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资助项目
GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate is widely used to reconstruct paleoclimates of Cenozoic floras. Previous works demonstrate that LMA show regional constraints. Until now, no equation has been set up directly from Chinese forests. This relationship is exhaustively studied based on 50 samples from mesic to humid forests across China. Models including Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Single Linear regression for Precipitation, and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), are set up and used to quantitatively reconstruct paleoclimates of Chinese Neogene floras. Meanwhile, a paleoflora, i.e., Yangjie flora, which belongs to the Upper Pliocene Sanying formation in West Yunnan Province, is studied. The species assemblage, paleoclimate and paleoecology of Yangjie flora are discussed. Conclusions in this dissertation are as following: 1. Chinese leaf physiognomy-climate models based on regression analyses，LMA is a widely used method that applies present-day linear correlation between the proportion of woody dicotyledonous species with untoothed leaves (P) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to estimate paleotemperatures from fossil leaf floras. The Chinese data indicate that P shows a strong linear correlation with MAT, but the actual relationship is slightly different from those recognized from other regions. Among all currently used LMA equations, the one resulting from North and Central American and Japanese data, rather than the widely used East Asian LMA equation, yields the closest values to the actual MATs of the Chinese samples (mean absolute error = 1.9°C). A new equation derived from the Chinese forests is therefore developed, where MAT = 1.038 + 27.6 × P. This study not only demonstrates the similarity of the relationship between P and MAT in the Northern Hemisphere, but also improves the reliability of LMA for paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese paleofloras. Besides, regression analyses are used to explore the relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation. In contrast to former studies, entire leaf margin shows the highest correlation with the Growing Season Precipitation (GSP). A new equation is proposed: GSP = 228.0 + 1707.0 × P. 2. The new calibrated CLAMP dataset – PHYSGCHINA，CLAMP, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis, is improved by the inclusion of 50 Chinese samples. The result indicates that, new calibrated data from 50 Chinese sample sites are situated away from the former 144 samples in the physiognomic space, which may be caused by the unique characters of leaf physiognomy under monsoon condition. Therefore, a new calibrated CLAMP dataset, i.e., PHYSGCHINA, is set up based on 50 new Chinese samples, and 144 former samples from PHYSG3BRC. This new dataset could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions for floras under the monsoon climate condition. When it is applied to Chinese Neogene floras, PHYSGCHINA could improve the accuracy of paleoclimate parameters, especially parameters related to precipitation. 3. Paleoclimate reconstructions of Chinese Cenozoic floras，Paleoclimates of Chinese Cenozoic floras are reconstructed using leaf physiognomy- climate models being set up in this study. The Chinese paleoclimate history in Eocene is similar to the trend from worldwide record. That is, hot climate presented in early Eocene and early Middle Eocene, and then, climate cooled down from late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene in China. Moreover, paleoclimates of two Late Miocene floras from Yunnan province, i.e., Xiaolongtan flora and Bangmai flora, are reconstructed using different models. The results indicate that, temperature of Yunnan is slightly higher than that in nowadays, but the precipitation is much higher than that at present day, which may be caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain. 4. Late Pliocene Yangjie flora in West Yunnan Province, China，A Late Pliocene Yangjie flora form Yongping County, western Yunnan province, which belongs to Sanying formation, is studied in this dissertation. Yangjie flora is dominated by Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. (evergreen sclerophyllous oaks), and this forest type is quite common in SW China at present. The discovery of Yangjie flora provides evidence that, vegetations of Yunnan in Miocene were dominated by evergreen forests, and the dominant families were Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In Pliocene, this vegetation type changed gradually to evergreen sclerophyllous oak forests. This vegetation change may have been caused by the uplift of Hengduan Mountain in Neogene. A polypodiaceous fern, Drynaria callispora sp. nov., is described from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation in western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The species with well-preserved pinnae and in situ spores is the first convincing Drynaria fossil record. Detailed morphological investigation reveals that D. callispora is characterized by 1) pinnatifid fronds with entire-margined pinnae having straight or zigzag secondary veins; 2) finer venation showing void quadrangular areoles, but occasionally with one unbranched veinlet; 3) one row of circular sori on each side of the strong primary vein; and 4) in situ spores with verrucate exospores elliptical in polar view and bean-shaped in equatorial view. A morphological comparison shows that D. callispora is significantly different from all the fossil species previously identified as drynarioids. A phylogenetic analysis of D. callispora supports that the fossil is closely related to D. sinica Diels and D. mollis Bedd., two extant species distributing in the Himalayas. The discovery of the new fern indicates that the genus Drynaria became diversified in its modern distribution region no later than the late Pliocene and had retained the similar ecology to that of many modern drynarioid ferns ever since. 5. Paleoclimate reconstruction of Yangjie flora，LMA, Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA are applied to reconstruct paleoclimate of Yangjie flora. MAT calculated by LMA and CLAMP is 22.0 ± 2.4°C and 20.0 ± 1.4°C, respectively, and GSP calculated by Single Linear Regression for Precipitation and PHYSGCHINA is 1521.9 ± 131.3 mm and 2084.7 ± 223.1 mm, respectively All methods agree that, both temperature and precipitation were higher in Late Pliocene than in nowadays. Meanwhile, precipitation parameters calculated by CLAMP gets high values. 6. Preliminary study of insect herbivory in Yangjie flora，Insect herbivory on leaves of Quercus preguyavaefolia Tao and Q. presenescens Zhou, two dominant species in Yangjie flora, is reported by the preliminary research. Each of these two species has a high diversity of insect damage. Among all damage types, margin feeding and surface feeding are most common, and skeletonization, piercing and sucking, and galling are less found. Most of these damage types belonge to the high host specialization (HS = 1). However, the proportion of leaves without insect damage in Q. presenescens is much higher than that in Q. preguyavaefolia. According to the log-log linear regression model, both Quercus preguyavaefolia and Q. presenescens have very high leaf mass per area (with 184.8 ± 6.7 g/m2 and 155.3 ± 10.7 g/m2, respectively). The high diversity of insect herbivory demonstrates a warm climate in the Late Pliocene of West Yunnan 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eguyavaefolia%5C+Tao%5C+and%5C+Q.%5C+presenescens%5C+Zhou%2C%5C+two%5C+dominant%5C+species%5C+in%5C+Yangjie%5C+flora%2C%5C+is%5C+reported%5C+by%5C+the%5C+preliminary%5C+research.%5C+Each%5C+of%5C+these%5C+two%5C+species%5C+has%5C+a%5C+high%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+insect%5C+damage.%5C+Among%5C+all%5C+damage%5C+types%2C%5C+margin%5C+feeding%5C+and%5C+surface%5C+feeding%5C+are%5C+most%5C+common%2C%5C+and%5C+skeletonization%2C%5C+piercing%5C+and%5C+sucking%2C%5C+and%5C+galling%5C+are%5C+less%5C+found.%5C+Most%5C+of%5C+these%5C+damage%5C+types%5C+belonge%5C+to%5C+the%5C+high%5C+host%5C+specialization%5C+%5C%28HS%5C+%3D%5C+1%5C%29.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+proportion%5C+of%5C+leaves%5C+without%5C+insect%5C+damage%5C+in%5C+Q.%5C+presenescens%5C+is%5C+much%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+that%5C+in%5C+Q.%5C+preguyavaefolia.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+log%5C-log%5C+linear%5C+regression%5C+model%2C%5C+both%5C+Quercus%5C+preguyavaefolia%5C+and%5C+Q.%5C+presenescens%5C+have%5C+very%5C+high%5C+leaf%5C+mass%5C+per%5C+area%5C+%5C%28with%5C+184.8%5C+%C2%B1%5C+6.7%5C+g%5C%2Fm2%5C+and%5C+155.3%5C+%C2%B1%5C+10.7%5C+g%5C%2Fm2%2C%5C+respectively%5C%29.%5C+The%5C+high%5C+diversity%5C+of%5C+insect%5C+herbivory%5C+demonstrates%5C+a%5C+warm%5C+climate%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Late%5C+Pliocene%5C+of%5C+West%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province."},{"jsname":"The temperate woody bamboos are a morphologically diverse group with a complicated taxonomy. The Arundinaria group has an East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, which is one of those with complex taxonomy in the temperate woody bamboos. In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies. Ten major lineages were obtained in the chloroplast phylogeny with unresolved relationships among them; the recovered phylogeny is strongly incongruent with the classifications based on morphology at both subtribal and generic ranks; some subclades that are related to the geographic distribution were obtained in those lineages. Five lineages in the GBSSI gene phylogeny were recovered as the same in the chloroplast phylogeny, and the other lineages were incongruent with chloroplast phylogeny in some ways. The reticulate evolution caused by hybridization, introgression and lineage sorting may be an explanation for the molecular phylogenetic incongruence. Based on the facts of diverse morphology, broad distribution and molecular phylogeny, we inferred that the major clades and species within most of the clades of the temperate woody bamboos were originated during several rapid adaptive radiations. Ten putative hybrids were discussed based on molecular phylogenies, morphology and distribution. The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis under SEM (scanning electron microscope) was observed and divided into nine types; the micromorphology can provide some evidence for the bamboo taxonomy and inference of putative hybrids. Additionally, taxonomic revisions were presented for some species based on field observation and herbarium work.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=South%2BAfrica&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+are%5C+a%5C+morphologically%5C+diverse%5C+group%5C+with%5C+a%5C+complicated%5C+taxonomy.%5C+The%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group%5C+has%5C+an%5C+East%5C+Asia%5C-North%5C+America%5C+disjunct%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+those%5C+with%5C+complex%5C+taxonomy%5C+in%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+reconstructed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+eight%5C+non%5C-coding%5C+regions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+genome%5C+and%5C+nuclear%5C+gene%5C+GBSSI%5C+using%5C+large%5C+sample%5C+set%5C+%5C%28124%5C+species%5C+in%5C+24%5C+genera%5C%29%5C+with%5C+an%5C+emphasis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+Arundinaria%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+monophyly%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+was%5C+resolved%5C+in%5C+all%5C+phylogenies.%5C+Ten%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+with%5C+unresolved%5C+relationships%5C+among%5C+them%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+recovered%5C+phylogeny%5C+is%5C+strongly%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+classifications%5C+based%5C+on%5C+morphology%5C+at%5C+both%5C+subtribal%5C+and%5C+generic%5C+ranks%5C%3B%5C+some%5C+subclades%5C+that%5C+are%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%5C+were%5C+obtained%5C+in%5C+those%5C+lineages.%5C+Five%5C+lineages%5C+in%5C+the%5C+GBSSI%5C+gene%5C+phylogeny%5C+were%5C+recovered%5C+as%5C+the%5C+same%5C+in%5C+the%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+were%5C+incongruent%5C+with%5C+chloroplast%5C+phylogeny%5C+in%5C+some%5C+ways.%5C+The%5C+reticulate%5C+evolution%5C+caused%5C+by%5C+hybridization%2C%5C+introgression%5C+and%5C+lineage%5C+sorting%5C+may%5C+be%5C+an%5C+explanation%5C+for%5C+the%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenetic%5C+incongruence.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+facts%5C+of%5C+diverse%5C+morphology%2C%5C+broad%5C+distribution%5C+and%5C+molecular%5C+phylogeny%2C%5C+we%5C+inferred%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+clades%5C+and%5C+species%5C+within%5C+most%5C+of%5C+the%5C+clades%5C+of%5C+the%5C+temperate%5C+woody%5C+bamboos%5C+were%5C+originated%5C+during%5C+several%5C+rapid%5C+adaptive%5C+radiations.%5C+Ten%5C+putative%5C+hybrids%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+based%5C+on%5C+molecular%5C+phylogenies%2C%5C+morphology%5C+and%5C+distribution.%5C+The%5C+micromorphology%5C+of%5C+the%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+under%5C+SEM%5C+%5C%28scanning%5C+electron%5C+microscope%5C%29%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+nine%5C+types%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+micromorphology%5C+can%5C+provide%5C+some%5C+evidence%5C+for%5C+the%5C+bamboo%5C+taxonomy%5C+and%5C+inference%5C+of%5C+putative%5C+hybrids.%5C+Additionally%2C%5C+taxonomic%5C+revisions%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+for%5C+some%5C+species%5C+based%5C+on%5C+field%5C+observation%5C+and%5C+herbarium%5C+work."},{"jsname":"Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic variability.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=South%2BAfrica&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATupistra%5C+pingbianensis%5C+J.%5C+L.%5C+Huang%5C+%5C%26%5C+X.%5C+Z.%5C+Liu%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+newly%5C+described%5C+perennial%5C+herb%5C+narrowly%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+South%5C-east%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+It%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+genera%5C+Tupistra%5C+Ker%5C+Gawler%5C%28Liliaceae%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+usually%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss.%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+unusual%5C+in%5C+that%5C+it%5C+exhibits%5C+rarity%5C+according%5C+to%5C+three%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+of%5C+measuring%5C+rarity%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+habitat%5C+specialist%2C%5C+and%5C+always%5C+has%5C+low%5C+abundance%5C+where%5C+it%5C+occurs.%5C+Because%5C+of%5C+this%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+has%5C+been%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+and%5C+catalogued%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+Species%5C+Red%5C+List.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+discuss%5C+the%5C+causes%5C+of%5C+rarity%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+multidisciplinary%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+and%5C+seedling%5C+establishment%2C%5C+cytology%2C%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+and%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endangered%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+thesis.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+also%5C+proposed%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Biological%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CT.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herbaceous%5C+with%5C+a%5C+creeping%5C+rhizome%2C%5C+thick%5C+basal%5C+leaves%2C%5C+and%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+that%5C+is%5C+a%5C+terminal%5C+spike.%5C+Florescence%5C+is%5C+from%5C+November%5C+to%5C+December%2C%5C+while%5C+fruiting%5C+occurs%5C+between%5C+November%5C+and%5C+December%5C+in%5C+the%5C+next%5C+year.%5C+Reproduction%5C+and%5C+spread%5C+also%5C+occurs%5C+clonally%5C+via%5C+rhizomes%2C%5C+most%5C+seeds%5C+simply%5C+fall%5C+from%5C+the%5C+mother%5C+plant%5C+and%5C+germinate%5C+where%5C+they%5C+land.%5C+It%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+habitat.%5C+Throughout%5C+its%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+occurs%5C+as%5C+discrete%2C%5C+small%5C+populations%5C+size.%5C+2.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CSeed%5C+morphology%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%2C%5C+light%2C%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+on%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+primarily.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+average%5C+seed%5C+size%5C+was%5C+%5C%281.17%C2%B10.02%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.79%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.77%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%5C%28length%5C+%C3%97%5C+width%5C+%C3%97%5C+thickness%5C%29%2C%5C+per%5C-hundred%5C-seed%5C-weight%5C+was%5C+about%5C+35.03%C2%B10.12g.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+three%5C+different%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%5C+and%5C+sowing%5C+depths%2C%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+germinate%5C+best%5C+in%5C+alkalescence%5C+soil%5C+and%5C+shallow%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+%5C%282cm%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+could%5C+germinate%5C+in%5C+the%5C+both%5C+light%5C+and%5C+dark%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+can%5C+be%5C+accelerated%5C+by%5C+light%5C+obviously.%5C+Its%5C+seed%5C+has%5C+high%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+not%5C+just%5C+in%5C+greenhouse%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+in%5C+the%5C+field.%5C+We%5C+considered%5C+that%5C+this%5C+is%5C+a%5C+good%5C+strategy%5C+to%5C+expand%5C+its%5C+population%5C+in%5C+the%5C+special%5C+habit.3.%5C+Karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CThe%5C+karyotype%5C+of%5C+total%5C+eight%5C+species%5C+in%5C+Campylandra%2C%5C+Tupistra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra%5C+from%5C+China%5C+were%5C+reported.%5C+Considering%5C+Tupistra%5C+has%5C+the%5C+similar%5C+morphological%5C+character%5C+with%5C+Campylandra%5C+but%5C+resemble%5C+Aspidistra%5C+in%5C+karyotype.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+support%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+study%5C+that%5C+Tupistra%5C+is%5C+a%5C+transition%5C+between%5C+Compylandra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+showes%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+and%5C+T.%5C+fungilliformis%5C+has%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+than%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+this%5C+genera%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+these%5C+species%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status.%5C+4.%5C+Reproduction%5C+ec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