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资助项目
6 could use lots of photosynthates, but contributed little to the accumulation of biomass. 4. Photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum decreased a little at the noon, and the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 10:00h in the greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic rate was in the same trend as stomatal conductance. Higher relative humidity seemed to be the key for higher photosynthetic rate in P. armeniacum. 5. The photosynthetic capacity of C. flavum was statistically larger than that of P. armeniacum. The lower leaf photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum was related to its lower leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration and enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the extremely lower stomatal conductance and internal mesophyll conductance might greatly limit the photosynthetic capacity of P. armeniacum. The lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of Paphiopedilum might partially caused by the lack of chloroplasts in the guard cell of Paphiopedilum. Compared with C. flavum, P. armeniacum was more fond of shade environment.6. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium had bigger photosynthetic capacity and greater potential for fast growth. But the longer LL of Paphiopedilum enhanced nutrient conservation which could compensate its lower photosynthetic capacity. The short longevity leaf of Cypripedium usually had higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass and dark respiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity decreased fast with leaf age. However, for Paphiopedilum, the situation was the opposite. 7. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum had higher water use efficiency and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. 8. The leaf of Paphiopedilum had higher leaf construction cost and longer repayment time than that of Cypripedium. The leaf structures and physiological functions of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium reflected the adaptation to their habitats. The leaf morphological and physiological evolution of Paphiopedilum was related to water and resource-conserving traits in the karst habitat. The leaf traits of Cypripedium were the adaptation to the environment rich in water and nutrients but easy to change with seasons.Our results provided evidence of divergent evolution of congeneric orchids under natural selection.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Cell%2Bnumber&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APaphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+are%5C+close%5C+relatives%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+the%5C+subfamily%5C+Cypripedioideae.%5C+However%2C%5C+they%5C+undergo%5C+considerable%5C+divergence%5C+in%5C+the%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+life%5C+forms%2C%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+habitats.%5C+In%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%2C%5C+leaf%5C+lifespans%2C%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+area%2C%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%2C%5C+nutrient%5C+use%5C+efficiencies%2C%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+costs%2C%5C+and%5C+maintenance%5C+costs%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+to%5C+understand%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+and%5C+ecophysiological%5C+adaptability%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+types%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+related%5C+ecological%5C+and%5C+evolutionary%5C+significances.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+suggest%5C+that%5C%3A1.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+drought%5C+tolerance%5C+from%5C+its%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structure%5C+including%5C+fleshy%5C+leaf%2C%5C+thicker%5C+surface%5C+cuticle%2C%5C+huge%5C+abaxial%5C+epidermis%5C+cells%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+of%5C+palisade%5C+and%5C+spongy%5C+mesophyll%5C+layers%2C%5C+the%5C+prominent%5C+of%5C+mucilaginous%5C+substances%2C%5C+supportable%5C+leaf%5C+main%5C+vein%2C%5C+lower%5C+total%5C+stoma%5C+area%5C+%5C%28%25%5C%29%2C%5C+sunken%5C+stomata%5C+and%5C+special%5C+stoma%5C+structure.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+to%5C+the%5C+contrary%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Leaf%5C+morphologies%5C+and%5C+structures%5C+embodied%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+in%5C+both%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+confirmed%5C+the%5C+previous%5C+observation%5C+that%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+the%5C+only%5C+genus%5C+that%5C+did%5C+not%5C+possess%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+chloroplasts.2.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+leaves%5C+were%5C+different%5C+with%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+ages.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+1%5C-2%5C+years%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+1%5C+year%5C+and%5C+2%5C-4%5C+years.%5C+The%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+occurred%5C+in%5C+leaf%5C+age%5C+60%5C+days%2C%5C+followed%5C+by%5C+30%5C+days%2C%5C+90%5C+days%5C+and%5C+120%5C+days.%5C+3.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+capacities%5C+of%5C+different%5C+leaf%5C+positions%5C+were%5C+mainly%5C+affected%5C+by%5C+leaf%5C+ages%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+four%5C+leaves%5C+lying%5C+on%5C+the%5C+top%5C+did%5C+the%5C+most%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+assimilation%5C+products%5C+in%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+plant.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+sequence%5C+number%5C+%3E%5C+6%5C+could%5C+use%5C+lots%5C+of%5C+photosynthates%2C%5C+but%5C+contributed%5C+little%5C+to%5C+the%5C+accumulation%5C+of%5C+biomass.%5C+4.%5C+Photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+decreased%5C+a%5C+little%5C+at%5C+the%5C+noon%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+at%5C+10%5C%3A00h%5C+in%5C+the%5C+greenhouse.%5C+The%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+was%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+trend%5C+as%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance.%5C+Higher%5C+relative%5C+humidity%5C+seemed%5C+to%5C+be%5C+the%5C+key%5C+for%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+in%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+5.%5C+The%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+flavum%5C+was%5C+statistically%5C+larger%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+leaf%5C+nitrogen%5C+concentration%2Cleaf%5C+phosphorus%5C+concentration%5C+and%5C+enzyme%5C+activities.%5C+Meanwhile%2C%5C+the%5C+extremely%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+internal%5C+mesophyll%5C+conductance%5C+might%5C+greatly%5C+limit%5C+the%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum.%5C+The%5C+lower%5C+stomatal%5C+conductance%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+might%5C+partially%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+the%5C+lack%5C+of%5C+chloroplasts%5C+in%5C+the%5C+guard%5C+cell%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+flavum%2C%5C+P.%5C+armeniacum%5C+was%5C+more%5C+fond%5C+of%5C+shade%5C+environment.6.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+had%5C+bigger%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+and%5C+greater%5C+potential%5C+for%5C+fast%5C+growth.%5C+But%5C+the%5C+longer%5C+LL%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+enhanced%5C+nutrient%5C+conservation%5C+which%5C+could%5C+compensate%5C+its%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity.%5C+The%5C+short%5C+longevity%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+usually%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+photosynthetic%5C+rate%5C+per%5C+unit%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+and%5C+dark%5C+respiration%5C+rate%2C%5C+and%5C+photosynthetic%5C+capacity%5C+decreased%5C+fast%5C+with%5C+leaf%5C+age.%5C+However%2C%5C+for%5C+Paphiopedilum%2C%5C+the%5C+situation%5C+was%5C+the%5C+opposite.%5C+7.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+Cypripedium%2C%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+water%5C+use%5C+efficiency%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+photosynthetic%5C+nitrogen%5C+use%5C+efficiency.%5C+8.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+had%5C+higher%5C+leaf%5C+construction%5C+cost%5C+and%5C+longer%5C+repayment%5C+time%5C+than%5C+that%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+functions%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+and%5C+Cypripedium%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+their%5C+habitats.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+physiological%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+Paphiopedilum%5C+was%5C+related%5C+to%5C+water%5C+and%5C+resource%5C-conserving%5C+traits%5C+in%5C+the%5C+karst%5C+habitat.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+Cypripedium%5C+were%5C+the%5C+adaptation%5C+to%5C+the%5C+environment%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+water%5C+and%5C+nutrients%5C+but%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+change%5C+with%5C+seasons.Our%5C+results%5C+provided%5C+evidence%5C+of%5C+divergent%5C+evolution%5C+of%5C+congeneric%5C+orchids%5C+under%5C+natural%5C+selection."},{"jsname":"Plant secondary metabolites are a class of small molecular compounds which are not necessary for plant growth and development in nature. They have many types and different functions. The current studies about these compounds were often focused on the chemistry, pharmacology and drug development. Research about their biological effects is few. Exploration the biological effects of plant secondary metabolites is important to study their biological function and application. Scutellarin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus(vant) Hand Mass. It is an important plant secondary metabolite, belonging to flavonoid. Previous studies found that some flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin were auxin transport inhibitors in plants and they were related to plant growth and development closely. As an important flavonoid, scutellarin also plays an important role in plant growth and development is unknown. In this paper, scutellarin was selected as research object. Through a series of plant physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques to explore the biological effects of scutellarin on Arabidopsis thaliana, we get the results as follows: Scutellarin had a hormone-like effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. It promoted root elongation at low concentration obviously; however the effect disappeared at high concentration. We made a further study about it and found that scutellarin had antagonism with methyl jasmonate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in root elongation. It also had an influence on nitrogen metabolism. Microarray results showed that the biological effects of scutellarin had a complex relationship with plant hormone and nitrogen metabolism. These were consistent with our experimental phenomenas. All these manifested that scutellarin played an important role in plant growth and development as a similar plant hormone. We tried the experiment using some other flavonoids. It was found that not all the flavonoids had the same obvious effects on root elongation like scutellarin; the biological effects of them were closely related to their chemical structures. In addition, the other two aspects of research were also carried out in the paper. One was exploring the role of phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) under ultraviolet radiation in Arabidopsis. Our evidences suggested knockout PLDδ intensified membrane damage induced by UV radiation. The other one was lipid data collection and calculation of acyl chain lengths of lipid molecules in Arabidopsis under senescence induced by various stresses. We showed that the acyl chains of phosphoserine (PS, a head-group class of membrane glycerolipids with very long chains of fatty acids.) lengthened with the development and senescence in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the acyl chain lengths of other major head-group classes of membrane glycerolipids subtly fluctuated.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Cell%2Bnumber&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APlant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+are%5C+a%5C+class%5C+of%5C+small%5C+molecular%5C+compounds%5C+which%5C+are%5C+not%5C+necessary%5C+for%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+They%5C+have%5C+many%5C+types%5C+and%5C+different%5C+functions.%5C+The%5C+current%5C+studies%5C+about%5C+these%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+often%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemistry%2C%5C+pharmacology%5C+and%5C+drug%5C+development.%5C+Research%5C+about%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+is%5C+few.%5C+Exploration%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolites%5C+is%5C+important%5C+to%5C+study%5C+their%5C+biological%5C+function%5C+and%5C+application.%5C+Scutellarin%5C+is%5C+an%5C+active%5C+pharmaceutical%5C+ingredient%5C+extracted%5C+from%5C+Erigeron%5C+breviscapus%5C%28vant%5C%29%5C+Hand%5C+Mass.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+plant%5C+secondary%5C+metabolite%2C%5C+belonging%5C+to%5C+flavonoid.%5C+Previous%5C+studies%5C+found%5C+that%5C+some%5C+flavonoids%5C+such%5C+as%5C+quercetin%2C%5C+naringenin%5C+were%5C+auxin%5C+transport%5C+inhibitors%5C+in%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+they%5C+were%5C+related%5C+to%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+closely.%5C+As%5C+an%5C+important%5C+flavonoid%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+also%5C+plays%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+is%5C+unknown.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+paper%2C%5C+scutellarin%5C+was%5C+selected%5C+as%5C+research%5C+object.%5C+Through%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+physiological%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+techniques%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%2C%5C+we%5C+get%5C+the%5C+results%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+Scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+hormone%5C-like%5C+effect%5C+on%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana.%5C+It%5C+promoted%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+at%5C+low%5C+concentration%5C+obviously%5C%3B%5C+however%5C+the%5C+effect%5C+disappeared%5C+at%5C+high%5C+concentration.%5C+We%5C+made%5C+a%5C+further%5C+study%5C+about%5C+it%5C+and%5C+found%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+antagonism%5C+with%5C+methyl%5C+jasmonate%5C+and%5C+2%2C4%5C-dichlorophenoxy%5C+acetic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%282%2C4%5C-D%5C%29%5C+in%5C+root%5C+elongation.%5C+It%5C+also%5C+had%5C+an%5C+influence%5C+on%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+Microarray%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+scutellarin%5C+had%5C+a%5C+complex%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+plant%5C+hormone%5C+and%5C+nitrogen%5C+metabolism.%5C+These%5C+were%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+our%5C+experimental%5C+phenomenas.%5C+All%5C+these%5C+manifested%5C+that%5C+scutellarin%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+role%5C+in%5C+plant%5C+growth%5C+and%5C+development%5C+as%5C+a%5C+similar%5C+plant%5C+hormone.%5C+We%5C+tried%5C+the%5C+experiment%5C+using%5C+some%5C+other%5C+flavonoids.%5C+It%5C+was%5C+found%5C+that%5C+not%5C+all%5C+the%5C+flavonoids%5C+had%5C+the%5C+same%5C+obvious%5C+effects%5C+on%5C+root%5C+elongation%5C+like%5C+scutellarin%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+them%5C+were%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+their%5C+chemical%5C+structures.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+aspects%5C+of%5C+research%5C+were%5C+also%5C+carried%5C+out%5C+in%5C+the%5C+paper.%5C+One%5C+was%5C+exploring%5C+the%5C+role%5C+of%5C+phospholipase%5C+D%CE%B4%5C+%5C%28PLD%CE%B4%5C%29%5C+under%5C+ultraviolet%5C+radiation%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+Our%5C+evidences%5C+suggested%5C+knockout%5C+PLD%CE%B4%5C+intensified%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+UV%5C+radiation.%5C+The%5C+other%5C+one%5C+was%5C+lipid%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+and%5C+calculation%5C+of%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+under%5C+senescence%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+various%5C+stresses.%5C+We%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+phosphoserine%5C+%5C%28PS%2C%5C+a%5C+head%5C-group%5C+class%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+with%5C+very%5C+long%5C+chains%5C+of%5C+fatty%5C+acids.%5C%29%5C+lengthened%5C+with%5C+the%5C+development%5C+and%5C+senescence%5C+in%5C+Arabidopsis.%5C+In%5C+contrast%2C%5C+the%5C+acyl%5C+chain%5C+lengths%5C+of%5C+other%5C+major%5C+head%5C-group%5C+classes%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+glycerolipids%5C+subtly%5C+fluctuated."},{"jsname":"Polyploidy, the presence of three or more genomes in an organism, has occurred extensively in plants, and plays a major role in the evolution and speciation of angiosperm. Despite extensive study of the cytotypes distribution and origin of polyploidy, few studies have been reported in China, especially in southwest region. Allium wallichii Kunth (Alliaceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in southwest China, northen India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The multiple ploidy levels and rapid differentiation has made A. wallichii a good candidate for studying polyploidy. The cytotypes distribution and origin of A. wallichii polyploidy has been studied in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateu, a main distribution area of this plant. Root-tip squashes were used to identify the ploidy level and karyotypes of 412 plants from 17 populations sampled from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Based on nuclear ITS DNA sequences in 83 individuals from 17 populations, phylogentic analysis were performed to investigate types of A. wallichii polyloids, and determine if the reproductive isolation has been established between diploids and tetraploids. Based on two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16), haplotypes were identified , and the origination of tetraploids were analyzed. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Distribution of cytotypes, Cytotype distribution was analyzed based on 412 newly studied plants from seventeen populations and published literatures. Nine diploid populations, six diploid-tetraploid mixed populations occur in central to northwest Yunnan, while twelve tetraploid populations occur in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Furthermore, tetraploids has a wider altitude range (1400-3726 m) than diploids (2100-3638 m), which suggests the adaptative ability of tetraploid is much stronger than its diploid pregnancies. Tetraploid populations distributed in northwest Yunnan have much lower karyotype asymmetry with the asymmetry indexes (AI) ranges from 1.83 to 2.87 compared to other populations of other areas (AI, 2.03-3.02). This suggests tetraploid in northwest Yunnan is likely to have an earlier derivation. 2. Autoploidization origin of the tetraploids, Diploids are all 2A type except that Zhongdian D and Baoshan populations are 3A type, and tetraploids are all 2A type but Huize and Hezhang populations are 2B type. It shows high similarity of karyotypes of diploid and tetraploids. In addition, the undistinguishable morphology of A. wallichii with different ploidy levels in northwest Yunnan and the monophyly of A. wallichii in ITS strict consensus tree all suggest autopolyploid origins of tetraploids A. wallichii. 3. Multiple origins of tetraploids, Based on two cpDNA fragments (petL-psbE, trnQ-rps16) in 85 individuals from 17 populations across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a total of 17 haplotypes were identified, among them, 3 in diploids only, 11 in tetraploids only, and 3 found in both cytotypes. This, plus network analyses, indicated that tetraploids have arisen independently from diploids at least three times. 4. Productive isolation between diploids and teraploids, ITS phylogenetic analyses between diploid and tetraploid A. wallichii shows that diploids and tetraploids are both monophyly, with bootstrap value 100% and 88% respectively, indicating that the reproductive isolation has been established between them. Based on cpDNA haplotypes and ITS variation types analyses, extensive hybridization and gene introgression may have occurred among tetraploids.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Cell%2Bnumber&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3APolyploidy%2C%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+three%5C+or%5C+more%5C+genomes%5C+in%5C+an%5C+organism%2C%5C+has%5C+occurred%5C+extensively%5C+in%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+plays%5C+a%5C+major%5C+role%5C+in%5C+the%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+angiosperm.%5C+Despite%5C+extensive%5C+study%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+polyploidy%2C%5C+few%5C+studies%5C+have%5C+been%5C+reported%5C+in%5C+China%2C%5C+especially%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+region.%5C+Allium%5C+wallichii%5C+Kunth%5C+%5C%28Alliaceae%5C%29%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herb%2C%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+southwest%5C+China%2C%5C+northen%5C+India%2C%5C+Nepal%2C%5C+Sikkim%5C+and%5C+Bhutan.%5C+The%5C+multiple%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+and%5C+rapid%5C+differentiation%5C+has%5C+made%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+a%5C+good%5C+candidate%5C+for%5C+studying%5C+polyploidy.%5C+The%5C+cytotypes%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyploidy%5C+has%5C+been%5C+studied%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateu%2C%5C+a%5C+main%5C+distribution%5C+area%5C+of%5C+this%5C+plant.%5C+Root%5C-tip%5C+squashes%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+identify%5C+the%5C+ploidy%5C+level%5C+and%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+412%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+sampled%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+DNA%5C+sequences%5C+in%5C+83%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%2C%5C+phylogentic%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+types%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+polyloids%2C%5C+and%5C+determine%5C+if%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+%5C%28cpDNA%5C%29%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%2C%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%5C+%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+origination%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+were%5C+analyzed.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Distribution%5C+of%5C+cytotypes%2C%5C+Cytotype%5C+distribution%5C+was%5C+analyzed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+412%5C+newly%5C+studied%5C+plants%5C+from%5C+seventeen%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+published%5C+literatures.%5C+Nine%5C+diploid%5C+populations%2C%5C+six%5C+diploid%5C-tetraploid%5C+mixed%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+central%5C+to%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+twelve%5C+tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+tetraploids%5C+has%5C+a%5C+wider%5C+altitude%5C+range%5C+%5C%281400%5C-3726%5C+m%5C%29%5C+than%5C+diploids%5C+%5C%282100%5C-3638%5C+m%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+suggests%5C+the%5C+adaptative%5C+ability%5C+of%5C+tetraploid%5C+is%5C+much%5C+stronger%5C+than%5C+its%5C+diploid%5C+pregnancies.%5C+Tetraploid%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+much%5C+lower%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+with%5C+the%5C+asymmetry%5C+indexes%5C+%5C%28AI%5C%29%5C+ranges%5C+from%5C+1.83%5C+to%5C+2.87%5C+compared%5C+to%5C+other%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+other%5C+areas%5C+%5C%28AI%2C%5C+2.03%5C-3.02%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+suggests%5C+tetraploid%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+is%5C+likely%5C+to%5C+have%5C+an%5C+earlier%5C+derivation.%5C+2.%5C+Autoploidization%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+the%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Diploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+except%5C+that%5C+Zhongdian%5C+D%5C+and%5C+Baoshan%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+3A%5C+type%2C%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+all%5C+2A%5C+type%5C+but%5C+Huize%5C+and%5C+Hezhang%5C+populations%5C+are%5C+2B%5C+type.%5C+It%5C+shows%5C+high%5C+similarity%5C+of%5C+karyotypes%5C+of%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploids.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+the%5C+undistinguishable%5C+morphology%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+with%5C+different%5C+ploidy%5C+levels%5C+in%5C+northwest%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+the%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+in%5C+ITS%5C+strict%5C+consensus%5C+tree%5C+all%5C+suggest%5C+autopolyploid%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%5C+A.%5C+wallichii.%5C+3.%5C+Multiple%5C+origins%5C+of%5C+tetraploids%2C%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+two%5C+cpDNA%5C+fragments%5C+%5C%28petL%5C-psbE%2C%5C+trnQ%5C-rps16%5C%29%5C+in%5C+85%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+17%5C+populations%5C+across%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C-Guizhou%5C+Plateau%2C%5C+a%5C+total%5C+of%5C+17%5C+haplotypes%5C+were%5C+identified%2C%5C+among%5C+them%2C%5C+3%5C+in%5C+diploids%5C+only%2C%5C+11%5C+in%5C+tetraploids%5C+only%2C%5C+and%5C+3%5C+found%5C+in%5C+both%5C+cytotypes.%5C+This%2C%5C+plus%5C+network%5C+analyses%2C%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+tetraploids%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+independently%5C+from%5C+diploids%5C+at%5C+least%5C+three%5C+times.%5C+4.%5C+Productive%5C+isolation%5C+between%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+teraploids%2C%5C+ITS%5C+phylogenetic%5C+analyses%5C+between%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+tetraploid%5C+A.%5C+wallichii%5C+shows%5C+that%5C+diploids%5C+and%5C+tetraploids%5C+are%5C+both%5C+monophyly%2C%5C+with%5C+bootstrap%5C+value%5C+100%25%5C+and%5C+88%25%5C+respectively%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+the%5C+reproductive%5C+isolation%5C+has%5C+been%5C+established%5C+between%5C+them.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+and%5C+ITS%5C+variation%5C+types%5C+analyses%2C%5C+extensive%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+introgression%5C+may%5C+have%5C+occurred%5C+among%5C+tetraploids."},{"jsname":"Seeds contain the entire genetic information of plants, which enable to develop the technology of seed preservation for the conservation of plant diversity. The mechanism of cell death in seeds, which are induced by ageing of orthodox seeds and desiccation of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are two important areas in seed biology but poorly understood.Those two areas were investigated in this dissertation, and Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima were chosen to represent orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively as studied models. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular methods were employed to investigate the cell death mechanism during seeds ageing and desiccation.First of all, Ageing induced porgrammed cell death in seeds.The morphology change, nucleic acid integrity, and gene expression during ageing of Pisum sativum seeds were investigated.The data above confirmed that PCD is an underlying mechanism of seed mortality. Moreover, glutathione played an important function during seeds ageing.An increase in glutathione redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) while seed lost viability was discovered during ageing of P. sativum seeds. Seed viability decreased 50% when EGSSG/2GSH attained values of -180 to -160 mV, which proved that EGSSG/2GSH was a marker for seeds viability. Secondely,Reactive oxygen species plays different roles in the seed germination after desiccation. After different desiccation treatments on the tea (C. sinensis var. assamica) seeds, the relationship between ROS dose and the viability of seeds after desication treatment was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of ROS could released the damage of desiccation on the tea seeds. Thridly,the composition of membrane lipid species and the change during desiccation in seeds with different storage behavior. Cell membrane is very sensitive to environment, and adjust the composition of lipid molecules is one of the main methord for cell to response the environmental changes. There is a rule that phosphatidic acid (PA), with special structure, is very sensitive to temperature and water stress, and the increase of PA content indicates the damage of the cell membrane. ESI/MS-MS technology was used to analysis and compare the composition and changes membrane lipid species during desiccation treatments of Pisum sativum, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Castanea mollissima seeds which represented orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds respectively. The results showed that the responses of PA to dehydration in embryonic axis of orhtordox and recalcitrant seeds were different. The percentage increasement of PA in orthodox seed during desiccation was not incredible and the level of PA decreased and achieved the same level as controled, while PA level increased dramatically without showing any decrease trend in recalcitrant seed, which indicated that the damage to membrane of recalcitrant seeds was inevitable. Those results indicted that the dehydration might induced reversible memebrane damage in the orthodox seed, which may result in no affect on the seed viability, while it might induced irreversible membrane damage to the recalcitrant seed, which inducned the dramatically reduce of viabiligy and cell death in the end. It was the first time to investigate and analysis systematically the composition and changes of membrane lipids of different storage behavior seeds during desiccation. It was first time to report the relationship between PA and the seeds storeage and the change of PA level in seeds could be used as the marker to diagnose.the property of seeds for desiccation sensitivity or desiccation tolerance","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=location.comm.id%3A1&query1=Cell%2Bnumber&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASeeds%5C+contain%5C+the%5C+entire%5C+genetic%5C+information%5C+of%5C+plants%2C%5C+which%5C+enable%5C+to%5C+develop%5C+the%5C+technology%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+preservation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+diversity.%5C+The%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+induced%5C+by%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+orthodox%5C+seeds%5C+and%5C+desiccation%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+and%5C+intermediate%5C+seeds%5C+are%5C+two%5C+important%5C+areas%5C+in%5C+seed%5C+biology%5C+but%5C+poorly%5C+understood.Those%5C+two%5C+areas%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+in%5C+this%5C+dissertation%2C%5C+and%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+were%5C+chosen%5C+to%5C+represent%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively%5C+as%5C+studied%5C+models.%5C+Biophysical%2C%5C+biochemical%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+methods%5C+were%5C+employed%5C+to%5C+investigate%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+mechanism%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing%5C+and%5C+desiccation.First%5C+of%5C+all%2C%5C+Ageing%5C+induced%5C+porgrammed%5C+cell%5C+death%5C+in%5C+seeds.The%5C+morphology%5C+change%2C%5C+nucleic%5C+acid%5C+integrity%2C%5C+and%5C+gene%5C+expression%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+investigated.The%5C+data%5C+above%5C+confirmed%5C+that%5C+PCD%5C+is%5C+an%5C+underlying%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+seed%5C+mortality.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+glutathione%5C+played%5C+an%5C+important%5C+function%5C+during%5C+seeds%5C+ageing.An%5C+increase%5C+in%5C+glutathione%5C+redox%5C+potential%5C+%5C%28EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C%29%5C+while%5C+seed%5C+lost%5C+viability%5C+was%5C+discovered%5C+during%5C+ageing%5C+of%5C+P.%5C+sativum%5C+seeds.%5C+Seed%5C+viability%5C+decreased%5C+50%25%5C+when%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+attained%5C+values%5C+of%5C+%5C-180%5C+to%5C+%5C-160%5C+mV%2C%5C+which%5C+proved%5C+that%5C+EGSSG%5C%2F2GSH%5C+was%5C+a%5C+marker%5C+for%5C+seeds%5C+viability.%5C+Secondely%2CReactive%5C+oxygen%5C+species%5C+plays%5C+different%5C+roles%5C+in%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+after%5C+desiccation.%5C+After%5C+different%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+%5C%28C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C%29%5C+seeds%2C%5C+the%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+ROS%5C+dose%5C+and%5C+the%5C+viability%5C+of%5C+seeds%5C+after%5C+desication%5C+treatment%5C+was%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+demonstrated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+presence%5C+of%5C+ROS%5C+could%5C+released%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+desiccation%5C+on%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+seeds.%5C+Thridly%2Cthe%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+and%5C+the%5C+change%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+in%5C+seeds%5C+with%5C+different%5C+storage%5C+behavior.%5C+Cell%5C+membrane%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+environment%2C%5C+and%5C+adjust%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+of%5C+lipid%5C+molecules%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+main%5C+methord%5C+for%5C+cell%5C+to%5C+response%5C+the%5C+environmental%5C+changes.%5C+There%5C+is%5C+a%5C+rule%5C+that%5C+phosphatidic%5C+acid%5C+%5C%28PA%5C%29%2C%5C+with%5C+special%5C+structure%2C%5C+is%5C+very%5C+sensitive%5C+to%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+water%5C+stress%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+increase%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+content%5C+indicates%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+cell%5C+membrane.%5C+ESI%5C%2FMS%5C-MS%5C+technology%5C+was%5C+used%5C+to%5C+analysis%5C+and%5C+compare%5C+the%5C+composition%5C+and%5C+changes%C2%A0membrane%5C+lipid%5C+species%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+treatments%5C+of%5C+Pisum%5C+sativum%2C%5C+Camellia%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%2C%5C+Castanea%5C+mollissima%5C+seeds%5C+which%5C+represented%5C+orthodox%2C%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+respectively.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+to%5C+dehydration%5C+in%5C+embryonic%5C+axis%5C+of%5C+orhtordox%5C+and%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+were%5C+different.%5C+The%5C+percentage%5C+increasement%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+in%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%5C+during%5C+desiccation%5C+was%5C+not%5C+incredible%5C+and%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+PA%5C+decreased%5C+and%5C+achieved%5C+the%5C+same%5C+level%5C+as%5C+controled%2C%5C+while%5C+PA%5C+level%5C+increased%5C+dramatically%5C+without%5C+showing%5C+any%5C+decrease%5C+trend%5C+in%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+indicated%5C+that%5C+the%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+membrane%5C+of%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seeds%5C+was%5C+inevitable.%C2%A0Those%5C+results%5C+indicted%5C+that%5C+the%5C+dehydration%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+reversible%5C+memebrane%5C+damage%5C+in%5C+the%5C+orthodox%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+in%5C+no%5C+affect%5C+on%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+viability%2C%5C+while%5C+it%5C+might%5C+induced%5C+irreversible%5C+membrane%5C+damage%5C+to%5C+the%5C+recalcitrant%5C+seed%2C%5C+which%5C+inducned%5C+the%5C+dramatically%5C+reduce%5C+of%5C+viabiligy%5C+and%5C+cell%5C+dea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a rare genus endemic to China, has two species S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca. To explore systematic position and endangerment mechanisms of Sinopteris, its sporophyte morphological characteristics, gametophyte development, cytology, molecular phologenetics, and biogeography were investigated based on the extensive investigation of its distribution, existing circumstances and ecological adaptation. The main progresses are briefly summarized as follows:1. Resource investigation, S. grevilleoides has a scattered distribution only in very few areas of Dayao, Binchuan, Qiaojia in Yunnan and Qingchuan in Sichuan; the elevation scope of its habitate is 1100-1800m. S. albofusca distributes in areas, 1700-2800 meters above sealevel in Hebei, Beijing, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. Our investigation showed that the resources of the two species were decreasing and it was very difficult to find them in wild, even in distribution areas on record. 2. Sporophyte morphological characteristics, The plants of Sinopteris are evergreen small xerophytes. Fronds are texture coriaceous, pentagon, upper surface smooth, under surface whitish-farinose; veins pinnate branching, not seen above, but very prominently raised beneath. Sori are marginal, terminal, consisting of one or two large, globose, subsessile sporangium, provided with a very broad annulus. Indusia deeply cut into triangular, toothed lobes. The form of frond epidermis of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca bring into correspondence with each other: the epidermis cells are irregular narrow strip with sinuous anticlinal walls; the stomatal apparatus exists on the lower epidermis and its types according to Dilcher’s [26] nomination are polycytic and axillocytic. Scales attaching to the base of petiole are brown, lanceolate.3. Gametophyte development, The spores of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were cultured in improved Knop’s agar medium and three kinds of soil substrata respectively. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed. The impact of four culture substrata on the gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of S. grevilleoides was compared. The results are as follows:(1) The mature spores of Sinopteris were black-brown, isospory, regular tetrahedron, trilete, blunt triangle in polar view, scoop in equatorial view. Spore germination was of Vittaria-type and gametophyte exhibited Adiantum-type development. The adult prothalli were symmetric cordate. Antheridium protruding from the surface of prothalus was nearly spherosome. Archegonium was born near the notch on the ventral face of the cordate prothalus and those near the notch matured late. Mature archegonium was tall and slender, whose neck was composed of four lines cells and three to five layerscells each line. The four cells at the top separated when the archegonium matured. (2) The gametophyte and infant sporophyte morphological development of S. grevilleoides represented very different features on different culture substrata. Mature cordate prothalli on humus soil did not bear archegonias, and thus the process of sexual reproduction ofS. grevilleoides could not be finished. The substratum composed of humus soil and original soil in ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable substratum for gametophyte development and sexual reproduction of this species. Infant sporophytes needed extra nutrient solution to sustain its growth on improved Knop''s agar medium.(3) The main contaminants were bacteria, fungi and algae during sterile cultures and algae, moss and other higher plants during soil cultures.4. Cytology, Chromosome numbers of S. grevilleoides and S. albofusca were investigated firstly. The result showed that the chromosome numbers of the two species both were 2n=60 and the basic choromosome number was x=30. 5. Molecular phologenetics, The phylogeny of 26 species was estimated from combined analyses of four cpDNA sequence data sets (rps4, rps4-trnS, atpB, atpB-rbcL and trnL-F). Most parsimonious (MP) and Bayesian analysis both shows the genus Sinopteris is monophyletic with strong support and it is nearly related to A. subargentea from Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris. The MPsystematic tree also shows: both Leptolepidium and Cheilosoria are not monophyletic; Cheilosoria is nearly related to Ser. Argentea of Aleuritopteris and Leptolepidium is nearly related to Ser. Farinosae of Aleuritopteris.6. Population and community structure, The two species of Sinopteris mainly grow in the crevices of cliffs and the numbers of individuals within populations are small. In the community, they are less competitive and under dog. Its geographical distribution requires strict elevation, humidity and illumination. S. grevilleoides often grows in the brushwood or grass. Thickets of S. albofusca usually grows in the brushwood or coniferous forest. 7. Soil property,S. grevilleoides grows in purplish soil in wild; the soil is very thin and it isdifficult to store water. S. albofusca grows in sticky and infertile red soil. Analysis of the soil chemical property shows: the two original soils both are acid soil with high calcium and available B; their total Pand K is low.8. Endangerment factors and conservation measures, Endangerment factors: (1) Their distribution areas are so narrow that they are difficult to cope with environmental changes. (2)Their own physiological and ecological characteristics: spore germination was exigent over humidity, illumination and soil; their ecological circumstances cause their rhizomes to have no too much room to extend. Based on the previous two, reproduction by spores and rhizomes for the genus Sinopteris is limited. (3)To some extent, human-induced habitat loss, accompanying habit fragmentation, and natural disaster such as drought and fire accelerated the endangerment process. Conservation measures: (1) Have a clear and definite acquaintance to recent population size, distribution and growth dynamics by strengthening field investigation. (2) According to the specific circumstances, introduce in-situ and ex-situ conservation. (3)Rejuvenate and expand Sinopteris by adopting division propagation and artificial reproduction by spores. (4) Exploit species of the genus as greening and floral 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