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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Saccharinae Kuntze belongs to the tribe Andropogoneae, subfamily Panicoideae, Poaceae. There are about 156 species in the world, with 66 species occurring in China. They are distributed throughout China, mostly in the Provinces of the south and southwest. They are especially abundant in the mid and lower reaches of the Changjiang and its tributaries. A few species extend to northern China. Saccharinae grasses are usually tall, with many species being cultivated as agricultural crop plants and others possessing commercial value. In many parts of the world, selected species are currently undergoing trials as potential target plants for the exploitation of new energy sources. However, there are many taxonomic problems remaining within Saccharinae and historic studies are both incomplete and inconclusive. Problems exist and opinions differ on the systematic positioning of several genera and species. Conclusions which led to this taxonomic revision utilized the following tools and methods: field works; literature research; the study of 7069 specimens and photos from 17 herbaria; leaf anatomical experiments; analysis of the morphological characters (using statistic methodology).Generic revisions:1. Pseudopogonatherum and Eulalia are quite different in their morphology, leaf epidermis and transverse characteristics. They should be treated as two separate genera. This is consistent with the earlier opinions of Bor and S. L. Chen.2. The leaf anatomical structures and morphological characteristics in Diandranthus, Miscanthus, Triarrhena and Rubimons are almost all the same except for a few differences which exist in Rubimons. According to the result, Diandranthus, Triarrhena and Rubimons should be included in to Miscanthus as described in The Flora of China, but the subgenus Miscanthus subgen. Rubimons (B. S. Sun) Y. C. Liu et H. Peng is usefully aligned to the distinct Rubimons taxa.3. The leaf anatomical structures of Saccharum, Erianthus and Narenga show significant similarity. We agree with Clayton’s suggestion that Erianthus and Narenga should be included into Saccharum.4. The study result of leaf anatomy and morphology in Eccoilopus and Spodiopogon indicate that Eccoilopus should be included with Spodiopogon which agrees with the taxonomic treatment in Genera Graminum, Flora Yunnanica and Flora of China.On Species:1. According to the statistical research and characteristics comparison, we conclude that Microstegium reticulatum should be treated as a synonym of Microstegium vimineum; Miscanthus purpurascence should be included with Miscanthus sinensis; Saccharum arundinaceum var. trichophyllum is simply an extreme variation of Saccharum arundinaceum, and should be treated as a synonym of the latter.2. Specimens labeled as Eulalia siamensis and Eulalia wightii in Chinese herbaria are actually specimens of Eulalia quadrinervis, and specimens labeled as Imperata cylindrica var. cylindrica are in fact specimens of Imperata cylindrica var. major, which means that Eulalia siamensis, Eulalia wightii and Imperata cylindrica var. cylindrica do not occur in China.3. The specimens of Microstegium fasciculatum in Chinese herbaria have long been identified as Microstegium ciliatum. And the descriptions in Flora illustralis Plantarum Primarium Sinicarum Poaceae, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Tomus 10(2) and Flora Yunnanica Tomus 9 were wrong in some key details. The correct description of Microstegium ciliatum is available in Flora of China Vol. 22.4. Two new species are found: Miscanthus villosus Y. C. Liu et H. Peng Sp. Nov. and Microstegium butuoense Y. C. Liu et H. Peng Sp. Nov.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ASubtrib.%5C+Saccharinae%5C+Kuntze%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+the%5C+tribe%5C+Andropogoneae%2C%5C+subfamily%5C+Panicoideae%2C%5C+Poaceae.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+about%5C+156%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+with%5C+66%5C+species%5C+occurring%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+They%5C+are%5C+distributed%5C+throughout%5C+China%2C%5C+mostly%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Provinces%5C+of%5C+the%5C+south%5C+and%5C+southwest.%5C+They%5C+are%5C+especially%5C+abundant%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mid%5C+and%5C+lower%5C+reaches%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Changjiang%5C+and%5C+its%5C+tributaries.%5C+A%5C+few%5C+species%5C+extend%5C+to%5C+northern%5C+China.%5C+Saccharinae%5C+grasses%5C+are%5C+usually%5C+tall%2C%5C+with%5C+many%5C+species%5C+being%5C+cultivated%5C+as%5C+agricultural%5C+crop%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+others%5C+possessing%5C+commercial%5C+value.%5C+In%5C+many%5C+parts%5C+of%5C+the%5C+world%2C%5C+selected%5C+species%5C+are%5C+currently%5C+undergoing%5C+trials%5C+as%5C+potential%5C+target%5C+plants%5C+for%5C+the%5C+exploitation%5C+of%5C+new%5C+energy%5C+sources.%5C+However%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+many%5C+taxonomic%5C+problems%5C+remaining%5C+within%5C+Saccharinae%5C+and%5C+historic%5C+studies%5C+are%5C+both%5C+incomplete%5C+and%5C+inconclusive.%5C+Problems%5C+exist%5C+and%5C+opinions%5C+differ%5C+on%5C+the%5C+systematic%5C+positioning%5C+of%5C+several%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+species.%5C+Conclusions%5C+which%5C+led%5C+to%5C+this%5C+taxonomic%5C+revision%5C+utilized%5C+the%5C+following%5C+tools%5C+and%5C+methods%5C%3A%5C+field%5C+works%5C%3B%5C+literature%5C+research%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+study%5C+of%5C+7069%5C+specimens%5C+and%5C+photos%5C+from%5C+17%5C+herbaria%5C%3B%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+experiments%5C%3B%5C+analysis%5C+of%5C+the%5C+morphological%5C+characters%5C+%5C%28using%5C+statistic%5C+methodology%5C%29.Generic%5C+revisions%5C%3A1.%5C+Pseudopogonatherum%5C+and%5C+Eulalia%5C+are%5C+quite%5C+different%5C+in%5C+their%5C+morphology%2C%5C+leaf%5C+epidermis%5C+and%5C+transverse%5C+characteristics.%5C+They%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+two%5C+separate%5C+genera.%5C+This%5C+is%5C+consistent%5C+with%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+opinions%5C+of%5C+Bor%5C+and%5C+S.%5C+L.%5C+Chen.2.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%5C+and%5C+morphological%5C+characteristics%5C+in%5C+Diandranthus%2C%5C+Miscanthus%2C%5C+Triarrhena%5C+and%5C+Rubimons%5C+are%5C+almost%5C+all%5C+the%5C+same%5C+except%5C+for%5C+a%5C+few%5C+differences%5C+which%5C+exist%5C+in%5C+Rubimons.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+result%2C%5C+Diandranthus%2C%5C+Triarrhena%5C+and%5C+Rubimons%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+in%5C+to%5C+Miscanthus%5C+as%5C+described%5C+in%5C+The%5C+Flora%5C+of%5C+China%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+subgenus%5C+Miscanthus%5C+subgen.%5C+Rubimons%5C+%5C%28B.%5C+S.%5C+Sun%5C%29%5C+Y.%5C+C.%5C+Liu%5C+et%5C+H.%5C+Peng%5C+is%5C+usefully%5C+aligned%5C+to%5C+the%5C+distinct%5C+Rubimons%5C+taxa.3.%5C+The%5C+leaf%5C+anatomical%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+Saccharum%2C%5C+Erianthus%5C+and%5C+Narenga%5C+show%5C+significant%5C+similarity.%5C+We%5C+agree%5C+with%5C+Clayton%E2%80%99s%5C+suggestion%5C+that%5C+Erianthus%5C+and%5C+Narenga%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+into%5C+Saccharum.4.%5C+The%5C+study%5C+result%5C+of%5C+leaf%5C+anatomy%5C+and%5C+morphology%5C+in%5C+Eccoilopus%5C+and%5C+Spodiopogon%5C+indicate%5C+that%5C+Eccoilopus%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+with%5C+Spodiopogon%5C+which%5C+agrees%5C+with%5C+the%5C+taxonomic%5C+treatment%5C+in%5C+Genera%5C+Graminum%2C%5C+Flora%5C+Yunnanica%5C+and%5C+Flora%5C+of%5C+China.On%5C+Species%5C%3A1.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+statistical%5C+research%5C+and%5C+characteristics%5C+comparison%2C%5C+we%5C+conclude%5C+that%5C+Microstegium%5C+reticulatum%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+Microstegium%5C+vimineum%5C%3B%5C+Miscanthus%5C+purpurascence%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+with%5C+Miscanthus%5C+sinensis%5C%3B%5C+Saccharum%5C+arundinaceum%5C+var.%5C+trichophyllum%5C+is%5C+simply%5C+an%5C+extreme%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+Saccharum%5C+arundinaceum%2C%5C+and%5C+should%5C+be%5C+treated%5C+as%5C+a%5C+synonym%5C+of%5C+the%5C+latter.2.%5C+Specimens%5C+labeled%5C+as%5C+Eulalia%5C+siamensis%5C+and%5C+Eulalia%5C+wightii%5C+in%5C+Chinese%5C+herbaria%5C+are%5C+actually%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Eulalia%5C+quadrinervis%2C%5C+and%5C+specimens%5C+labeled%5C+as%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+cylindrica%5C+are%5C+in%5C+fact%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+major%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+that%5C+Eulalia%5C+siamensis%2C%5C+Eulalia%5C+wightii%5C+and%5C+Imperata%5C+cylindrica%5C+var.%5C+cylindrica%5C+do%5C+not%5C+occur%5C+in%5C+China.3.%5C+The%5C+specimens%5C+of%5C+Microstegium%5C+fasciculatum%5C+in%5C+Chinese%5C+herbaria%5C+have%5C+long%5C+been%5C+identified%5C+as%5C+Microstegium%5C+ciliatum.%5C+And%5C+the%5C+descriptions%5C+in%5C+Flora%5C+illustralis%5C+Plantaru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Taxus wallichiana complex represents an old relict conifer lineage that survived through the Tertiary. It is currently distributed in the mountain forests in South and Southwest China south of the Qinling Mountains. In the present study, we explored phylogeography of the complex by using two chloroplast DNA regions, one nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer region and eight microsatellite (SSR) loci. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:1. Phylogeographic pattern based on chloroplast haplotypes，There were 11 cpDNA haplotypes identified in the T. wallichiana complex The complex showed a high level of genetic diversity and obvious genetic differentiation. The 44 sampled populations showed obvious genetic structure, which could be divided into five groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba group, the Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. There was extremely high genetic differentiation among groups, but not significant within group. The divergence times of the five lineages, estimated using average mutation rates of trnL-trnF, fell in the Pliocene. 2. Phylogeographic patterns based on ITS sequences，These included 38 unique ‘haplotypes’ based on ITS data. Their analysis showed that the T. wallichiana complex possessed a high genetic diversity. These populations could be divided into four groups, namely the Huanan group, the Daba/Emei group, the Yunnan group and the Qinling group. Based on all results, it appears that the major lineages constituting the T. wallichiana complex have arisen before Quaternary glaciation cycles, and may have survived isolated in different refugia. During interglacial periods some lineages appear to have come in contact and hybridizedbut other lineages merged forming populations with mixed haplotypes without signs of hybridization. The present-day phylogeographical distribution pattern of the T. wallichiana complex might thus be the result of repeated expansion / contractions of populations during interglacial / glacial cycles.3. Population genetic analysis using microsatellite (SSR) markers，Eight SSR loci were used for population genetic analysis on the T. wallichiana complex. A lower level of genetic diversity at the population level and high genetic differentiation among population was detected. The results of structure analysis were similar to those on the ITS data, dividing the populations into four groups (lineages). According to the results here, it was deduced that each of the 4 lineages of the T. wallichiana complex may possessed respective glacial refugia, and some lineages (such as the Qinling and Huanan lineage) might have survived in multiple refugia in the Quaternay glaciations. The present distribution pattern of this complex was likely influenced by the uplift of the QTP and Quaternary glaciation.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Taxus%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+represents%5C+an%5C+old%5C+relict%5C+conifer%5C+lineage%5C+that%5C+survived%5C+through%5C+the%5C+Tertiary.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+currently%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+mountain%5C+forests%5C+in%5C+South%5C+and%5C+Southwest%5C+China%5C+south%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+Mountains.%C2%A0In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+explored%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+the%5C+complex%5C+by%5C+using%5C+two%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+regions%2C%5C+one%5C+nuclear%5C+ribosomal%5C+DNA%5C+spacer%5C+region%5C+and%5C+eight%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+loci.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+conclusions%5C+can%5C+be%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+pattern%5C+based%5C+on%5C+chloroplast%5C+haplotypes%EF%BC%8CThere%5C+were%5C+11%5C+cpDNA%5C+haplotypes%5C+identified%5C+in%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+The%5C+complex%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation.%5C+The%5C+44%5C+sampled%5C+populations%5C+showed%5C+obvious%5C+genetic%5C+structure%2C%5C+which%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+five%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Emei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+extremely%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+groups%2C%5C+but%5C+not%5C+significant%5C+within%5C+group.%5C+The%5C+divergence%5C+times%5C+of%5C+the%5C+five%5C+lineages%2C%5C+estimated%5C+using%5C+average%5C+mutation%5C+rates%5C+of%5C+trnL%5C-trnF%2C%5C+fell%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Pliocene.%C2%A02.%5C+Phylogeographic%5C+patterns%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+sequences%EF%BC%8CThese%5C+included%5C+38%5C+unique%5C+%E2%80%98haplotypes%E2%80%99%5C+based%5C+on%5C+ITS%5C+data.%5C+Their%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+possessed%5C+a%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+diversity.%C2%A0These%5C+populations%5C+could%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%2C%5C+namely%5C+the%5C+Huanan%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Daba%5C%2FEmei%5C+group%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+group%5C+and%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+group.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+all%5C+results%2C%5C+it%5C+appears%5C+that%5C+the%5C+major%5C+lineages%5C+constituting%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+have%5C+arisen%5C+before%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation%5C+cycles%2C%5C+and%5C+may%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+isolated%5C+in%5C+different%5C+refugia.%5C+During%5C+interglacial%5C+periods%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+appear%5C+to%5C+have%5C+come%5C+in%5C+contact%5C+and%5C+hybridizedbut%5C+other%5C+lineages%5C+merged%5C+forming%5C+populations%5C+with%5C+mixed%5C+haplotypes%5C+without%5C+signs%5C+of%5C+hybridization.%5C+The%5C+present%5C-day%5C+phylogeographical%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+might%5C+thus%5C+be%5C+the%5C+result%5C+of%5C+repeated%5C+expansion%5C+%5C%2F%5C+contractions%5C+of%5C+populations%5C+during%5C+interglacial%5C+%5C%2F%5C+glacial%5C+cycles.3.%5C+Population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+using%5C+microsatellite%5C+%5C%28SSR%5C%29%5C+markers%EF%BC%8CEight%5C+SSR%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+for%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+analysis%5C+on%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex.%5C+A%5C+lower%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+at%5C+the%5C+population%5C+level%5C+and%5C+high%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+population%5C+was%5C+detected.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+of%5C+structure%5C+analysis%5C+were%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+those%5C+on%5C+the%5C+ITS%5C+data%2C%5C+dividing%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+into%5C+four%5C+groups%5C+%5C%28lineages%5C%29.%C2%A0According%5C+to%5C+the%5C+results%5C+here%2C%5C+it%5C+was%5C+deduced%5C+that%5C+each%5C+of%5C+the%5C+4%5C+lineages%5C+of%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+wallichiana%5C+complex%5C+may%5C+possessed%5C+respective%5C+glacial%5C+refugia%2C%5C+and%5C+some%5C+lineages%5C+%5C%28such%5C+as%5C+the%5C+Qinling%5C+and%5C+Huanan%5C+lineage%5C%29%5C+might%5C+have%5C+survived%5C+in%5C+multiple%5C+refugia%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Quaternay%5C+glaciations.%5C+The%5C+present%5C+distribution%5C+pattern%5C+of%5C+this%5C+complex%5C+was%5C+likely%5C+influenced%5C+by%5C+the%5C+uplift%5C+of%5C+the%5C+QTP%5C+and%5C+Quaternary%5C+glaciation."},{"jsname":"The floritistic composition, characteristics, endemism, origin and evolution were studied on the base of literature checked, field investigation, specimens checked and previous research work. The main result are as follows: 1. Guishan Region is rich in seed-plants. The Guishan Region flora consists of 129 families and 488 genera and 1069 species of which 6 species in 5 genera and 3 families belong to Gymnosperm, 842 species in 381 genera and 100 families belong to dicotyledon, 421 species in 102 genera and 26 families belong to monocotyledon.2. Flora Composition: The floristic elements of 62.02% tropical families and 37.98% temperate one indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically. The floristic elements of 44.68% tropical genera and 52.96% temperate one reveals dominant temperate property, which one of the typical floristic characters in subtropical mountain region; the floristic elements of 53.83% tropical species(excluding species which are endemic to china and distribute world-wide ), 46.17% temperate ones indicates that the flora is subtropical in nature. 433 species are endemic to China ,43.96% of all the species (excluding the species world-wide).Very few species (44 species endemic to China accounted for 10.16%) distribute to the North, most of which distribute only to Shanxi, Henan, Gansu Province., indicating weak feature of temperate flora of Guishan region in nature. Statistical analysis showed that indicates that the flora of this region has a close relationship with tropical flora historically and geographically, shows transitional features in flora between tropical to temperate flora.. 3. By the comparison with five adjacent limestone and non-limestone flora on the level of family and genus, we found that the flora of Guishan Region is most closely related to the flora of Shishan Mountain and Xiaobaicaoling and Wuliang Mountain all of which situate in Central Yunnan. So the flora position of Guishan Region is: Central Yunnan Plaetau Subregion, the Yunnan Plaetau Region, the Sino-Himalayan forest Subkingdom, the east Asiatic Kingdom.4. The endemic plants in Guishan Region are rich, and the flora of Guishan Region shows limestone features. 10 genera are endemic to China, 433 species are endemic to China. Among the Chineses endemic plants, 1 genes and 7 species are endemic to Guishan Region in which 1 genes(Parasiometrum) and 3 species (Begonia guishanensis, Petrocosmea guishanensis, Parasiometrum mileens) are limestone exclusive.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+floritistic%5C+composition%2C%5C+characteristics%2C%5C+endemism%2C%5C+origin%5C+and%5C+evolution%5C+were%5C+studied%5C+on%5C+the%5C+base%5C+of%5C+literature%5C+checked%2C%5C+field%5C+investigation%2C%5C+specimens%5C+checked%5C+and%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+work.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+result%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+rich%5C+in%5C+seed%5C-plants.%5C+The%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+flora%5C+consists%5C+of%5C+129%5C+families%5C+and%5C+488%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+1069%5C+species%5C+of%5C+which%5C+6%5C+species%5C+in%5C+5%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+3%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+Gymnosperm%2C%5C+842%5C+species%5C+in%5C+381%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+100%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+dicotyledon%2C%5C+421%5C+species%5C+in%5C+102%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+26%5C+families%5C+belong%5C+to%5C+monocotyledon.2.%5C+Flora%5C+Composition%5C%3A%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+62.02%25%5C+tropical%5C+families%5C+and%5C+37.98%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically.%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+44.68%25%5C+tropical%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+52.96%25%5C+temperate%5C+one%5C+reveals%5C+dominant%5C+temperate%5C+property%2C%5C+which%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+typical%5C+floristic%5C+characters%5C+in%5C+subtropical%5C+mountain%5C+region%5C%3B%5C+the%5C+floristic%5C+elements%5C+of%5C+53.83%25%5C+tropical%5C+species%5C%28excluding%5C+species%5C+which%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+china%5C+and%5C+distribute%5C+world%5C-wide%5C+%5C%29%2C%5C+46.17%25%5C+temperate%5C+ones%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+is%5C+subtropical%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+%2C43.96%25%5C+of%5C+all%5C+the%5C+species%5C+%5C%28excluding%5C+the%5C+%5C+species%5C+world%5C-wide%5C%29.Very%5C+few%5C+species%5C+%5C%2844%5C+species%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%5C+accounted%5C+for%5C+10.16%25%5C%29%5C+distribute%5C+to%5C+the%5C+North%2C%5C+most%5C+of%5C+which%5C+distribute%5C+only%5C+to%5C+Shanxi%2C%5C+Henan%2C%5C+Gansu%5C+Province.%2C%5C+indicating%5C+weak%5C+feature%5C+of%5C+temperate%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+region%5C+in%5C+nature.%5C+Statistical%5C+analysis%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+%5C+indicates%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+this%5C+region%5C+has%5C+a%5C+close%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+tropical%5C+flora%5C+historically%5C+and%5C+geographically%2C%5C+shows%5C+transitional%5C+features%5C+in%5C+flora%5C+between%5C+tropical%5C+to%5C+temperate%5C+flora..%5C+3.%5C+By%5C+the%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+five%5C+adjacent%5C+limestone%5C+and%5C+non%5C-limestone%5C+flora%5C+on%5C+the%5C+level%5C+of%5C+family%5C+and%5C+genus%2C%5C+we%5C+found%5C+that%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C+most%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Shishan%5C+Mountain%5C+and%5C+Xiaobaicaoling%5C+and%5C+Wuliang%5C+Mountain%5C+all%5C+of%5C+which%5C+situate%5C+in%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan.%5C+So%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+position%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+is%5C%3A%5C+Central%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Subregion%2C%5C+the%5C+Yunnan%5C+Plaetau%5C+Region%2C%5C+the%5C+Sino%5C-Himalayan%5C+forest%5C+Subkingdom%2C%5C+the%5C+east%5C+Asiatic%5C+Kingdom.4.%5C+The%5C+endemic%5C+plants%5C+in%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+are%5C+rich%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+flora%5C+of%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+shows%5C+limestone%5C+features.%5C+10%5C+genera%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+433%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+Chineses%5C+endemic%5C+plants%2C%5C+1%5C+genes%5C+and%5C+7%5C+species%5C+are%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+Guishan%5C+Region%5C+in%5C+which%5C+1%5C+genes%5C%28Parasiometrum%5C%29%5C+and%5C+3%5C+species%5C+%5C%28Begonia%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Petrocosmea%5C+guishanensis%2C%5C+Parasiometrum%5C+mileens%5C%29%5C+are%5C+limestone%5C+exclusive."},{"jsname":"The genus Clematis, with about 355 species, is one of the largest genera of Ranunculaceae. The genus is distributed through out the world except Antarctica, primarily in temperate and subtropical zone. Numerous infra-generic classification systems have been proposed, whereas the infra-generic ranks were confusing. In the present study, we used four molecular regions, ITS, psbA-trnH, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC to reconstruct the phylogeny of Clematis. On the basis of comparison with traditional classification system, criteria of the infra-generic ranks are discussed. In addition, investigations of reproductive biology and seed germination were also conducted. The main important results and conclusions are as follows: 1. Species diversity and geographical distribution of the Genus Clematis in Yunnan province，According to the latest system of Wang and Li in 2005, there are 59 species and 24 varieties in 6 sections of 3 subgenera recognized within the genus of Clematis in Yunnan, which is the richest province in terms of species numbers in China. The Hengduan Mountains is regarded as an origination, differentiation and endemic center of the genus. West, Northwest and Northeast of Yunnan have some relationship with its differentiation. There are 56 species (including varieties) endemic to China, accounting for 67.2% of Yunnan’s total number of species. There are 16 species (including varieties) endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 35.0% of China’s endemic number of species distributed in Yunnan. Among the adjacent provinces, Sichuan has the largest common number of Clematis to Yunnan, while Tibet has the smallest. The floristic links with Myanmar is also relatively weak.2. Molecular phylogeny of Clematis,Phylogenetic relationships within and out of Clematis were analysed using nucleotide sequences of chloroplast DNA psbA-trnQ, atpB-rbcL and rpoB-trnC, and the nuclear ITS regions. The phylogenetic trees suggested that the genus Clematis was paraphyletic. The genera Archiclematis and Naravelia were found to be nested within the genus Clematis, and should be included in it. The molecular results did not agree with Wang and Li’s taxonomic system and other classifications of Clematis at the phylogeneric level. And the sections we studied were found to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The complicated relationship between sections and species indicated the recent radiation of the genus and the possibility of hybrid origin. Our results suggested that flower characters which have been used for previous infrageneric classification do not correlate with the phylogenic tree. Phyllotaxy of seedlings as the primarily diagnostic characters may reflect the phylogeny within Clematis, the following characters should be considered at the same time: presence/absence of petals, carpel number, and flowering at the new-born\\former-born branches. 3. Nomenclature notes of Clematis and other plants,Two gatherings of Clematis chrysocoma Franchet and Anemoclama glaucifolia (Franchet) W. T. Wang were cited in the protologues, whereas none of them was indicated as type or holotype. After examining the cited specimens, we designate one specimen of them as lectotype in according with ICBN. We list the incorrect author(s) citation of infra-generic names by Wang and Li in their new Clematis classification systems. Additionally, four names, Atalantia acuminata C. C. Huang, Asarum longerhizomatosum C. F. Liang & C. S. Yang, Atalantia fongkaica C. C. Huang and Fortunella wawangica C. C. Huang, are validated.4. Reproductive biology of three Clematis species,An integrative study was undertaken, focusing on pollination and reproductive biology of three species representing all three floral types of Clematis. Floral traits were measured, and pollinator assemblages were observed in the field. Bagging, hand-pollination and removal treatments were used to examine breeding system. The values of inbreeding depression and pollen limitation were calculated based on experimental data obtained from breeding system. Their floral traits were distinctly different. Floral traits were highly associated with pollination syndrome and breeding system. Among them, Clematis akebioides and C. rehderiana were facultative autogamy (the former was delayed selfing, and the later competing selfing), and C. chrysocoma was nearly obligate outcrossing. This conclusion was reflected by their stamen-pistil ratios. The levels of inbreeding depression negatively associated with autonomous self-pollination. Selfing evolution of C. akebioides and C. rehderiana, and reproduction of the three Clematis species no pollen limitation were discussed. Present study integrating with previous results will help us to comprehensively recognize and understand pollination system and reproductive characteristics of Clematis.5. Correlation among floral traits of Clematis chrysocoma, Floral traits of C. chrysocoma including sepal length and width and anther length were measured, stamen and pistil number were counted, single and total sepal size, and total anther size were calculated in three continued years from 2007 to 2009. These traits of three years were analyzed as united and independent data, respectively, which was used to compare the stability of floral traits among three years, and to test sexual allocation theory. Our results show that floral traits except sepal length are stable in three continued years, correlation among floral traits of three years as whole and independence, respectively, some of which are consistent, and some of which are inconsistent or negative. The consistent traits demonstrate that they highly co-evolve, whereas the inconsistent or negative traits may be results from the stochastically errors or that they may have some correlation but not close. Association of stamen number with anther length is not negative, but with pistil number is significantly positive. Correlation among pistil number, total anther size and total sepal size, all of that are significantly positive. Therefore, sexual allocation strategies of C. chrysocoma should be determined by genetics and resource pool in contrary to the model of “compensation” as traditionally view.6. Seed germination of six Clematis species,Seed germination of six species of Clematis were studied by setting different conditions including pretreatment, GA3 treatments, light and temperature regimes, and substrates. The results of the test were as follows: flushing treatment had a significant promoting on seed germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT)","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+with%5C+about%5C+355%5C+species%2C%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+Ranunculaceae.%5C+The%5C+genus%5C+is%5C+distributed%5C+through%5C+out%5C+the%5C+world%5C+except%5C+Antarctica%2C%5C+primarily%5C+in%5C+temperate%5C+and%5C+subtropical%5C+zone.%5C+Numerous%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+classification%5C+systems%5C+have%5C+been%5C+proposed%2C%5C+whereas%5C+the%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+ranks%5C+were%5C+confusing.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+we%5C+used%5C+four%5C+molecular%5C+regions%2C%5C+ITS%2C%5C+psbA%5C-trnH%2C%5C+atpB%5C-rbcL%5C+and%5C+rpoB%5C-trnC%5C+to%5C+reconstruct%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+Clematis.%5C+On%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+comparison%5C+with%5C+traditional%5C+classification%5C+system%2C%5C+criteria%5C+of%5C+the%5C+infra%5C-generic%5C+ranks%5C+are%5C+discussed.%5C+In%5C+addition%2C%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+reproductive%5C+biology%5C+and%5C+seed%5C+germination%5C+were%5C+also%5C+conducted.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+important%5C+results%5C+and%5C+conclusions%5C+are%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A%5C+1.%5C+Species%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+geographical%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+the%5C+Genus%5C+Clematis%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%EF%BC%8CAccording%5C+to%5C+the%5C+latest%5C+system%5C+of%5C+Wang%5C+and%5C+Li%5C+in%5C+2005%2C%5C+there%5C+are%5C+59%5C+species%5C+and%5C+24%5C+varieties%5C+in%5C+6%5C+sections%5C+of%5C+3%5C+subgenera%5C+recognized%5C+within%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+which%5C+is%5C+the%5C+richest%5C+province%5C+in%5C+terms%5C+of%5C+species%5C+numbers%5C+in%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+Hengduan%5C+Mountains%5C+is%5C+regarded%5C+as%5C+an%5C+origination%2C%5C+differentiation%5C+and%5C+endemic%5C+center%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus.%5C+West%2C%5C+Northwest%5C+and%5C+Northeast%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%5C+have%5C+some%5C+relationship%5C+with%5C+its%5C+differentiation.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+56%5C+species%5C+%5C%28including%5C+varieties%5C%29%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+China%2C%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+67.2%25%5C+of%5C+Yunnan%E2%80%99s%5C+total%5C+number%5C+of%5C+species.%5C+There%5C+are%5C+16%5C+species%5C+%5C%28including%5C+varieties%5C%29%5C+endemic%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+accounting%5C+for%5C+35.0%25%5C+of%5C+China%E2%80%99s%5C+endemic%5C+number%5C+of%5C+species%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+Yunnan.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+adjacent%5C+provinces%2C%5C+Sichuan%5C+has%5C+the%5C+largest%5C+common%5C+number%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+to%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+while%5C+Tibet%5C+has%5C+the%5C+smallest.%5C+The%5C+floristic%5C+links%5C+with%5C+Myanmar%5C+is%5C+also%5C+relatively%5C+weak.2.%5C+Molecular%5C+phylogeny%5C+of%5C+Clematis%2CPhylogenetic%5C+relationships%5C+within%5C+and%5C+out%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+were%5C+analysed%5C+using%5C+nucleotide%5C+sequences%5C+of%5C+chloroplast%5C+DNA%5C+psbA%5C-trnQ%2C%5C+atpB%5C-rbcL%5C+and%5C+rpoB%5C-trnC%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+nuclear%5C+ITS%5C+regions.%5C+The%5C+phylogenetic%5C+trees%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%5C+was%5C+paraphyletic.%5C+The%5C+genera%5C+Archiclematis%5C+and%5C+Naravelia%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+nested%5C+within%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+and%5C+should%5C+be%5C+included%5C+in%5C+it.%5C+The%5C+molecular%5C+results%5C+did%5C+not%5C+agree%5C+with%5C+Wang%5C+and%5C+Li%E2%80%99s%5C+taxonomic%5C+system%5C+and%5C+other%5C+classifications%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+at%5C+the%5C+phylogeneric%5C+level.%5C+And%5C+the%5C+sections%5C+we%5C+studied%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+be%5C+paraphyletic%5C+or%5C+polyphyletic.%5C+The%5C+complicated%5C+relationship%5C+between%5C+sections%5C+and%5C+species%5C+indicated%5C+the%5C+recent%5C+radiation%5C+of%5C+the%5C+genus%5C+and%5C+the%5C+possibility%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin.%5C+Our%5C+results%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+flower%5C+characters%5C+which%5C+have%5C+been%5C+used%5C+for%5C+previous%5C+infrageneric%5C+classification%5C+do%5C+not%5C+correlate%5C+with%5C+the%5C+phylogenic%5C+tree.%5C+Phyllotaxy%5C+of%5C+seedlings%5C+as%5C+the%5C+primarily%5C+diagnostic%5C+characters%5C+may%5C+reflect%5C+the%5C+phylogeny%5C+within%5C+Clematis%2C%5C+the%5C+following%5C+characters%5C+should%5C+be%5C+considered%5C+at%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%5C%3A%5C+presence%5C%2Fabsence%5C+of%5C+petals%2C%5C+carpel%5C+number%2C%5C+and%5C+flowering%5C+at%5C+the%5C+new%5C-born%5C%5Cformer%5C-born%5C+branches.%5C+3.%5C+Nomenclature%5C+notes%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+and%5C+other%5C+plants%2CTwo%5C+gatherings%5C+of%5C+Clematis%5C+chrysocoma%5C+Franchet%5C+and%5C+Anemoclama%5C+glaucifolia%5C+%5C%28Franchet%5C%29%5C+W.%5C+T.%5C+Wang%5C+were%5C+cited%5C+in%5C+the%5C+protologues%2C%5C+whereas%5C+none%5C+of%5C+them%5C+was%5C+indicated%5C+as%5C+type%5C+or%5C+holotype.%5C+After%5C+examining%5C+the%5C+cited%5C+specimens%2C%5C+we%5C+designate%5C+one%5C+specimen%5C+of%5C+them%5C+as%5C+lectotype%5C+in%5C+according%5C+with%5C+ICBN.%5C+We%5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origin center and diversity center of the genus Ligularia were considered to be central China and Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of China, respectively. In this research, we studied the phylogeographic pattern of L. hodgsonii and L. tongolensis, which was distributed in the origin center and diversity center, respectively. We aimed to infer the evolutionary process of Ligularia species. 1. The phylogeography of L. hodgsonii，Here, we investigated the phylogeographic history of L. hodgsonii disjunctively distributed in China and Japan. Two hundred and eighty individuals were collected from 29 natural populations, 23 located in China and 6 in Japan. A total of 19 haplotypes were identified with the combination of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences variations (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32 and psbA-trnH). At the species level, a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd) and total genetic diversity (HT) was detected. However, the average intrapopulation diversity (HS) was very low. Consequently, the population differentiation(NST = 0.989, GST = 0.933 ) was pronounced with a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.01). At the regional level, Chinese and Japanese L. hodgsonii had a similar estimate of genetic diversity (China: Hd = 0.847, HT = 0.869; Japan: Hd = 0.766, HT = 0.867). Populations from China and Japan possess unique sets of haplotypes, and no haplotypes were shared between the regions. Furthermore, both the phyloegenetic and network analyses recovered the haplotypes of China and Japan as two distinct clades. Thus, we suggested the disjunct distribution of L. hodgsonii in China and Japan may present the climatic vicariant relicts of the ancient widely distributed populations. After divergence, this species within each region experienced independent evolutionary process. In China, L. hodgsonii was distributed around the Sichuan Basin. This distribution range can be divided into five regions. They were Jiajin Mountain region, E’mei Mountain region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, Wushan-Wuling Mountain region and Qinling Mountain region. Twelve haplotypes were indentified within these regions. Each region had its own specific haplotypes, which had different ancestry in the network. We deduced that Chinese L. hodgsonii might survive the LGM in multiple isolated refugia around the Sichuan Basin. In Japan, L. hodgsonii was disjunctively distributed in northern Honshu and Hokkaido. Seven haplotypes were identified within this region. However, the genetic diversity in Honshu (Hd = 0.821) was much higher than that in Hokkaido (Hd = 0.513). And all haplotypes in Hokkaido were derived from Honshu. This haplotype distribution suggested that the northern Honshu could have served as refuge in Japan. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicated multiple forces including the vicariance and long-distance dispersal affected the disjunctive distribution among populations of L. hodgsonii in Japan.2. The phylogeography of L. tongolensis，Ligularia tongolensis was distributed along the Jinshajiang watershed, Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. In order to deduce the demographic history of this species, we sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacers (trnQ-5’rps16, trnL-rpl32) in 140 individuals from 14 populations of three groups (Jinshajiang vs. Yalongjiang vs. Wumeng) within this species range. High levels of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.814) and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.862) were detected at the species level, based on a total oftwelve haplotypes identified. However, the intrapopulation diversity (HS = 0.349) was low, which led to the high levels of genetic divergence (GST = 0.595, NST = 0.614, FST = 0.597). In consideration of the speciation of L. tongolensis resulting from the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), we thought the present genetic structure of L. tongolensis was shaped by the fragmentation of ancestral populations during the courses of QTP uplifts. This was further supported by the absence of IBD tests (r = –0.291, p = 0.964), which suggest that the differentiation had not occurred in accordance with the isolation by distance model. The genetic differentiation in L. tongolensis appears to be associated with historical events. Meanwhile, H2 and H5, the dominant haplotypes that located on internal nodes and deviated from extinct ancestral haplotype in the network, were detected to be shared between Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang groups. We deduced that ancestral populations of this species might have had a continuous distribution range, which was then fragmented and isolated by the following tectonic events. Finally, the ancestral polymorphism, H2 and H5, were randomly allocated in Jinshajiang watershed and Yalongjiang watershed. Meanwhile, H5 was the dominant haplotype in Jinshajiang watershed; H7 was the domiant haplotype in Yalongjiang watershed and Wumeng Mountain. This haplotype distribution pattern indicated that each group might have served as a refuge for L. tongolensis during the Quaternary Glaciation. Postglacial demographic expansion was supported by unimodal mismatch distribution and star-like phylogenies, with expansion ages of 274 ka B. P. for this 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pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, is a newly described perennial herb narrowly distributed in South-east Yunnan, China. It belongs to genera Tupistra Ker Gawler(Liliaceae). It usually occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss. T. pingbianensis is unusual in that it exhibits rarity according to three different ways of measuring rarity, i.e. it has a small geographical range, is a habitat specialist, and always has low abundance where it occurs. Because of this, T. pingbianensis has been listed as an endangered species and catalogued in the Chinese Species Red List. In order to discuss the causes of rarity of T. pingbianensis, the multidisciplinary investigations of the seed and seedling establishment, cytology, breeding system, and population genetic structure of the endangered T. pingbianensis were performed in this thesis. Besides, the corresponding conservation strategies were also proposed according to the above-mentioned. The main results are summarized as follows:1. Biological traits of T. pingbianensis,T. pingbianensis is a perennial herbaceous with a creeping rhizome, thick basal leaves, and an inflorescence that is a terminal spike. Florescence is from November to December, while fruiting occurs between November and December in the next year. Reproduction and spread also occurs clonally via rhizomes, most seeds simply fall from the mother plant and germinate where they land. It occurs on outcrops of bare rock, or occasionally as an epiphyte on tree trunks covered with humus and moss, which are naturally rare habitat. Throughout its small geographical range, T. pingbianensis occurs as discrete, small populations size. 2. Seed germination traits of T. pingbianensis,Seed morphology was observed and effects of substrates soil types, light, sowing depth on germination percentage of the species T. pingbianensis were investigated primarily. The results showed that the average seed size was (1.17±0.02) cm × (0.79±0.01) cm × (0.77±0.01) cm (length × width × thickness), per-hundred-seed-weight was about 35.03±0.12g. Among the three different substrates soil types and sowing depths, seeds of T. pingbianensis germinate best in alkalescence soil and shallow sowing depth (2cm). It could germinate in the both light and dark, but the germination rate can be accelerated by light obviously. Its seed has high germination rate not just in greenhouse, but also in the field. We considered that this is a good strategy to expand its population in the special habit.3. Karyotype evolution status of T. pingbianensis,The karyotype of total eight species in Campylandra, Tupistra and Aspidistra from China were reported. Considering Tupistra has the similar morphological character with Campylandra but resemble Aspidistra in karyotype. The results support the earlier study that Tupistra is a transition between Compylandra and Aspidistra. Besides, our results also showes that the T. pingbianensis and T. fungilliformis has higher karyotype asymmetry than other species in this genera, which means these species have higher karyotype evolution status. 4. Reproduction ecology of T. pingbianensis, The flower phenology, pollinators of T. pingbianensis were documented herein. We also examined the breeding system of T. pingbianensis and seed fitness traits to determine what forms of pollination and mating occur in this naturally rare species, and is there evidence of inbreeding depression in its populations. The results shows that the flowers opened 10-15 days, which suggest stigma and pollen can keep high vitality for a long time (10-15 days). The only pollinators observed on T. pingbianensis flowers were ants (Aphaenogaster smythiesii Forel,Formicidea), springtail (Hypogastrura sp., Hypogastruridae, Collembola) and one species of beetles (Anomala corpulenta Motsch, Rutelidae). These pollinators generally have restricted movement capacities and hence promote geitonogamy or mating between individuals in close proximity within populations. The results of out crossing index (OCI) pollination experiments in our study suggest that T. pingbianensis has an animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing breeding systems. However, a pollination experiment also fail to detect significant inbreeding depression upon F1 fruit set, seed weight and germinate rate fitness-traits. Since naturally rare species T. pingbianensis is not seriously genetically impoverished and likely to have adapted to tolerating a high level of inbreeding early in its history. 5. Conservation genetic of T. pingbianensis, The levels and partitioning of genetic diversity were investigated in Tupistra pingbianensis. Here genetic diversity and patterns of genetic variation within and among 11 populations were analyzed using AFLP markers with 97 individuals across its whole geographical range. High levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (P99 = 96.012%; Ht = 0.302) and at the population level (P99 = 51.41%; Hs = 0.224). Strong genetic differentiation among populations was also detected (FST = 0.2961; ⍬Ⅱ= 0.281), which corresponded to results reported for typical animal-pollinated, mixed selfing and outcrossing plant species. Special habitat and its life history traits may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of this species. Based on the special habitat in T. pingbianensis, the most suitable strategy for its conservation is the protection of its habitat. Moreover, given the observed strong genetic differentiation among populations of T. pingbianensis, the preservation of genetic diversity in this species will require the protection of many populations as possible to maintain the current levels of genetic variability.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ATupistra%5C+pingbianensis%5C+J.%5C+L.%5C+Huang%5C+%5C%26%5C+X.%5C+Z.%5C+Liu%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+newly%5C+described%5C+perennial%5C+herb%5C+narrowly%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+South%5C-east%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China.%5C+It%5C+belongs%5C+to%5C+genera%5C+Tupistra%5C+Ker%5C+Gawler%5C%28Liliaceae%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+usually%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss.%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+unusual%5C+in%5C+that%5C+it%5C+exhibits%5C+rarity%5C+according%5C+to%5C+three%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+of%5C+measuring%5C+rarity%2C%5C+i.e.%5C+it%5C+has%5C+a%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+is%5C+a%5C+habitat%5C+specialist%2C%5C+and%5C+always%5C+has%5C+low%5C+abundance%5C+where%5C+it%5C+occurs.%5C+Because%5C+of%5C+this%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+has%5C+been%5C+listed%5C+as%5C+an%5C+endangered%5C+species%5C+and%5C+catalogued%5C+in%5C+the%5C+Chinese%5C+Species%5C+Red%5C+List.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+discuss%5C+the%5C+causes%5C+of%5C+rarity%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2C%5C+the%5C+multidisciplinary%5C+investigations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seed%5C+and%5C+seedling%5C+establishment%2C%5C+cytology%2C%5C+breeding%5C+system%2C%5C+and%5C+population%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+the%5C+endangered%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+performed%5C+in%5C+this%5C+thesis.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+the%5C+corresponding%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+also%5C+proposed%5C+according%5C+to%5C+the%5C+above%5C-mentioned.%5C+The%5C+main%5C+results%5C+are%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%5C%3A1.%5C+Biological%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CT.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+is%5C+a%5C+perennial%5C+herbaceous%5C+with%5C+a%5C+creeping%5C+rhizome%2C%5C+thick%5C+basal%5C+leaves%2C%5C+and%5C+an%5C+inflorescence%5C+that%5C+is%5C+a%5C+terminal%5C+spike.%5C+Florescence%5C+is%5C+from%5C+November%5C+to%5C+December%2C%5C+while%5C+fruiting%5C+occurs%5C+between%5C+November%5C+and%5C+December%5C+in%5C+the%5C+next%5C+year.%5C+Reproduction%5C+and%5C+spread%5C+also%5C+occurs%5C+clonally%5C+via%5C+rhizomes%2C%5C+most%5C+seeds%5C+simply%5C+fall%5C+from%5C+the%5C+mother%5C+plant%5C+and%5C+germinate%5C+where%5C+they%5C+land.%5C+It%5C+occurs%5C+on%5C+outcrops%5C+of%5C+bare%5C+rock%2C%5C+or%5C+occasionally%5C+as%5C+an%5C+epiphyte%5C+on%5C+tree%5C+trunks%5C+covered%5C+with%5C+humus%5C+and%5C+moss%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+naturally%5C+rare%5C+habitat.%5C+Throughout%5C+its%5C+small%5C+geographical%5C+range%2C%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+occurs%5C+as%5C+discrete%2C%5C+small%5C+populations%5C+size.%5C+2.%5C+Seed%5C+germination%5C+traits%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CSeed%5C+morphology%5C+was%5C+observed%5C+and%5C+effects%5C+of%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%2C%5C+light%2C%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+on%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+of%5C+the%5C+species%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+were%5C+investigated%5C+primarily.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+average%5C+seed%5C+size%5C+was%5C+%5C%281.17%C2%B10.02%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.79%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%C3%97%5C+%5C%280.77%C2%B10.01%5C%29%5C+cm%5C+%5C%28length%5C+%C3%97%5C+width%5C+%C3%97%5C+thickness%5C%29%2C%5C+per%5C-hundred%5C-seed%5C-weight%5C+was%5C+about%5C+35.03%C2%B10.12g.%5C+Among%5C+the%5C+three%5C+different%5C+substrates%5C+soil%5C+types%5C+and%5C+sowing%5C+depths%2C%5C+seeds%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+germinate%5C+best%5C+in%5C+alkalescence%5C+soil%5C+and%5C+shallow%5C+sowing%5C+depth%5C+%5C%282cm%5C%29.%5C+It%5C+could%5C+germinate%5C+in%5C+the%5C+both%5C+light%5C+and%5C+dark%2C%5C+but%5C+the%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+can%5C+be%5C+accelerated%5C+by%5C+light%5C+obviously.%5C+Its%5C+seed%5C+has%5C+high%5C+germination%5C+rate%5C+not%5C+just%5C+in%5C+greenhouse%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+in%5C+the%5C+field.%5C+We%5C+considered%5C+that%5C+this%5C+is%5C+a%5C+good%5C+strategy%5C+to%5C+expand%5C+its%5C+population%5C+in%5C+the%5C+special%5C+habit.3.%5C+Karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status%5C+of%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%2CThe%5C+karyotype%5C+of%5C+total%5C+eight%5C+species%5C+in%5C+Campylandra%2C%5C+Tupistra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra%5C+from%5C+China%5C+were%5C+reported.%5C+Considering%5C+Tupistra%5C+has%5C+the%5C+similar%5C+morphological%5C+character%5C+with%5C+Campylandra%5C+but%5C+resemble%5C+Aspidistra%5C+in%5C+karyotype.%5C+The%5C+results%5C+support%5C+the%5C+earlier%5C+study%5C+that%5C+Tupistra%5C+is%5C+a%5C+transition%5C+between%5C+Compylandra%5C+and%5C+Aspidistra.%5C+Besides%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+also%5C+showes%5C+that%5C+the%5C+T.%5C+pingbianensis%5C+and%5C+T.%5C+fungilliformis%5C+has%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+asymmetry%5C+than%5C+other%5C+species%5C+in%5C+this%5C+genera%2C%5C+which%5C+means%5C+these%5C+species%5C+have%5C+higher%5C+karyotype%5C+evolution%5C+status.%5C+4.%5C+Reproduction%5C+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germination of the seeds soaked in low concentrations GA3 was a little higher than those of others. The seeds in perlite had the highest germination percentage than those in other substrates.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.date.issued.year&advanced=false&fq=dc.type_filter%3A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87&query1=Endemic%2BGenera&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3Aand%5C+germination%5C+of%5C+the%5C+seeds%5C+soaked%5C+in%5C+low%5C+concentrations%5C+GA3%5C+was%5C+a%5C+little%5C+higher%5C+than%5C+those%5C+of%5C+others.%5C+The%5C+seeds%5C+in%5C+perlite%5C+had%5C+the%5C+highest%5C+germination%5C+percentage%5C+than%5C+those%5C+in%5C+other%5C+substrates."},{"jsname":"the combination of Rodgersia, Astilboides, Darmera, Oresitrophe, Bergenia, and Mukdenia by Soltis with the name of Darmera group was supported. The key taxonomic traits of leave arrangement and pubescence were not suppoted by molecular result, especially for taxa from Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. Multiple sampled Rodgersia aesculifolia was not monophyly, samples from Hengduan Mountains (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) were nested with R. pinnata and R. sambucifolia, while samples from southeast Tibet (R. henrici = R. aesculifolia var. henrici) form a clade sister to the former taxa. Samples of R. aesculifolia from Qingling and Daba mountains (R. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia = Triditional R. asculifolia) are distinct with all the above. R. aesculifolia var. henrici is distinct from A. aesculifolia var. aesculifolia and is suggested be raised to spcies level again as Rosgersia henrici Franchet. Populations of R. henrici from western Yunnan are grouping with R. pinnata, natural hybridization are supposed to occur. Rodgersia podophylla from Korea and Japan is sister to Chinese Rodgersia. The furthermore study of infraspecific taxonomy of R. aesculifolia is suggested.The relict Rodgersia nepalensis from eastern Nepal branched first in the combined ITS and plastid tree, which is different from evidences of the traditional morphology and cytology. This might due to its narrow distribution disjuct from other species of Rodgersia, low level of gene flow and subsequent conserved genetic system. It may evolved by polyploidy, the spcecialized morphological character of R. nepalensis may be a strategy for ecological tolerance and self-protection. Our molecular phylogeny of Rodgersia is accordant with the former morphological and cytological evidences. Hybridization and polyploidy may play an important role in evolution and speciation in Rodgersia. Rodgersia may origin from northestern Asia and migrated into Hengduan mountains and Himalayas through Qingling and Daba mountains. Based on present molecular results, as well as original description papers and Type specimen, six species and two variaties were recognized in Rodgersia. 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