, we isolated 46 endophytes from different parts of plants . 34 species of them were selected for bioactivity test, and the bioactivity test show that 50% of them have some bioactivity. We also isolated 24 compounds from 6 endophytes, and 22 of them have been identified by spectra data, including: macrolides, azaphilones, anthraquinones, and steroids. 8 of them are novel compounds. Judging from results, we know the Trewia nudiflor is good resources to isolate endophytes and the endophytes are good resources to search for novel and bioactivity compounds.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+membrane%5C+system%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+performs%5C+many%5C+important%5C+functions%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+separates%5C+cells%5C+from%5C+the%5C+environment%2C%5C+keeps%5C+the%5C+biochemical%5C+reactions%5C+in%5C+order%5C+ect..%5C+The%5C+integrity%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+important%5C+for%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+survive%2C%5C+especially%5C+under%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+stress.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+environmental%5C+factors%2C%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+the%5C+closest%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+intensively%5C+study%5C+on%5C+this%5C+area%5C+has%5C+been%5C+reported.%5C+Most%5C+researches%5C+are%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+about%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+low%5C+temperature%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+with%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+are%5C+rare.%5C+Nowadays%2C%5C+the%5C+increasing%5C+concentration%5C+of%5C+CO2%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+increasing%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+has%5C+become%5C+an%5C+important%5C+inhibition%5C+to%5C+crop%5C+productivity.%5C+Thus%2C%5C+it%E2%80%99s%5C+necessary%5C+and%5C+emergent%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+and%5C+its%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+sensitive%5C+mutant%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+study%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+and%5C+high%5C+temperature.%5C+The%5C+ESI%5C-MS%5C%2FMS%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+examine%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+High%5C+temperature%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+categories%2C%5C+one%5C+is%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+is%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+Heat%5C+stress%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+processes%5C%3A%5C+with%5C+and%5C+without%5C+heat%5C+acclimation.%5C+Five%5C+results%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+grounding%5C+on%5C+these%5C+works.%5C+Firstly%2C%5C+different%5C+change%5C+models%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+and%5C+moderate%5C+stress%5C+had%5C+been%5C+found.%5C+The%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+during%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+controlled%2C%5C+while%5C+that%5C+of%5C+heat%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+out%5C+of%5C+control.%5C+During%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+mainly%5C+happened%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+DGDG%5C+and%5C+PG%2C%5C+especially%5C+those%5C+lipids%5C+which%5C+has%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C+Under%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+about%5C+plasma%5C+membrane%5C+and%5C+chloroplast%5C+membrane%5C+shared%5C+same%5C+rates.%5C+Secondly%2C%5C+the%5C+degradation%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+was%5C+reduced%5C+when%5C+plants%5C+had%5C+experienced%5C+heat%5C+acclimation%5C+before%5C+heat%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+this%5C+change%5C+had%5C+nothing%5C+to%5C+do%5C+with%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+HSP101.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggested%5C+the%5C+acquired%5C+thermo%5C-tolerance%5C+not%5C+only%5C+had%5C+related%5C+with%5C+HSP101%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+with%5C+membrane%5C+lipids.%5C+Thirdly%2C%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+during%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+amount%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+proper%5C+extent%2C%5C+it%5C+benefited%5C+the%5C+plants%2C%5C+while%5C+if%5C+it%5C+rose%5C+to%5C+high%5C+level%2C%5C+it%5C+destroyed%5C+the%5C+membrane%5C+structure.%5C+At%5C+last%2C%5C+the%5C+HSP101%5C+mutant%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+ratio%5C+of%5C+polyunsaturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C%2F%5C+saturated%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+wild%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+long%5C+term%5C+moderate%5C+heat%5C+stress.%5C+The%5C+dissertation%5C+also%5C+included%5C+other%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+drought%5C-tolerance%5C+of%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+and%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+bioactivity%5C+of%5C+the%5C+second%5C+metabolites%5C+from%5C+endophytes%2C%5C+which%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+Trewia%5C+nudiflor.%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+shared%5C+the%5C+same%5C+characteristic%5C+with%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+in%5C+many%5C+aspects%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+dwarf%5C+phenotype%2C%5C+short%5C+life%5C+cycle%2C%5C+fertility%5C+and%5C+small%5C+genome.%5C+The%5C+research%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+at%5C+cDNA%5C+level%2C%5C+they%5C+were%5C+also%5C+very%5C+similar.%5C+Besides%5C+these%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+was%5C+more%5C+tolerant%5C+to%5C+stress%5C+condition.%5C+The%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+about%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophila%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+high%5C-salinity%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+researches%5C+of%5C+drought%5C+stress%5C+were%5C+rare.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+dissertation%5C+we%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+drought%5C-resistance%5C+of%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halop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search for new and efficient antitumor drugs from natural products, especially plants, has been the focus of scholars and researchers all over the world. The dissertation composed of four chapters and focused on antitumor drugs of plant origin and plant cyclopeptides research. The first chapter was about the establishment and application of cancer cell line assay. In total, 8835 compounds and 3638 extracts were tested against seven cell lines and the results indicated that 459 compounds and 189 extracts showed cytotoxicities. Based on these results, the plant Rubia yunnanensis (Franch.) Diels, which showed potential activity and has been used as a common herb to treat cancer, was selected for the further study. Chapter two, focused on the studies on chemistry, bioactivities, antitumor mechanism and preliminary pre-clinical research of cyclopeptides in R. yunnanensis. A phytochemical investigation on cyclopeptides constituents from this plant led to the isolation of 18 cyclopeptides, including 2 new ones with novel skeletons and 7 other new ones. The possible biosynthetic pathways for four types of rubiaceae-type cyclopeptides were also proposed. The 18 cyclopeptides were evaluated for their cyctotoxicities against 11 cancer cell lines and the result indicated that these cyclopeptides exhibited strong activities and RA-V showed best activities with IC50 values of approximately 10 nM. Moreover, RA-V was also found to exhibit anti I-type herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) activity for the first time. Thereafter, we carried out research on the antitumor mechanism of RA-V and its glycoside RA-XII. The results showed that they significantly inhibited TNF-α induced NF-κB signaling pathway. The phosphorylation of IκBα was down-regulated by them, which could inhibit the translocation of P65 and NO production in LPS and IFN-γ-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. This is the first time it is being reported that RA-V and RA-XII are new natural NF-κB pathway inhibitors. Furthermore, from the anti-angiogenesis study, RA-V showed strong anti-proliferative activities in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC). Further study on its mechanism indicated that RA-V could induce G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis by down-regulation of cell cycle regulatory protein and gene expression in extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (Erk ½) phosphorylation pathway. Moreover, RA-V could inhibit migration and tube formation of HUVEC and HMEC by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase. The third chapter was about the studies on other chemical constituents of R. yunnanensis and their bioactivities. A phytochemical assessment of this plant resulted in the isolation of 68 compounds, including 11 new arborinane-type triterpenoids and 4 new quinones. Subsequently, 61 of them were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against three cancer cell lines, anti-Staphylococcus aureus and anti-Candida albicans activities. The results indicated that for the first time the arborinane-type triterpenoids exhibited cytotoxicities and also rubiarbonol G and 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone induced cell apoptosis in Hela cell line. The fourth chapter was a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of genus Rubia plants. All the above-mentioned research work had laid a good foundation for quality control and multi-component, multi-target drug R&D of R. yunnanensis.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+search%5C+for%5C+new%5C+and%5C+efficient%5C+antitumor%5C+drugs%5C+from%5C+natural%5C+products%2C%5C+especially%5C+plants%2C%5C+has%5C+been%5C+the%5C+focus%5C+of%5C+scholars%5C+and%5C+researchers%5C+all%5C+over%5C+the%5C+world.%5C+The%5C+dissertation%5C+composed%5C+of%5C+four%5C+chapters%5C+and%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+antitumor%5C+drugs%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+origin%5C+and%5C+plant%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+research.%5C+The%5C+first%5C+chapter%5C+was%5C+about%5C+the%5C+establishment%5C+and%5C+application%5C+of%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+line%5C+assay.%5C+In%5C+total%2C%5C+8835%5C+compounds%5C+and%5C+3638%5C+extracts%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+against%5C+seven%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+and%5C+the%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+459%5C+compounds%5C+and%5C+189%5C+extracts%5C+showed%5C+cytotoxicities.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+these%5C+results%2C%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+Rubia%5C+yunnanensis%5C+%5C%28Franch.%5C%29%5C+Diels%2C%5C+which%5C+showed%5C+potential%5C+activity%5C+and%5C+has%5C+been%5C+used%5C+as%5C+a%5C+common%5C+herb%5C+to%5C+treat%5C+cancer%2C%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+for%5C+the%5C+further%5C+study.%5C+Chapter%5C+two%2C%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+bioactivities%2C%5C+antitumor%5C+mechanism%5C+and%5C+preliminary%5C+pre%5C-clinical%5C+research%5C+of%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+in%5C+R.%5C+yunnanensis.%5C+A%5C+phytochemical%5C+investigation%5C+on%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+constituents%5C+from%5C+this%5C+plant%5C+led%5C+to%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+18%5C+cyclopeptides%2C%5C+including%5C+2%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+with%5C+novel%5C+skeletons%5C+and%5C+7%5C+other%5C+new%5C+ones.%5C+The%5C+possible%5C+biosynthetic%5C+pathways%5C+for%5C+four%5C+types%5C+of%5C+rubiaceae%5C-type%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+were%5C+also%5C+proposed.%5C+The%5C+18%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cyctotoxicities%5C+against%5C+11%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines%5C+and%5C+the%5C+result%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+these%5C+cyclopeptides%5C+exhibited%5C+strong%5C+activities%5C+and%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+showed%5C+best%5C+activities%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+values%5C+of%5C+approximately%5C+10%5C+nM.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+was%5C+also%5C+found%5C+to%5C+exhibit%5C+anti%5C+I%5C-type%5C+herpes%5C+simplex%5C+virus%5C+%5C%28HSV%5C-1%5C%29%5C+activity%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Thereafter%2C%5C+we%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+research%5C+on%5C+the%5C+antitumor%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+and%5C+its%5C+glycoside%5C+RA%5C-XII.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+they%5C+significantly%5C+inhibited%5C+TNF%5C-%CE%B1%5C+induced%5C+NF%5C-%CE%BAB%5C+signaling%5C+pathway.%5C+The%5C+phosphorylation%5C+of%5C+I%CE%BAB%CE%B1%5C+was%5C+down%5C-regulated%5C+by%5C+them%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+inhibit%5C+the%5C+translocation%5C+of%5C+P65%5C+and%5C+NO%5C+production%5C+in%5C+LPS%5C+and%5C+IFN%5C-%CE%B3%5C-induced%5C+RAW%5C+264.7%5C+murine%5C+macrophages.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+it%5C+is%5C+being%5C+reported%5C+that%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+and%5C+RA%5C-XII%5C+are%5C+new%5C+natural%5C+NF%5C-%CE%BAB%5C+pathway%5C+inhibitors.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+from%5C+the%5C+anti%5C-angiogenesis%5C+study%2C%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+anti%5C-proliferative%5C+activities%5C+in%5C+human%5C+umbilical%5C+vein%5C+endothelial%5C+cells%5C+%5C%28HUVEC%5C%29%5C+and%5C+human%5C+microvascular%5C+endothelial%5C+cells%5C+%5C%28HMEC%5C%29.%5C+Further%5C+study%5C+on%5C+its%5C+mechanism%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+could%5C+induce%5C+G2%5C%2FM%5C+phase%5C+arrest%5C+and%5C+cell%5C+apoptosis%5C+by%5C+down%5C-regulation%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+cycle%5C+regulatory%5C+protein%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+expression%5C+in%5C+extracellular%5C+signal%5C-regulated%5C+kinase%5C+%C2%BD%5C+%5C%28Erk%5C+%C2%BD%5C%29%5C+phosphorylation%5C+pathway.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+RA%5C-V%5C+could%5C+inhibit%5C+migration%5C+and%5C+tube%5C+formation%5C+of%5C+HUVEC%5C+and%5C+HMEC%5C+by%5C+inhibition%5C+of%5C+matrix%5C+metalloproteinase.%5C+The%5C+third%5C+chapter%5C+was%5C+about%5C+the%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+other%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+yunnanensis%5C+and%5C+their%5C+bioactivities.%5C+A%5C+phytochemical%5C+assessment%5C+of%5C+this%5C+plant%5C+resulted%5C+in%5C+the%5C+isolation%5C+of%5C+68%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+11%5C+new%5C+arborinane%5C-type%5C+triterpenoids%5C+and%5C+4%5C+new%5C+quinones.%5C+Subsequently%2C%5C+61%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+against%5C+three%5C+cancer%5C+cell%5C+lines%2C%5C+anti%5C-Staphylococcus%5C+aureus%5C+and%5C+anti%5C-Candida%5C+albicans%5C+activities.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+the%5C+arborinane%5C-type%5C+triterpenoids%5C+exhibited%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+and%5C+also%5C+rubiarbonol%5C+G%5C+and%5C+2%5C-methyl%5C-1%2C3%2C6%5C-trihydroxy%5C-9%2C10%5C-anthraquinone%5C+induced%5C+cell%5C+apoptosis%5C+in%5C+Hela%5C+cell%5C+line.%5C+The%5C+fourth%5C+chapter%5C+was%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Rubia%5C+plants.%5C+All%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned%5C+research%5C+work%5C+had%5C+laid%5C+a%5C+good%5C+foundation%5C+for%5C+quality%5C+control%5C+and%5C+multi%5C-component%2C%5C+multi%5C-target%5C+drug%5C+R%5C%26D%5C+of%5C+R.%5C+yunnanensis."},{"jsname":"This thesis includes two parts: the investigation of medicinal plants in the communities of De''ang people, and the phytochemical studies on three medicinal plants used by the De''ang people traditionally. The De''ang people is an old indigenous minority in China. Most De''ang people live in the Southwest of Yunan Province. They have accumulated abundant traditional knowledge about utilization of medicinal plants in their long-time live and produce. However, without written script of their own and with the influence of alien cultures, their indigenous knowledge is facing the risk of being assimilated or extinct. We carried out an ethnoparmacological investigation of medicinal plants in De''ang communities. It has been found that 92 species were highly valuable for medicinal uses including heat-clearing and detoxication, anti-inflammatory pain, bone fracture and injury, relieving rigidity of muscles and promoting blood circulation, snake bite and so on. Of the 92 plants recorded, 23 species were newly recorded for the De''ang people, and new medicinal properties of one plant species (Tacca chantrieri) was the first record too. In order to know well of the medicinal properties of traditional medicinal plants used by the De''ang people, we selected three plants (Piper boehmeriaefolium, Remusatia vivipara and Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata) for the chemical constituents research. Forty-six compounds including 13 new ones were isolated from the above mentioned folk medicinal plants. The types of these compounds involved amide alkaloids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, flavanoids and so on. In addition, some of the isolates were tested for their bioactivities. Thirty compounds, including 8 new ones, were isolated from the whole plant of Piper boehmeriaefolium (Piperaceae). The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to the alkaloids of amides. A new phenylpropanoid glucoside, caffeyl alcohol-3-O-b-d-glucopyranoside, together with nine known compounds, was isolated from the dry corms of Remusatia vivipara (Araceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by the spectroscopic method and acidic hydrolysis. The compounds from the plant mainly belonged to phenlpropanoids, neolignans, steroid saponin, triterpenoid saponin and amides. All compounds were isolated from the genus Remusatia for the first time. Three new humulane-type sesquiterpenes, and a new copaborneol derivative, , together with two known compounds have been isolated from the whole plant of Pilea cavaleriei subsp. crenata (Urticaceae). All compounds were isolated from the genus Pilea for the first time.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThis%5C+thesis%5C+includes%5C+two%5C+parts%5C%3A%5C+the%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+the%5C+communities%5C+of%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+phytochemical%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+three%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+traditionally.%5C+The%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+is%5C+an%5C+old%5C+indigenous%5C+minority%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+Most%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%5C+live%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Southwest%5C+of%5C+Yunan%5C+Province.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+accumulated%5C+abundant%5C+traditional%5C+knowledge%5C+about%5C+utilization%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+their%5C+long%5C-time%5C+live%5C+and%5C+produce.%5C+However%2C%5C+without%5C+written%5C+script%5C+of%5C+their%5C+own%5C+and%5C+with%5C+the%5C+influence%5C+of%5C+alien%5C+cultures%2C%5C+their%5C+indigenous%5C+knowledge%5C+is%5C+facing%5C+the%5C+risk%5C+of%5C+being%5C+assimilated%5C+or%5C+extinct.%5C+We%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+an%5C+ethnoparmacological%5C+investigation%5C+of%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+communities.%5C+It%5C+has%5C+been%5C+found%5C+that%5C+92%5C+species%5C+were%5C+highly%5C+valuable%5C+for%5C+medicinal%5C+uses%5C+including%5C+heat%5C-clearing%5C+and%5C+detoxication%2C%5C+anti%5C-inflammatory%5C+pain%2C%5C+bone%5C+fracture%5C+and%5C+injury%2C%5C+relieving%5C+rigidity%5C+of%5C+muscles%5C+and%5C+promoting%5C+blood%5C+circulation%2C%5C+snake%5C+bite%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+Of%5C+the%5C+92%5C+plants%5C+recorded%2C%5C+23%5C+species%5C+were%5C+newly%5C+recorded%5C+for%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+and%5C+new%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+one%5C+plant%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Tacca%5C+chantrieri%5C%29%5C+was%5C+the%5C+first%5C+record%5C+too.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+know%5C+well%5C+of%5C+the%5C+medicinal%5C+properties%5C+of%5C+traditional%5C+medicinal%5C+plants%5C+used%5C+by%5C+the%5C+De%27%27ang%5C+people%2C%5C+we%5C+selected%5C+three%5C+plants%5C+%5C%28Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%2C%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+and%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C%29%5C+for%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+research.%5C+Forty%5C-six%5C+compounds%5C+including%5C+13%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+above%5C+mentioned%5C+folk%5C+medicinal%5C+plants.%5C+The%5C+types%5C+of%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+involved%5C+amide%5C+alkaloids%2C%5C+lignans%2C%5C+phenylpropanoids%2C%5C+terpenoids%2C%5C+flavanoids%5C+and%5C+so%5C+on.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+some%5C+of%5C+the%5C+isolates%5C+were%5C+tested%5C+for%5C+their%5C+bioactivities.%5C+Thirty%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+8%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Piper%5C+boehmeriaefolium%5C+%5C%28Piperaceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+the%5C+alkaloids%5C+of%5C+amides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+phenylpropanoid%5C+glucoside%2C%5C+caffeyl%5C+alcohol%5C-3%5C-O%5C-b%5C-d%5C-glucopyranoside%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+nine%5C+known%5C+compounds%2C%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+dry%5C+corms%5C+of%5C+Remusatia%5C+vivipara%5C+%5C%28Araceae%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+was%5C+determined%5C+by%5C+the%5C+spectroscopic%5C+method%5C+and%5C+acidic%5C+hydrolysis.%5C+The%5C+compounds%5C+from%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+mainly%5C+belonged%5C+to%5C+phenlpropanoids%2C%5C+neolignans%2C%5C+steroid%5C+saponin%2C%5C+triterpenoid%5C+saponin%5C+and%5C+amides.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Remusatia%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+humulane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpenes%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+copaborneol%5C+derivative%2C%5C+%2C%5C+together%5C+with%5C+two%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+have%5C+been%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant%5C+of%5C+Pilea%5C+cavaleriei%5C+subsp.%5C+crenata%5C+%5C%28Urticaceae%5C%29.%5C+All%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Pilea%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time."},{"jsname":"Trigonobalanus doichangensis is an endangered plant. In this paper, the megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, seed morphological traits and seed germination, seed conservation, micropropagation and acclimatization of this species were studied. Combined with the published results of cytology, molecular genetics and other researches,the mechanisms of extinction, basic biology and technology of germplasm conservation and acclimatization of T. doichangensis were discussed. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte，Stamens exist under the stigma of T. doichangensis, and the pollen is aborted on the later development stage of pistil, therefore, the pistillate flower in function is hermaphrodite flower in morphology. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The primary archesporium is hypodermal and single-celled and the sporogenous cell of the nucellus functions directly as a megaspore mother cell which goes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore of the tetrad is functional. The development of embryo sac conforms to the polygonum type. There are six ovules in the ovary of T. doichangensis, and only one develops into a seed in normal fruits. In the process of megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte, there are several links of abortion, and 93.3% of mature embryo sacs is aborted.2. Morphological characters and germination of seeds，Most of the variation occurred among individual trees within populations in seed morphological traits (length, width and 1000-seed weight) and germination-related indices (germination percentage, germination index and vigor index). In addition, the variation in percentage of well-developed seeds among populations and among individual trees within populations is equal, each accounting for 48%. Each of seed morphological traits has significantly positive correlation with each other (p < 0.01), but they have no significant correlation with percentage of well-developed seeds and germination-related indices. In the same batch of seeds of T. doichangensis, there are light-colored and dark-colored seed coats, and development of light-colored seeds is significantly poorer than that of dark-colored seeds.The sensitivity of seeds to high temperature varys in different stages of seed imbibition. In each stage, heat acclimatization don’t increase germination percentage, germination index and fresh weight of seedlings. If the distilled water is substituted by solution of SA during seed imbibition, seed germination and germination index after heat shock are not significantly different from control, but they are significantly higher than that of other treatments. Moreover, when the seeds are treatmented with SA, the fresh weight of seedlings is significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.3. Seed conservation，Seeds of T. doichangensis belong to orthodox seeds which can tolerate certain level of dehydration. The condition of low temperature and low water content of seeds is conducive to seed conservation.Germination of fresh seeds shows significant variation among populations, howerer, germination of the seeds after storage for one year in room temperature shows no significant variation among populations.High temperature and high relative humidity damages the seeds more severely than high temperature does. In addition, low water content of seeds enable the seeds to be more tolerant to high temperature.The electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity and germination percentage have no significant correlation with each other.4. Micropropagation and in vitro conservation，Cotyledonary nodes are a kind of efficient explants. Low salt media are conducive to shoot propagation and root induction.The maximum multiplication rate (20-25 shoots/explant within 4 months) is achieved on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/4 MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).Rooting is promoted by auxins, however, IBA alone or low concentrations of NAA are preferable due to small amount of callus induced. The research has established an efficient protocol for micropropagation of T. doichangensis, and it provides technology support for in vitro conservation of special germplasm of the species.5. Acclimatization，Quercus variabilis, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides and T. doichangensis belong to the family of Fagaceae, and the natural distribution ranges of the 3 species are decreasing in turn. The research suggests that the ranges of temperature tolerance of the 3 species are decreasing corresponding to their distribution ranges.The high and low semi-lethal temperature of one-year old T. doichangensis is 49.5℃ and -5℃ respectively. It suggests that T. doichangensis has a wide range of basic temperature tolerance. Short-term heat and cold acclimatization cannot expand the range of temperature tolerance. It can be inferred that T. doichangensis may lack induced tolerance to temperature. Under proper conditions, ABA can increase the cold tolerance, and SA can increase the heat tolerance of leaf discs of T. doichangensis.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Co2%2BConcentration&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATrigonobalanus%5C+doichangensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+plant.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+the%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+germination%2C%5C+seed%5C+conservation%2C%5C+micropropagation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+were%5C+studied.%5C+Combined%5C+with%5C+the%5C+published%5C+results%5C+of%5C+cytology%2C%5C+molecular%5C+genetics%5C+and%5C+other%5C+researches%2Cthe%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+extinction%2C%5C+basic%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+germplasm%5C+conservation%5C+and%5C+acclimatization%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+were%5C+discussed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%EF%BC%8CStamens%5C+exist%5C+under%5C+the%5C+stigma%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+pollen%5C+is%5C+aborted%5C+on%5C+the%5C+later%5C+development%5C+stage%5C+of%5C+pistil%2C%5C+therefore%2C%5C+the%5C+pistillate%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+function%5C+is%5C+hermaphrodite%5C+flower%5C+in%5C+morphology.%5C+The%5C+ovule%5C+is%5C+anatropous%2C%5C+bitegmic%5C+and%5C+crassinucellate.%5C+The%5C+primary%5C+archesporium%5C+is%5C+hypodermal%5C+and%5C+single%5C-celled%5C+and%5C+the%5C+sporogenous%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+the%5C+nucellus%5C+functions%5C+directly%5C+as%5C+a%5C+megaspore%5C+mother%5C+cell%5C+which%5C+goes%5C+meiosis%5C+to%5C+form%5C+a%5C+linear%5C+tetrad.%5C+The%5C+chalazal%5C+megaspore%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetrad%5C+is%5C+functional.%5C+The%5C+development%5C+of%5C+embryo%5C+sac%5C+conforms%5C+to%5C+the%5C+polygonum%5C+type.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+six%5C+ovules%5C+in%5C+the%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+and%5C+only%5C+one%5C+develops%5C+into%5C+a%5C+seed%5C+in%5C+normal%5C+fruits.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+process%5C+of%5C+megasporogenesis%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+female%5C+gametophyte%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+several%5C+links%5C+of%5C+abortion%2C%5C+and%5C+93.3%25%5C+of%5C+mature%5C+embryo%5C+sacs%5C+is%5C+aborted.2.%5C+Morphological%5C+characters%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+seeds%EF%BC%8CMost%5C+of%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+%5C%28length%2C%5C+width%5C+and%5C+1000%5C-seed%5C+weight%5C%29%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices%5C+%5C%28germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+vigor%5C+index%5C%29.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+in%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+among%5C+individual%5C+trees%5C+within%5C+populations%5C+is%5C+equal%2C%5C+each%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+48%25.%5C+Each%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+morphological%5C+traits%5C+has%5C+significantly%5C+positive%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+each%5C+other%5C+%5C%28p%5C+%3C%5C+0.01%5C%29%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+have%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+with%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+well%5C-developed%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+germination%5C-related%5C+indices.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+same%5C+batch%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+and%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seed%5C+coats%2C%5C+and%5C+development%5C+of%5C+light%5C-colored%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+poorer%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+dark%5C-colored%5C+seeds.The%5C+sensitivity%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+to%5C+high%5C+temperature%5C+varys%5C+in%5C+different%5C+stages%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+imbibition.%5C+In%5C+each%5C+stage%2C%5C+heat%5C+acclimatization%5C+don%E2%80%99t%5C+increase%5C+germination%5C+percentage%2C%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+and%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings.%5C+If%5C+the%5C+distilled%5C+water%5C+is%5C+substituted%5C+by%5C+solution%5C+of%5C+SA%5C+during%5C+seed%5C+imbibition%2C%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+and%5C+germination%5C+index%5C+after%5C+heat%5C+shock%5C+are%5C+not%5C+significantly%5C+different%5C+from%5C+control%2C%5C+but%5C+they%5C+are%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+other%5C+treatments.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+when%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+treatmented%5C+with%5C+SA%2C%5C+the%5C+fresh%5C+weight%5C+of%5C+seedlings%5C+is%5C+significantly%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+control%5C+and%5C+other%5C+treatments.3.%5C+Seed%5C+conservation%EF%BC%8CSeeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+doichangensis%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+can%5C+tolerate%5C+certain%5C+level%5C+of%5C+dehydration.%5C+The%5C+condition%5C+of%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+low%5C+water%5C+content%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+is%5C+conducive%5C+to%5C+seed%5C+conservation.Germination%5C+of%5C+fresh%5C+seeds%5C+shows%5C+significant%5C+variation%5C+among%5C+populations%2C%5C+howerer%2C%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+storage%5C+for%5C+one%5C+year%5C+in%5C+room%5C+temperature%5C+shows%5C+no%5C+sig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