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资助项目
GST, P < 0.05) were exhibited by this species. The SAMOVA revealed seven diverging groups of related chlorotypes, six of them had distinct nonoverlapping geographical ranges: one in the northeast comprising 10 populations, a second with a southeast distribution comprising 22 populations, and the remaning four groups comprising 15 populations located in the west part of the species’ range along different river valleys. The genetic clustering of populations into three regions was also supported by analysis of molecular variance, which showed that most genetic variation (82.43%) was found among these three regions. Two clusters were distinguished by both phylogenetic analysis and genealogical analysis of chlorotypes, one consisting of chlorotypes from the western region and the second consisting of those from the eastern region. Significant genetic differences between the two regions might be attributed to vicariance and restricted gene flow, and this vicariance could be explained by the physical environmental heterogeneity on each side of the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line. Following the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the reorganization of the major river drainages was primarily caused by river separation and capture events. These historical events could change the distribution of S. davidii from fragmented to continuous (Upper/Lower Jinshajiang and Yalongjiang/Daduhe), and from continuous to fragmented (Nujiang and Jinshajiang/Honghe). However, spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical disjunction rather than modern drainage connections. Moreover, the following north-south split in the eastern region and effective isolation with their genetic diversity were essentially modelled by genetic drift. The higher chlorotype richness and genetic divergence for populations in western region compared with other two regions suggests that there were multipe refugia or in situ survival of S. davidii in the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region. Fixation of chlorotypes in the northeastern region and near fixation in the southeastern region suggest a recent colonization of these areas. We further found that this species underwent past range expansion around 37-303 thousand years ago (kya). The southeastern populations likely experienced a demographic expansion via unidirectional gene flow along rivers, while northeastern populations underwent a more northward expansion, both from initial populations (s) (21, 22, 23) preserved on eastern refugia (Jinshajiang). This process might have been accompanied with a series of founder effects or bottlenecks making populations genetically impoverished. 3. Phylogeographic analysisbased on nuclear sequence，We sequenced the nuclear (ncpGS) region in all populations sampled, recovering 23 nuclear haplotypes. Compared to cpDNA, both NST (0.470) and GST (0.338) were relatively lower, but NST was also significantly larger than GST. 37.10% of the total variation was distributed among regions which was much lower than that shown by chlorotypes. Thus, more extensive distribution of nuclear haplotypes was exhibited across the geographical range instead of the strong population subdivision observed in chlorotypes. Similarly to the chloroplast data, we found that genetic differentiation of nDNA was positively correlated with the geographical distance, but the increase in the geographical distance between populations did not increase the genetic differentiation of nDNA as rapidly as that of cpDNA. These contrasting levels between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of S. davidii are likely due to limited gene flow of cpDNA by seeds vs. the extensive gene flow of nDNA by wind-mediated pollen in the population history. We also determined from nuclear markers that haplotype diversity was reduced in the southeastern and northeastern regions due to the loss of rare haplotypes in western region. This reduction of gene diversity is also a signature of founder events or recent bottleneck during post-glacial colonization. However, nuclear diversity within populations remains high. This provides evidence that regionally pollen flow might be sufficiently high to blur the genetic identity of founder populations over a reasonably large spatial scale.3. Relationships among three varieties，The phylogenetic analysis identified two phylogroups of chlorotypes, corresponding to S. davidii var. davidii and var. chuansinesis. The former was distinguished by the abscence of predonminant nuclear haplotype H1 of the latter. The monophyletic group of chlorotypes in var. davidii and var. liangshanesis showed their relatively close relationship. And their genetic divergence from the third variety appears to be relative to their slight morphological difference in leaf size and the divergent environmental niche spaces they occupy. Thus, the observed differences in morphological characters between var. chuansinesis and other two varieties can be explained by the seed dispersal limitation illustrated above (as inferred by geographical separation) and by environmental heterogeneity (as inferred by precipitation or elevation) or by a combination of both. After all, the geological changes, drainage reorganization, and floristic differences following the Himalayan uplift have been suggested to affect the genetic structure of S. davidii. These results provide new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of plants in China. In addition, the unique population genetic structure found in S. davidii has provided important insights into the evolutionary history of this species. The genetic profile uncovered in this study is also critical for its conservation management. Our study has uncovered the existence of at least two ‘evolutionary significant units’ independent units within S. davidii, corresponding to var. davidii from eastern region and var. chuansinensis from western region. The conservation efforts should first focus on most western populations and on the southeastern ones exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity, while the genetically homogeneous northeastern populations located in the degraded Loess Plateau should require much greater conservation 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Master degree thesis studied on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas which both have insecticidal activity. 58 compounds, including four new ones, were isolated and identified from this two species by various chromatographic processes. The cytotoxicities of some compounds obtained from Azadirachta indica were evaluated. Finally, this thesis also made a review on the chemical constituents and bioactivities from plants of genus Melia. Chapter 1 Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Azadirachta indica，From the methanol extract of branches and leaves of Azadirachta indicia, 53 compounds, including four new ones, were isolated and identified based on spectral techniques. These compounds referred to sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. Two of the new compounds were C30 triterpenoids and the other two were tetranortriterpenoids. 26 compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities and some were found to have potential cytotoxicities. The abundant constituent, nimbolide, showed strong cytotoxicities against all the tested cell lines. Chapter 2 Chemical constituents of Jatropha curcas，Nine known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of branches and leaves of J. curcas. Chapter 3 Review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of genus Melia，This chapter made a review on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of genus Melia based on the literatures which were reported before 2010.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=cancer&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+Master%5C+degree%5C+thesis%5C+studied%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%5C+and%5C+Jatropha%5C+curcas%5C+which%5C+both%5C+have%5C+insecticidal%5C+activity.%5C+58%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+this%5C+two%5C+species%5C+by%5C+various%5C+chromatographic%5C+processes.%5C+The%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+of%5C+some%5C+compounds%5C+obtained%5C+from%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%5C+were%5C+evaluated.%5C+Finally%2C%5C+this%5C+thesis%5C+also%5C+made%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+from%5C+plants%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia.%5C+Chapter%5C+1%5C+Chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indica%EF%BC%8CFrom%5C+the%5C+methanol%5C+extract%5C+of%5C+branches%5C+and%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Azadirachta%5C+indicia%2C%5C+53%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+four%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+based%5C+on%5C+spectral%5C+techniques.%5C+These%5C+compounds%5C+referred%5C+to%5C+sesquiterpenoids%2C%5C+triterpenoids%2C%5C+steroids%5C+and%5C+flavonoids.%5C+Two%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+C30%5C+triterpenoids%5C+and%5C+the%5C+other%5C+two%5C+were%5C+tetranortriterpenoids.%5C+26%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+evaluated%5C+for%5C+their%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+and%5C+some%5C+were%5C+found%5C+to%5C+have%5C+potential%5C+cytotoxicities.%5C+The%5C+abundant%5C+constituent%2C%5C+nimbolide%2C%5C+showed%5C+strong%5C+cytotoxicities%5C+against%5C+all%5C+the%5C+tested%5C+cell%5C+lines.%5C+Chapter%5C+2%5C+Chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+Jatropha%5C+curcas%EF%BC%8CNine%5C+known%5C+compounds%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+methanol%5C+extract%5C+of%5C+branches%5C+and%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+J.%5C+curcas.%5C+Chapter%5C+3%5C+Review%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia%EF%BC%8CThis%5C+chapter%5C+made%5C+a%5C+review%5C+on%5C+the%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+and%5C+bioactivities%5C+of%5C+genus%5C+Melia%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+literatures%5C+which%5C+were%5C+reported%5C+before%5C+2010."},{"jsname":"The chemical constituents of eight higher fungi and one medicinal plant were investigated. The fungi included Trametes corrugate, Campanella junghuhnii, Craterellus cornucopioides, Phlebia radiate, Laccaria amethystea, Hydnochaete sp., Nidula sp. and Rhodophyllus ater, which are all collected from Yunnan province, P. R. China. The leaves of Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) were collected from south of Vietnam. 119 compounds, including 91 different compounds and 9 new ones, have been obtained using varied chromatographic methods, and the structures of new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including IR, UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.Two unusual diterpenes (13-14) with neodolastane skeletons were isolated and identified from the culture broth of Trametes corrugate. This type of diterpene was obtained for the first time from higer fungi. A new tricyclo[6.3.1.02,5]dodecane sesquiterpene (1) was isolated from the culture broth of Campanella junghuhnii. Three new keto esters (65-67) and a series of illudine sesquiterpenes (4-10) were isolated and identified from the culture broth of the basidiomycete Craterellus cornucopioides. A new fatty acid ester (48) was isolated from the culture broth of Phlebia radiate.A new isoprenyl phenyl ether riboside (68) was isolated from culture broth of Laccaria amethystea. During our studies on chemical constituents of the culture broth of Hydnochaete sp., a conjugate lactone (71) was obtained. Preliminary biological assay showed that the lactone exhibited inhibitory activity against the11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) of human and mouse with IC50 value of 53.338 mg/mL and 95.950 mg/mL, respectively. A new guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (2) and a new phenolic glucoside gallate (69) were isolated and identified from the leaves of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke). A review summarized their structures, biological activities, and the producing species of naturally occurring triterpenes from higher fungi. The paper provides 433 structurally diverse compounds published between 1985~2010, and 114 references.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=cancer&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+eight%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+and%5C+one%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+were%5C+investigated.%5C+The%5C+fungi%5C+included%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate%2C%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii%2C%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides%2C%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate%2C%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea%2C%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+Nidula%5C+sp.%5C+and%5C+Rhodophyllus%5C+ater%2C%5C+which%5C+are%5C+all%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China.%5C+The%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+L.%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29%5C+were%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+south%5C+of%5C+Vietnam.%5C+119%5C+compounds%2C%5C+including%5C+91%5C+different%5C+compounds%5C+and%5C+9%5C+new%5C+ones%2C%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+using%5C+varied%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+structures%5C+of%5C+new%5C+metabolites%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+extensive%5C+spectroscopic%5C+analysis%5C+including%5C+IR%2C%5C+UV%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+1D%5C-%5C+and%5C+2D%5C-NMR%5C+experiments.Two%5C+unusual%5C+diterpenes%5C+%5C%2813%5C-14%5C%29%5C+with%5C+neodolastane%5C+skeletons%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Trametes%5C+corrugate.%5C+This%5C+type%5C+of%5C+diterpene%5C+was%5C+obtained%5C+for%5C+the%5C+first%5C+time%5C+from%5C+higer%5C+fungi.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+tricyclo%5C%5B6.3.1.02%2C5%5C%5Ddodecane%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Campanella%5C+junghuhnii.%5C+Three%5C+new%5C+keto%5C+esters%5C+%5C%2865%5C-67%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+series%5C+of%5C+illudine%5C+sesquiterpenes%5C+%5C%284%5C-10%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete%5C+Craterellus%5C+cornucopioides.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+fatty%5C+acid%5C+ester%5C+%5C%2848%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Phlebia%5C+radiate.A%5C+new%5C+isoprenyl%5C+phenyl%5C+ether%5C+riboside%5C+%5C%2868%5C%29%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Laccaria%5C+amethystea.%5C+During%5C+our%5C+studies%5C+on%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+broth%5C+of%5C+Hydnochaete%5C+sp.%2C%5C+a%5C+conjugate%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%2871%5C%29%5C+was%5C+obtained.%5C+Preliminary%5C+biological%5C+assay%5C+showed%5C+that%5C+the%5C+lactone%5C+exhibited%5C+inhibitory%5C+activity%5C+against%5C+the11b%5C-hydroxysteroid%5C+dehydrogenase%5C+%5C%2811%CE%B2%5C-HSD1%5C%29%5C+of%5C+human%5C+and%5C+mouse%5C+with%5C+IC50%5C+value%5C+of%5C+53.338%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%5C+and%5C+95.950%5C+mg%5C%2FmL%2C%5C+respectively.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+guaiane%5C-type%5C+sesquiterpene%5C+lactone%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+and%5C+a%5C+new%5C+phenolic%5C+glucoside%5C+gallate%5C+%5C%2869%5C%29%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+and%5C+identified%5C+from%5C+the%5C+leaves%5C+of%5C+Cynara%5C+scolymus%5C+%5C%28Artichoke%5C%29.%5C+A%5C+review%5C+summarized%5C+their%5C+structures%2C%5C+biological%5C+activities%2C%5C+and%5C+the%5C+producing%5C+species%5C+of%5C+naturally%5C+occurring%5C+triterpenes%5C+from%5C+higher%5C+fungi.%5C+The%5C+paper%5C+provides%5C+433%5C+structurally%5C+diverse%5C+compounds%5C+published%5C+between%5C+1985%5C%7E2010%2C%5C+and%5C+114%5C+references."},{"jsname":"The chemical constituents of six higher fungi including Gomphus floccosus, Marasmius maximus Hongo, Paxillus panuoides, Tylopilus felleus, Cantharellus cibarius and Grifola frondosa collected from Yunnan Province, P. R. China, and a medicinal plant Hypericum reptans, were investigated.43 Compounds including 3 new ones have been obtained by chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (1D NMR, 2D NMR, MS, HR-MS, UV/Vis) in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.Two new furanone derivatives, (E)-3-(1,3-butadienyl)-4-(3-oxopentyl)-2(5H)-furanone (1), 3-((S,E)-3,4-dihydroxy-butylenyl)-4-((S,E)-3-hydroxy-pentenyl)-2(5H)-furanone (2) which had a large conjugated systemGomphus floccosus. The absolute configurations of 2 were determined based on the modified Moshers method after selectively protected the primary alcohol group in the 1,2-primary/secondary diol. in the structures, were isolated from the culture of the basidiomycete. A new compound based on a dibenzodioxinone skeleton was isolated from the medical plant Hypericum reptans. The plane structure and relative configurations of the new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic data and further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.","jscount":"1","jsurl":"/simple-search?field1=all&field=dc.citation.source_filter&advanced=false&fq=dc.language.iso_filter%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&query1=cancer&&fq=dc.project.title_filter%3AThe%5C+chemical%5C+constituents%5C+of%5C+six%5C+higher%5C+fungi%5C+including%5C+Gomphus%5C+floccosus%2C%5C+Marasmius%5C+maximus%5C+Hongo%2C%5C+Paxillus%5C+panuoides%2C%5C+Tylopilus%5C+felleus%2C%5C+Cantharellus%5C+cibarius%5C+and%5C+Grifola%5C+frondosa%5C+collected%5C+from%5C+Yunnan%5C+Province%2C%5C+P.%5C+R.%5C+China%2C%5C+and%5C+a%5C+medicinal%5C+plant%5C+Hypericum%5C+reptans%2C%5C+were%5C+investigated.43%5C+Compounds%5C+including%5C+3%5C+new%5C+ones%5C+have%5C+been%5C+obtained%5C+by%5C+chromatographic%5C+methods%2C%5C+and%5C+their%5C+structures%5C+were%5C+elucidated%5C+on%5C+the%5C+basis%5C+of%5C+spectroscopic%5C+data%5C+%5C%281D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+2D%5C+NMR%2C%5C+MS%2C%5C+HR%5C-MS%2C%5C+UV%5C%2FVis%5C%29%5C+in%5C+combination%5C+with%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction%5C+analysis.Two%5C+new%5C+furanone%5C+derivatives%2C%5C+%5C%28E%5C%29%5C-3%5C-%5C%281%2C3%5C-butadienyl%5C%29%5C-4%5C-%5C%283%5C-oxopentyl%5C%29%5C-2%5C%285H%5C%29%5C-furanone%5C+%5C%281%5C%29%2C%5C+3%5C-%5C%28%5C%28S%2CE%5C%29%5C-3%2C4%5C-dihydroxy%5C-butylenyl%5C%29%5C-4%5C-%5C%28%5C%28S%2CE%5C%29%5C-3%5C-hydroxy%5C-pentenyl%5C%29%5C-2%5C%285H%5C%29%5C-furanone%5C+%5C%282%5C%29%5C+which%5C+had%5C+a%5C+large%5C+conjugated%5C+systemGomphus%5C+floccosus.%5C+The%5C+absolute%5C+configurations%5C+of%5C+2%5C+were%5C+determined%5C+based%5C+on%5C+the%5C+modified%5C+Moshers%5C+method%5C+after%5C+selectively%5C+protected%5C+the%5C+primary%5C+alcohol%5C+group%5C+in%5C+the%5C+1%2C2%5C-primary%5C%2Fsecondary%5C+diol.%5C+in%5C+the%5C+structures%2C%5C+were%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+culture%5C+of%5C+the%5C+basidiomycete.%5C+A%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+based%5C+on%5C+a%5C+dibenzodioxinone%5C+skeleton%5C+was%5C+isolated%5C+from%5C+the%5C+medical%5C+plant%5C+Hypericum%5C+reptans.%5C+The%5C+plane%5C+structure%5C+and%5C+relative%5C+configurations%5C+of%5C+the%5C+new%5C+compound%5C+was%5C+elucidated%5C+by%5C+spectroscopic%5C+data%5C+and%5C+further%5C+confirmed%5C+by%5C+single%5C-crystal%5C+X%5C-ray%5C+diffraction."},{"jsname":"The chemistry constitutes and their anti-tobacco mosic virus activity from two species of Simaroubeaceae, namely Brucea javanica (L) Merr. and Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr have been investigated.. By variety of chromatographies over various materials, Eighty-seven compounds were isolated from the two plants and eighty of them were identified， of which twenty-two were new compounds and one of them was a novel nortriterpenoids with unprecedented skeleton and another showed the polymorphism. A series of C-20 quassinoids with potent anti-tobacco mosic virus (TMV) activity was found by the bioassay-guided isolation of the seed of Brucea javanica. The characteristic secondary metabolites of Simaroubeaceae--quassinoids were reviewed. Chapter 1, phytochemistry investigation on the seed of Brucea javanica (L) Merr. has led to isolation of 41 compounds, and 34 of them were identified, including 17 quassinoids with anti-TMV activity. Among them compounds 1 and 2 were new quassinoids. Others were alkaloids, ligands, sequiterpenoids, and so on. Chapter 2, tobacco mosic virus inhibiting activity of quassinoids from Brucea javanica (L) Merr. From bioassay-guide isolation 17 quassinoids with potent anti-TMV activities were isolated from the seeds of Brucea javanica (L) Merr. Based on the results of in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was showed that those compounds can both inhibit virus infection and multiplication of TMV. The anti-TMV structure activity relationships were also discussed. Chapter 3, phytochemistry investigation on the leaves and branches of H. perforata has lead to isolation of 32 compounds and 31 were identified, including 20 new limonoids. Among them 1 was a novel limonoids with unprecedented skeleton, and another showed the polymorphism. Besides, 14 compounds, including 8 limonoids along with some triterpenoids, ligands and flavonoids were isolated from the fruit of H. perforata. Among the 14 compounds 1-3 were novel limonoids which have been isolated from the leaves and branches of this species. The limonoids isolated from H. perforata showed structure similarity with those from the Ptaeroxylaceae and Cneoraceae. Furthermore, most of them were the key intermediates of the biogenetic pathway previously proposed by Dr. Xin Fang of our research group. Based on the biogenetic pathway and structure similarity of limonoids it was suggested that the genus of Harrisonia has a very close relationship with Ptaeroxylaceae and Cneoraceae. Chapter 4, reviewed the progress on the phytochemistry study of the quassinoids of Simaroubaceae. 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