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资助项目
0.05) between wild (AR = 4.651), semi-cultivated (AR = 5.091) and cultivated (AR = 5.132) populations of C. taliensis, which suggested that the genetic background of long-lived woody plant was not easy to be changed, and there were moderate high gene flow between populations. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between wild (AR = 5.9) and cultivated (AR = 7.1) populations distributed in the same place in Yun county, Yunnan province, which may result from the hybridization and introgression of species in the tea garden and anthropogenic damages to the wild population. The hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata was tested by morphological and microsatellites analyses. Compared with other species, the locules in ovary of C. grandibracteata are variable, which showed a morphological intermediate and mosaic. Except one private allele, Ninety-nine percent alleles of C. grandibracteata were shared with these of C. taliensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. And C. grandibracteata was nested in the cluster of C. taliensis in the UPGMA tree. Conclusively, our results supported the hypothesis of hybrid origin of C. grandibracteata partly. The speciation of C. grandibracteata was derived from hybridization and asymmetrical introgression potentially. It is possible that C. taliensis was one of its parents, but it still needs more evidences to prove that C. sinensis var. assamica was another parent.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACamellia%5C+taliensis%5C+%5C%28W.%5C+W.%5C+Smith%5C%29%5C+Melchior%2C%5C+a%5C+member%5C+of%5C+Camellia%5C+sect.%5C+Thea%2C%5C+is%5C+an%5C+indigenous%5C+species%5C+in%5C+local%5C+natural%5C+forest%5C+and%5C+has%5C+a%5C+long%5C+cultivative%5C+history%5C+in%5C+western%5C+Yunnan%5C+and%5C+its%5C+neighborhood%2C%5C+where%5C+the%5C+domestications%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+in%5C+different%5C+historical%5C+periods%5C+and%5C+in%5C+different%5C+ways%5C+can%5C+be%5C+found.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+is%5C+an%5C+important%5C+contributor%5C+to%5C+the%5C+formations%5C+of%5C+tea%5C+landraces%5C+by%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+14%5C+microsatellite%5C+loci%5C+screened%5C+from%5C+37%5C+loci%5C+were%5C+used%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+about%5C+this%5C+species%5C+with%5C+579%5C+samples%5C+from%5C+25%5C+populations%5C+%5C%2816%5C+wild%5C+populations%2C%5C+4%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+populations%5C+and%5C+5%5C+cultivated%5C+populations%5C%29.%5C+At%5C+the%5C+same%5C+time%2C%5C+the%5C+potential%5C+hybrid%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%2C%5C+was%5C+investigated%5C+using%5C+39%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+2%5C+populations%2C%5C+along%5C+with%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+%5C%2883%5C+individuals%5C+from%5C+4%5C+populations%5C%29%5C+by%5C+the%5C+same%5C+microsatellite%5C+markers.%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+had%5C+a%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+%5C%28A%5C+%3D%5C+14.3%2C%5C+Ne%3D%5C+5.7%2C%5C+HE%5C+%3D%5C+0.666%2C%5C+I%5C+%3D%5C+1.753%2C%5C+AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.2%2C%5C+PPB%5C+%3D%5C+100%25%5C%29.%5C+This%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+several%5C+factors%5C+including%5C+K%5C-strategy%2C%5C+genetic%5C+background%2C%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations%2C%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+among%5C+species.%5C+Between%5C+wild%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+the%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+was%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+%5C%28Nm%5C+%3D%5C+1.197%5C%29%2C%5C+and%5C+genetic%5C+variation%5C+was%5C+less%5C+than%5C+20%25%5C+%5C%28GST%5C+%3D%5C+0.147%2C%5C+FST%5C+%3D%5C+0.173%5C%29%2C%5C+which%5C+was%5C+similar%5C+to%5C+other%5C+research%5C+results%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plants%2C%5C+and%5C+reflected%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+structure%5C+of%5C+its%5C+ancestry%5C+to%5C+same%5C+extent.%5C+There%5C+was%5C+a%5C+high%5C+significant%5C+correlation%5C+between%5C+geographic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+%5C%28r%5C+%3D%5C+0.372%2C%5C+P%5C+%3D%5C+0.001%5C%29%5C+of%5C+populations%2C%5C+which%5C+accorded%5C+with%5C+isolation%5C+by%5C+distance%5C+model.%5C+Inferring%5C+from%5C+Bayesian%5C+clustering%5C+of%5C+genotypes%2C%5C+all%5C+individuals%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+were%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+two%5C+groups%2C%5C+conflicting%5C+with%5C+the%5C+result%5C+based%5C+on%5C+Nei%E2%80%99s%5C+genetic%5C+distance%5C+and%5C+real%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+there%5C+were%5C+heavy%5C+and%5C+non%5C-random%5C+influences%5C+by%5C+human%5C+practices.%5C+According%5C+to%5C+allelic%5C+richness%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+no%5C+significant%5C+differences%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3E%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+4.651%5C%29%2C%5C+semi%5C-cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.091%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.132%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%2C%5C+which%5C+suggested%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+background%5C+of%5C+long%5C-lived%5C+woody%5C+plant%5C+was%5C+not%5C+easy%5C+to%5C+be%5C+changed%2C%5C+and%5C+there%5C+were%5C+moderate%5C+high%5C+gene%5C+flow%5C+between%5C+populations.%5C+However%2C%5C+there%5C+was%5C+a%5C+significant%5C+difference%5C+%5C%28P%5C+%3C%5C+0.05%5C%29%5C+between%5C+wild%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+5.9%5C%29%5C+and%5C+cultivated%5C+%5C%28AR%5C+%3D%5C+7.1%5C%29%5C+populations%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+the%5C+same%5C+place%5C+in%5C+Yun%5C+county%2C%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+which%5C+may%5C+result%5C+from%5C+the%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+introgression%5C+of%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+tea%5C+garden%5C+and%5C+anthropogenic%5C+damages%5C+to%5C+the%5C+wild%5C+population.%5C+The%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+tested%5C+by%5C+morphological%5C+and%5C+microsatellites%5C+analyses.%5C+Compared%5C+with%5C+other%5C+species%2C%5C+the%5C+locules%5C+in%5C+ovary%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+are%5C+variable%2C%5C+which%5C+showed%5C+a%5C+morphological%5C+intermediate%5C+and%5C+mosaic.%5C+Except%5C+one%5C+private%5C+allele%2C%5C+Ninety%5C-nine%5C+percent%5C+alleles%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+were%5C+shared%5C+with%5C+these%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+and%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica.%5C+And%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+nested%5C+in%5C+the%5C+cluster%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+in%5C+the%5C+UPGMA%5C+tree.%5C+Conclusively%2C%5C+our%5C+results%5C+supported%5C+the%5C+hypothesis%5C+of%5C+hybrid%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+partly.%5C+The%5C+speciation%5C+of%5C+C.%5C+grandibracteata%5C+was%5C+derived%5C+from%5C+hybridization%5C+and%5C+asymmetrical%5C+introgression%5C+potentially.%5C+It%5C+is%5C+possible%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+taliensis%5C+was%5C+one%5C+of%5C+its%5C+parents%2C%5C+but%5C+it%5C+still%5C+needs%5C+more%5C+evidences%5C+to%5C+prove%5C+that%5C+C.%5C+sinensis%5C+var.%5C+assamica%5C+was%5C+another%5C+parent."},{"jsname":"China Scholarship Council","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AChina%5C+Scholarship%5C+Council"},{"jsname":"Cold stress is one of the major environmental factors that adversely influence plants growth. Cold stress not only limits plants geographic distribution, but also reduces plants yield by shortening growing season, which brought billions of dollars economic losses for global crop. In nature, responses of overwintering plants to low temperature can be divided into three distinct phases: cold acclimation (CA), freezing, and post-freezing recovery (PFR). Until now, plenty intensive study about molecular mechanism of cold stress mainly focused on the above-zero low temperature phase. However, the studies on the freezing phase below zero and the following PFR phase with temperature going up to above-zero were rare. The previous research form our lab hinted that the responses of plants to freezing and PFR were complex and important. Except for passive reflection, there were also crucial active responses during this process. Several special rules were presented at the different levels including gene expression, signal transduction and membrane lipids changes, and fully understanding these rules would be helpful for us to explore the responses of plants to low temperature and then proceed to improve the freezing resistance of plants. In the present study, the mechanisms of respond to freezing and PFR of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its close relative Thellungiella halophlia that with extreme tolerance to abiotic stresses were carried out, including regulation of gene expression, signal transduction pathway and membrane lipids changes three levels which were essential for the freezing resistance of plants. Ground on these work, we obtained results from the following five aspects. First, the complete picture of A. thaliana responding to freezing and PFR at transcriptome level was elaborated and three functional genes closely related to the phases were identified. Second, the cis-elements with high frequent presence in differentially expressed genes were elucidated, and the practical binding of one elements among them was experimental verified during freezing and PFR. Moreover, we predicted the new elements which would respond to freezing and PFR. Third, the regulation of freezing stress by microRNA in A. thaliana was preliminarily investigated and 36 functional genes possibly regulated by miRNA during freezing and PFR were gained. Fourth, the negative effect of phytohormone Auxin on A. thaliana subjected to freezing stress was identified. Fifth, for the freezing-resistant plant T. halophlia, the rules of membrane lipids composition changes under freezing stress were uncovered.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACold%5C+stress%5C+is%5C+one%5C+of%5C+the%5C+major%5C+environmental%5C+factors%5C+that%5C+adversely%5C+influence%5C+plants%5C+growth.%5C+Cold%5C+stress%5C+not%5C+only%5C+limits%5C+plants%5C+geographic%5C+distribution%2C%5C+but%5C+also%5C+reduces%5C+plants%5C+yield%5C+by%5C+shortening%5C+growing%5C+season%2C%5C+which%5C+brought%5C+billions%5C+of%5C+dollars%5C+economic%5C+losses%5C+for%5C+global%5C+crop.%5C+In%5C+nature%2C%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+overwintering%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+can%5C+be%5C+divided%5C+into%5C+three%5C+distinct%5C+phases%5C%3A%5C+cold%5C+acclimation%5C+%5C%28CA%5C%29%2C%5C+freezing%2C%5C+and%5C+post%5C-freezing%5C+recovery%5C+%5C%28PFR%5C%29.%5C+Until%5C+now%2C%5C+plenty%5C+intensive%5C+study%5C+about%5C+molecular%5C+mechanism%5C+of%5C+cold%5C+stress%5C+mainly%5C+focused%5C+on%5C+the%5C+above%5C-zero%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+phase.%5C+However%2C%5C+the%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+the%5C+freezing%5C+phase%5C+below%5C+zero%5C+and%5C+the%5C+following%5C+PFR%5C+phase%5C+with%5C+temperature%5C+going%5C+up%5C+to%5C+above%5C-zero%5C+were%5C+rare.%5C+The%5C+previous%5C+research%5C+form%5C+our%5C+lab%5C+hinted%5C+that%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR%5C+were%5C+complex%5C+and%5C+important.%5C+Except%5C+for%5C+passive%5C+reflection%2C%5C+there%5C+were%5C+also%5C+crucial%5C+active%5C+responses%5C+during%5C+this%5C+process.%5C+Several%5C+special%5C+rules%5C+were%5C+presented%5C+at%5C+the%5C+different%5C+levels%5C+including%5C+gene%5C+expression%2C%5C+signal%5C+transduction%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+changes%2C%5C+and%5C+fully%5C+understanding%5C+these%5C+rules%5C+would%5C+be%5C+helpful%5C+for%5C+us%5C+to%5C+explore%5C+the%5C+responses%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+to%5C+low%5C+temperature%5C+and%5C+then%5C+proceed%5C+to%5C+improve%5C+the%5C+freezing%5C+resistance%5C+of%5C+plants.%5C+In%5C+the%5C+present%5C+study%2C%5C+the%5C+mechanisms%5C+of%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR%5C+of%5C+model%5C+plant%5C+Arabidopsis%5C+thaliana%5C+and%5C+its%5C+close%5C+relative%5C+Thellungiella%5C+halophlia%5C+that%5C+with%5C+extreme%5C+tolerance%5C+to%5C+abiotic%5C+stresses%5C+were%5C+carried%5C+out%2C%5C+including%5C+regulation%5C+of%5C+gene%5C+expression%2C%5C+signal%5C+transduction%5C+pathway%5C+and%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+changes%5C+three%5C+levels%5C+which%5C+were%5C+essential%5C+for%5C+the%5C+freezing%5C+resistance%5C+of%5C+plants.%5C+Ground%5C+on%5C+these%5C+work%2C%5C+we%5C+obtained%5C+results%5C+from%5C+the%5C+following%5C+five%5C+aspects.%5C+First%2C%5C+the%5C+complete%5C+picture%5C+of%5C+A.%5C+thaliana%5C+responding%5C+to%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR%5C+at%5C+transcriptome%5C+level%5C+was%5C+elaborated%5C+and%5C+three%5C+functional%5C+genes%5C+closely%5C+related%5C+to%5C+the%5C+phases%5C+were%5C+identified.%5C+Second%2C%5C+the%5C+cis%5C-elements%5C+with%5C+high%5C+frequent%5C+presence%5C+in%5C+differentially%5C+expressed%5C+genes%5C+were%5C+elucidated%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+practical%5C+binding%5C+of%5C+one%5C+elements%5C+among%5C+them%5C+was%5C+experimental%5C+verified%5C+during%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR.%5C+Moreover%2C%5C+we%5C+predicted%5C+the%5C+new%5C+elements%5C+which%5C+would%5C+respond%5C+to%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR.%5C+Third%2C%5C+the%5C+regulation%5C+of%5C+freezing%5C+stress%5C+by%5C+microRNA%5C+in%5C+A.%5C+thaliana%5C+was%5C+preliminarily%5C+investigated%5C+and%5C+36%5C+functional%5C+genes%5C+possibly%5C+regulated%5C+by%5C+miRNA%5C+during%5C+freezing%5C+and%5C+PFR%5C+were%5C+gained.%5C+Fourth%2C%5C+the%5C+negative%5C+effect%5C+of%5C+phytohormone%5C+Auxin%5C+on%5C+A.%5C+thaliana%5C+subjected%5C+to%5C+freezing%5C+stress%5C+was%5C+identified.%5C+Fifth%2C%5C+for%5C+the%5C+freezing%5C-resistant%5C+plant%5C+T.%5C+halophlia%2C%5C+the%5C+rules%5C+of%5C+membrane%5C+lipids%5C+composition%5C+changes%5C+under%5C+freezing%5C+stress%5C+were%5C+uncovered."},{"jsname":"Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou[CINYL [2017] 009]","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AConstruction%5C+Program%5C+of%5C+Biology%5C+First%5C-class%5C+Discipline%5C+in%5C+Guizhou%5C%5BCINYL%5C+%5C%5B2017%5C%5D%5C+009%5C%5D"},{"jsname":"Cyatheaceae species, usually called tree ferns, are considered as relicts of a time when dinosaurs were common. In recent several decades, the number of Cyatheaceae plants decreases dramatically. In order to find the reasons and provide directions for protecting these endangered plants, the biological characteristics of Cyatheaceae were surveyed. Using AFLP and cpDNA sequence variations, the genetic diversity and phylogeography of Sphaeropteris brunoniana were also analyzed. Based on these findings, implications for conservation strategies were discussed for this relict tree fern. Main results of the dissertation were summarized as follows, (1) Cyatheaceae plants have extensive distribution in Yunnan, China, and most of them distribute in southeast of Yunnan. In southeast, they usually inhabit margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests or secondary coniferous forests; however, the population update is very different and the age structure is unscientific. The spore of Cyatheaceae is trilete, radially symmetrical, and perinous. The spores of Alsophila species feature a ridged perine and a granular, verrucate or smooth exine. The spores of S. brunoniana are characterized by an incipient granular outermost layer and a verrucate exine. The metaphase chromosome numbers of gametophytes in the three examined species, viz. A. podophylla, A. gigantea and A. austro-yunnanensis, are 69, indicating that they are diploid and do not display variety in chromosome number. The chemical constituents of S. brunoniana are main simple and familiar compounds, such as saccharides, fatty acids and alcohols, and stigmasterols. (2) An unexpectedly high level of nDNA genetic diversity and low cpDNA diversity were detected in S. brunoniana. (3) This study showed that the genetic differentiation among populations within regions was low and between regions was significant. (4) There were several refugia of S. brunoniana in Yunnan during glacial periods. The Hainan populations were likely new colonizations and originated from Southeast Asia. (5) To retain existing genetic diversity, whether in situ or ex situ conservation or collection of germplasm is used, the populations of the two regions should be considered equally. Furthermore, ex situ conservation of this species should be preferably conducted on large populations.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACyatheaceae%5C+species%2C%5C+usually%5C+called%5C+tree%5C+ferns%2C%5C+are%5C+considered%5C+as%5C+relicts%5C+of%5C+a%5C+time%5C+when%5C+dinosaurs%5C+were%5C+common.%5C+In%5C+recent%5C+several%5C+decades%2C%5C+the%5C+number%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+plants%5C+decreases%5C+dramatically.%5C+In%5C+order%5C+to%5C+find%5C+the%5C+reasons%5C+and%5C+provide%5C+directions%5C+for%5C+protecting%5C+these%5C+endangered%5C+plants%2C%5C+the%5C+biological%5C+characteristics%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+were%5C+surveyed.%5C+Using%5C+AFLP%5C+and%5C+cpDNA%5C+sequence%5C+variations%2C%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+phylogeography%5C+of%5C+Sphaeropteris%5C+brunoniana%5C+were%5C+also%5C+analyzed.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+these%5C+findings%2C%5C+implications%5C+for%5C+conservation%5C+strategies%5C+were%5C+discussed%5C+for%5C+this%5C+relict%5C+tree%5C+fern.%5C+Main%5C+results%5C+of%5C+the%5C+dissertation%5C+were%5C+summarized%5C+as%5C+follows%2C%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+plants%5C+have%5C+extensive%5C+distribution%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%2C%5C+China%2C%5C+and%5C+most%5C+of%5C+them%5C+distribute%5C+in%5C+southeast%5C+of%5C+Yunnan.%5C+In%5C+southeast%2C%5C+they%5C+usually%5C+inhabit%5C+margins%5C+of%5C+evergreen%5C+broad%5C-leaved%5C+forests%5C+or%5C+secondary%5C+coniferous%5C+forests%5C%3B%5C+however%2C%5C+the%5C+population%5C+update%5C+is%5C+very%5C+different%5C+and%5C+the%5C+age%5C+structure%5C+is%5C+unscientific.%5C+The%5C+spore%5C+of%5C+Cyatheaceae%5C+is%5C+trilete%2C%5C+radially%5C+symmetrical%2C%5C+and%5C+perinous.%5C+The%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+Alsophila%5C+species%5C+feature%5C+a%5C+ridged%5C+perine%5C+and%5C+a%5C+granular%2C%5C+verrucate%5C+or%5C+smooth%5C+exine.%5C+The%5C+spores%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+are%5C+characterized%5C+by%5C+an%5C+incipient%5C+granular%5C+outermost%5C+layer%5C+and%5C+a%5C+verrucate%5C+exine.%5C+The%5C+metaphase%5C+chromosome%5C+numbers%5C+of%5C+gametophytes%5C+in%5C+the%5C+three%5C+examined%5C+species%2C%5C+viz.%5C+A.%5C+podophylla%2C%5C+A.%5C+gigantea%5C+and%5C+A.%5C+austro%5C-yunnanensis%2C%5C+are%5C+69%2C%5C+indicating%5C+that%5C+they%5C+are%5C+diploid%5C+and%5C+do%5C+not%5C+display%5C+variety%5C+in%5C+chromosome%5C+number.%5C+The%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+are%5C+main%5C+simple%5C+and%5C+familiar%5C+compounds%2C%5C+such%5C+as%5C+saccharides%2C%5C+fatty%5C+acids%5C+and%5C+alcohols%2C%5C+and%5C+stigmasterols.%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+An%5C+unexpectedly%5C+high%5C+level%5C+of%5C+nDNA%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%5C+and%5C+low%5C+cpDNA%5C+diversity%5C+were%5C+detected%5C+in%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana.%5C+%5C%283%5C%29%5C+This%5C+study%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+genetic%5C+differentiation%5C+among%5C+populations%5C+within%5C+regions%5C+was%5C+low%5C+and%5C+between%5C+regions%5C+was%5C+significant.%5C+%5C%284%5C%29%5C+There%5C+were%5C+several%5C+refugia%5C+of%5C+S.%5C+brunoniana%5C+in%5C+Yunnan%5C+during%5C+glacial%5C+periods.%5C+The%5C+Hainan%5C+populations%5C+were%5C+likely%5C+new%5C+colonizations%5C+and%5C+originated%5C+from%5C+Southeast%5C+Asia.%5C+%5C%285%5C%29%5C+To%5C+retain%5C+existing%5C+genetic%5C+diversity%2C%5C+whether%5C+in%5C+situ%5C+or%5C+ex%5C+situ%5C+conservation%5C+or%5C+collection%5C+of%5C+germplasm%5C+is%5C+used%2C%5C+the%5C+populations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+two%5C+regions%5C+should%5C+be%5C+considered%5C+equally.%5C+Furthermore%2C%5C+ex%5C+situ%5C+conservation%5C+of%5C+this%5C+species%5C+should%5C+be%5C+preferably%5C+conducted%5C+on%5C+large%5C+populations."},{"jsname":"Cytology study can reveal important biological features of plants and answers to a certain degree in phylogeny and distribution of genetic materials and so forth. By hard working of cytologists, chromosome data of plants have been increased to a great abundance, but yet disorderly distributed in different magazines, which made researches based on the whole chromosome data of one taxon rarely launched. Scientific databases have become increasingly indispensable as researching data growing daily. As Cytological studies are booming in China, in order to fill the absence of digital and statistical data of plant chromosome researches and chromosome atlas, we started to develop a Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database, aiming to construct a database and start to record published chromosome data of Chinese seed plants. Based on this database, we chose the part of gymnosperms and gave a discussion to the features of its chromosomes’ evolution and variation. Cytological experiments have been applied to some important phyto-groups for phylogeny research and germplasm identification.Part I: The Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database and Discussion on the features of Gymnosperms chromosomes，1 The Chinese Seed Plants Chromosome Database，The frame of database was constructed by Microsoft Access 2003. 19 items of data were included in, they are: Chinese and Latin names of family, genus and species; plant pictures, mitosis metaphase and karyotype figures; morphological characteristics and distributions of the plant; chromosome numbers and basic numbers; karyotype formula; karyotype description; origin of the plant material; literature and the source of photos. In this database, data can be checked and shared easily by extracted out in species sorted interface or family sorted interface. 120 species in 29 genera and 10 families of Gymnospers have been collected and input to the database. In Angiosperms, 61 species in 10 genera of family Magnoliaceae and 80 species in 3 genera of family Theaceae have been collected and input to the database.2 Discussion on the features of evolution and variation of Gymnosperms chromosomes，By data collection of the database, we analyzed chromosome features of the group Gymnosperm. Plants of Gymnosperm had been through a long historical evolution on earth, fossil records of which originated from the late Devonian period. Once an authoritative and major classification level in the plant kingdom, most Gymnosperms have been extinct unless conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and Getales. Three main features of Gymnosperm chromosomes are: relatively large chromosome, which can be recognized from figures in the database; constant chromosome numbers, in most families of Gymnosperm the basic chromosome number keeps a certain value; comparatively low variation, karyotype under family level differs a little. The variation of chromosomes in Gymnosperm is dominated by Robertsonian changes. Contrary to common variation type in Angiosperms, the variation from high unsymmetric karyotype to low unsymmetric karyotype was found in existence in Gymnosperm.Part II: cytology research on some important phyto-groups，3 Karyomorphology of three species in the order Huerteales and their phylogenetic implications，The karyomorphology of three species in Dipentodon (Dipentodontaceae), Perrottetia (Celastraceae), and Tapiscia (Tapisciaceae), namely Dipentodon sinicus, Perrottetia racemosa, and Tapiscia sinensis, was investigated in the study. Recent molecular research has discovered close relationships among these three genera, which has led to the establishment of the order Huerteales with Perrottetia being placed in Dipentodontaceae. Herein we report the chromosome numbers of D. sinicus and P. racemosa for the first time, and present their karyotype formulas as 2n = 34 = 22sm + 12st (D. sinicus), 2n = 20 = 11m + 9sm (P. racemosa), and 2n = 30 = 22m(2SAT) + 8sm (T. sinensis). Asymmetry of their karyotypes is categorized to be Type 3B in D. sinicus, Type 2A in P. racemosa, and Type 2A in T. sinensis. Each of the species shows special cytological features. Compared with Perrottetia, Dipentodon has a different basic chromosome number, a higher karyotype asymmetry, and different karyomorphology of its interphase nuclei, mitotic prophase, and metaphase. Thus, on the basis of these results, we have reservations regarding the suggestion of placing Dipentodon and Perrottetia together in the family Dipentodontaceae.4 Genomic analyses of intergeneric hybrids between Michelia crassipes and M. calcicola by GISH，Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is becoming the method of choice for identifying parental chromosomes in interspecific hybrids. Interspecific F1 hybrid between Michelia crassipes and M. calcicola, tow highly ornamental species in Michelia of Magnolicaceae, has been analized by double-colored GISH with its parents’ genome as the probe. Research gave the results that the chromosome number of the F1 hybrid is 2n=38 as the same of species in Michelia and other genera in Magnoliaceae, the basic chromosome is x=19, the karyotype formula is 2n=38=32m+6sm, and the asymmetry of karyotype is 1B type. Based on chromosome data of Michelia in our database, the karyotype of this genus is featured mostly by metacentric chromosomes and submetacentric chromosomes. In Mechelia, the variation range of submetacentric chromosomes is 4 to 18 and of the karyotype asymmetry is 1A to 2B type. Both the karyotype and karyotype asymmetry type of F1 hybrid is among the variation range of Michelia. The figure of GISH showed that all the 38 chromosomes of F1 hybrid have crossing parental signals, and signal on the no.1 and no.7 chromosome showed differences, which proved that both the parental genome have been transmitted to and recombinated in F1 hybrid.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&query1=Chromosome&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3ACytology%5C+study%5C+can%5C+reveal%5C+important%5C+biological%5C+features%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+and%5C+answers%5C+to%5C+a%5C+certain%5C+degree%5C+in%5C+phylogeny%5C+and%5C+distribution%5C+of%5C+genetic%5C+materials%5C+and%5C+so%5C+forth.%5C+By%5C+hard%5C+working%5C+of%5C+cytologists%2C%5C+chromosome%5C+data%5C+of%5C+plants%5C+have%5C+been%5C+increased%5C+to%5C+a%5C+great%5C+abundance%2C%5C+but%5C+yet%5C+disorderly%5C+distributed%5C+in%5C+different%5C+magazines%2C%5C+which%5C+made%5C+researches%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+whole%5C+chromosome%5C+data%5C+of%5C+one%5C+taxon%5C+rarely%5C+launched.%5C+Scientific%5C+databases%5C+have%5C+become%5C+increasingly%5C+indispensable%5C+as%5C+researching%5C+data%5C+growing%5C+daily.%5C+As%5C+Cytological%5C+studies%5C+are%5C+booming%5C+in%5C+China%2C%5C+in%5C+order%5C+to%5C+fill%5C+the%5C+absence%5C+of%5C+digital%5C+and%5C+statistical%5C+data%5C+of%5C+plant%5C+chromosome%5C+researches%5C+and%5C+chromosome%5C+atlas%2C%5C+we%5C+started%5C+to%5C+develop%5C+a%5C+Chinese%5C+Seed%5C+Plants%5C+Chromosome%5C+Database%2C%5C+aiming%5C+to%5C+construct%5C+a%5C+database%5C+and%5C+start%5C+to%5C+record%5C+published%5C+chromosome%5C+data%5C+of%5C+Chinese%5C+seed%5C+plants.%5C+Based%5C+on%5C+this%5C+database%2C%5C+we%5C+chose%5C+the%5C+part%5C+of%5C+gymnosperms%5C+and%5C+gave%5C+a%5C+discussion%5C+to%5C+the%5C+features%5C+of%5C+its%5C+chromosomes%E2%80%99%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+variation.%5C+Cytological%5C+experiments%5C+have%5C+been%5C+applied%5C+to%5C+some%5C+important%5C+phyto%5C-groups%5C+for%5C+phylogeny%5C+research%5C+and%5C+germplasm%5C+identification.Part%5C+I%5C%3A%5C+The%5C+Chinese%5C+Seed%5C+Plants%5C+Chromosome%5C+Database%5C+and%5C+Discussion%5C+on%5C+the%5C+features%5C+of%5C+Gymnosperms%5C+chromosomes%EF%BC%8C1%5C+%C2%A0The%5C+Chinese%5C+Seed%5C+Plants%5C+Chromosome%5C+Database%EF%BC%8CThe%5C+frame%5C+of%5C+database%5C+was%5C+constructed%5C+by%5C+Microsoft%5C+Access%5C+2003.%5C+19%5C+items%5C+of%5C+data%5C+were%5C+included%5C+in%2C%5C+they%5C+are%5C%3A%5C+Chinese%5C+and%5C+Latin%5C+names%5C+of%5C+family%2C%5C+genus%5C+and%5C+species%5C%3B%5C+plant%5C+pictures%2C%5C+mitosis%5C+metaphase%5C+and%5C+karyotype%5C+figures%5C%3B%5C+morphological%5C+characteristics%5C+and%5C+distributions%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plant%5C%3B%5C+chromosome%5C+numbers%5C+and%5C+basic%5C+numbers%5C%3B%5C+karyotype%5C+formula%5C%3B%5C+karyotype%5C+description%5C%3B%5C+origin%5C+of%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+material%5C%3B%5C+literature%5C+and%5C+the%5C+source%5C+of%5C+photos.%5C+In%5C+this%5C+database%2C%5C+data%5C+can%5C+be%5C+checked%5C+and%5C+shared%5C+easily%5C+by%5C+extracted%5C+out%5C+in%5C+species%5C+sorted%5C+interface%5C+or%5C+family%5C+sorted%5C+interface.%5C+120%5C+species%5C+in%5C+29%5C+genera%5C+and%5C+10%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gymnospers%5C+have%5C+been%5C+collected%5C+and%5C+input%5C+to%5C+the%5C+database.%5C+In%5C+Angiosperms%2C%5C+61%5C+species%5C+in%5C+10%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+family%5C+Magnoliaceae%5C+and%5C+80%5C+species%5C+in%5C+3%5C+genera%5C+of%5C+family%5C+Theaceae%5C+have%5C+been%5C+collected%5C+and%5C+input%5C+to%5C+the%5C+database.2%5C+Discussion%5C+on%5C+the%5C+features%5C+of%5C+evolution%5C+and%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+Gymnosperms%5C+chromosomes%EF%BC%8CBy%5C+data%5C+collection%5C+of%5C+the%5C+database%2C%5C+we%5C+analyzed%5C+chromosome%5C+features%5C+of%5C+the%5C+group%5C+Gymnosperm.%5C+Plants%5C+of%5C+Gymnosperm%5C+had%5C+been%5C+through%5C+a%5C+long%5C+historical%5C+evolution%5C+on%5C+earth%2C%5C+fossil%5C+records%5C+of%5C+which%5C+originated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+late%5C+Devonian%5C+period.%5C+Once%5C+an%5C+authoritative%5C+and%5C+major%5C+classification%5C+level%5C+in%5C+the%5C+plant%5C+kingdom%2C%5C+most%5C+Gymnosperms%5C+have%5C+been%5C+extinct%5C+unless%5C+conifers%2C%5C+cycads%2C%5C+Ginkgo%5C+and%5C+Getales.%5C+Three%5C+main%5C+features%5C+of%5C+Gymnosperm%5C+chromosomes%5C+are%5C%3A%5C+relatively%5C+large%5C+chromosome%2C%5C+which%5C+can%5C+be%5C+recognized%5C+from%5C+figures%5C+in%5C+the%5C+database%5C%3B%5C+constant%5C+chromosome%5C+numbers%2C%5C+in%5C+most%5C+families%5C+of%5C+Gymnosperm%5C+the%5C+basic%5C+chromosome%5C+number%5C+keeps%5C+a%5C+certain%5C+value%5C%3B%5C+comparatively%5C+low%5C+variation%2C%5C+karyotype%5C+under%5C+family%5C+level%5C+differs%5C+a%5C+little.%5C+The%5C+variation%5C+of%5C+chromosomes%5C+in%5C+Gymnosperm%5C+is%5C+dominated%5C+by%5C+Robertsonian%5C+changes.%5C+Contrary%5C+to%5C+common%5C+variation%5C+type%5C+in%5C+Angiosperms%2C%5C+the%5C+variation%5C+from%5C+high%5C+unsymmetric%5C+karyotype%5C+to%5C+low%5C+unsymmetric%5C+karyotype%5C+was%5C+found%5C+in%5C+existence%5C+in%5C+Gymnosperm.Part%5C+II%5C%3A%5C+cytology%5C+research%5C+on%5C+some%5C+important%5C+phyto%5C-groups%EF%BC%8C3%5C+Karyomorphology%5C+of%5C+three%5C+species%5C+in%5C+the%5C+order%5C+Huerteales%5C+and%5C+their%5C+phylogenetic%5C+implications%EF%BC%8CThe%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a field trip at a brule in Shangri-La, a mixed population of Ligularia Cass. was found, which including L. subspicata (Bur. et Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. nelumbifolia (Bur. et Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. tongolensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., L. cymbulifera (W.W.Smith) Hand.-Mazz., L. lingiana S.W.Liu, and also some individuals morphologically intermediate between L. subspicata and L. nelumbifolia. Hence, these intermediate individuals were preliminarily assumed as natural hybrids of the two Ligularia. According to their morphology, they’re assumed to form hybrids A and B. Through careful comparison of specimens in herbarium and those we collected, the inflorescence of putative hybrid A is close to L. nelumbifolia, but the shape of laminae are intergradation of L. subspicata and L. nelumbifolia; overall morphology of putative hybrids B is similar to L. nelumbifolia, but inflorescence color is as same as L. subspicata. Compared to L. nelumbifolia (39%) and L. subspicata (36.8%), the germination rate of putative hybrid B (45.7%) slightly higher than the two; but that of hybrid A is extraordinarily low (0.3%). One possible interpretation of the low rate is hybridization. 60 individuals were collected, including putative parents, other 4 species of Ligularia nearby, putative hybrid A and B. They were all direct sequenced of four cpDNA fragments, and direct sequenced or cloning sequenced of nrDNA ITS4-5. The results support that L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata are parents of putative hybrid A, and the majority female parent is L. subspicata, L. vellerea may also be involved in the hybridization in some degree; the nuclear sequences of putative hybrid B have no superposition, and its chloroplast DNA sequences are identical with L. nelumbifolia, so putative hybrid B could not be hybrid; and there are backcross individuals exist among the putative parent L. subspicata. NewHybrids analysis of ISSR markers indicated that, the individuals of putative hybrid A are almost L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata F1 hybrid generation (10/11), only 1/11 possibly backcross or other forms; all individuals of hybrid B are L. nelumbifolia; except one individual of L. subspicata as backcrossed, the other parent individuals are 100% reliable. This study focused on molecular evidence, complemented by ecological, reproductive and other characteristics, we demonstrated that the morphologically intermediate individuals’ origin, and the probability of belonging to each parental or hybrid class. And concluded that L. nelumbifolia and L. subspicata are the parents of putative hybrid A, L. vellerea may also be involved in the hybridization in some degree, hybrids mainly are the first generation, a few individuals may be involved in backcross, and most probably backcross with L. subspicata according to the anthesis, while the assumption of hybrid B is not 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