中国具菌褶牛肝菌类的分类及系统发育研究

	中国具菌褶牛肝菌类的分类及系统发育研究
	刘利荣
导师	李艳春
关键词	小塔氏菌属，桩菇属，褶孔牛肝菌属，新分类单元 Tapinella, Paxillus, Phylloporus, new taxa
摘要	牛肝菌类真菌隶属于担子菌门（Basidiomycota）担子菌纲（Basidiomycetes）牛肝菌目（Boletales）。该类真菌子实层体多为管状，少数为褶片状。在牛肝菌目中子实层体为褶片状的真菌有：铆钉菇科（Gomphidiaceae）色钉菇属Chroogomphus (Singer) O.K. Mill.和铆钉菇属Gomphidius Fr.、牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）褶孔牛肝菌属（Phylloporus Quél.）、桩菇科（Paxillaceae）桩菇属（Paxillus Fr.）和小塔氏菌科（Tapinellaceae）小塔氏菌属（Tapinella E.-J. Gilbert）等。但由于桩菇属、小塔氏菌属和褶孔牛肝菌属在外形上相似、易混淆，本文就这三属开展研究。研究选取了核糖体内转录区间（nrITS）、核糖体基因内间隔区（nrIGS）、核糖体大亚基（nrLSU）、蛋白质翻译延伸因子1-α（tef1-α）和编码RNA聚合酶II的大亚基（rpb1）五个片段对子实层体为褶片状的上述三属真菌进行分子系统发育研究，并结合形态学特征对三属进行系统研究。主要研究结果如下： 1、桩菇属本研究涵盖了德国、意大利、加拿大以及中国各个地区（华中、华东、华南、华北、西南、西北和东北）的116份样品。通过初步分子系统发育分析发现，该属物种的多样性远没有之前报道的那么多。本研究选取了能够代表该属所有物种的25份标本进行多基因片段的分子系统发育学研究。结合形态学证据，本研究共鉴定该属7个物种，其中分布于我国的有6种，包括1个新种即类铜红桩菇，2个中国新记录种即铜红桩菇和暗孢桩菇，排除了绒毛桩菇在我国的分布。研究发现，原初描述自中国的滇桩菇和皱褶桩菇分别属于拟口蘑属和迷孔牛肝菌属，提出了两个新组合。 2、小塔氏菌属小塔氏菌属是一个物种数量较少的属，到目前为止全球仅报道5种，且只有两个物种有DNA片段信息。本研究基于形态学和DNA证据，证实小塔氏菌属为一个单系类群，共包含4个物种，其中2个为已知种，分别为耳状小塔氏菌和毛柄小塔氏菌，其他2个为新种，即采自我国西南地区的大果小塔氏菌和稀褶小塔氏菌。到目前为止，我国共有该属真菌3种，即耳状小塔氏菌、大果小塔氏菌和稀褶小塔氏菌。过去报道自我国的毛柄小塔氏菌，实际是大果小塔氏菌或稀褶小塔氏菌。本研究首次对该属属下分类阶元进行了处理，将该属划分为两组，即小塔氏菌组（Ta. sect. Tapinella）和毛柄小塔氏菌组（Ta. sect. Atrotomentosa）。小塔氏菌组主要包括耳状小塔氏菌，而毛柄小塔氏菌组主要包括毛柄小塔氏菌、大果小塔氏菌和稀褶小塔氏菌。 3、褶孔牛肝菌属褶孔牛肝菌属具有重要的生态价值和经济价值。全球共99条信息。本研究发现中国到目前为止共有30种，其中6个新种，1个中国新记录种，即双形孢褶孔牛肝菌。然而，双形孢褶孔牛肝菌与原初描述自中国的潞西褶孔牛肝菌在形态和分子片段上均极为相近。遗憾的是，由于潞西褶孔牛肝菌的模式标本损坏严重，我们无法获得其DNA序列，需要进一步研究来确定二者是否为同一物种。此外，还发现两个采集自国外的新种。本研究发现原初报道自中国的黑褐褶孔牛肝菌和近杆孢褶孔牛肝菌实际上为同一物种。由于近杆孢褶孔牛肝菌先于黑褐褶孔牛肝菌发表，基于命名法规优先律，将黑褐褶孔牛肝菌作为近杆孢褶孔牛肝菌的异名处理。此外，本研究发现的8个新种，由于标本有限，对物种的特征认识不足，有待积累更多的标本后进行正式描述发表。; Fungi of Boletes belong to the Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, Boletales. The hymenophores of these fungi are mostly tubulate and a few are lamellate. In Boletales, the genera with lamellate hymenophores are Chroogomphus (Singer) O.K. Mill. and Gomphidius Fr. in the family Gomphidiaceae, Phylloporus Quél. in the family Boletaceae, Paxillus Fr. in the family Paxillaceae, Tapinella E.-J. Gilbert in the family Tapinellaceae, etc. However, as the similarity in appearance, distinguition of species among the genera Phylloporus, Paxillus and Tapinella are very difficult. This study focuses on the three genera. Five loci, i.e., the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer (nrIGS), the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1) were used to construct the phylogenetic trees of these three genera, along with morophological evidences. This study obtained the following findings: 1. Paxillus This study covered 116 specimens of this genus from Germany, Italy, Canada, as well as various regions of China (central, eastern, southern, northern, south-western, north-western and north-eastern China). After a preliminary molecular phylogenetic analysis of these specimens, 25 specimens representing all species of this genus were selected for further phylogenetic study. Combined with morphological evidence, species diversity of this genus is far less than previously reported and a total of seven species of the genus were identified in this study, of which six species are distributed in China, including one new species, namely P. paracuprinus and two new to China, i.e., P. cuprinus and P. obscurisporus. This study excludes the distribution of P. rubicundulus in China. In addition, two species originally described from China, namely P. yunnanensis and P. rhytidophyllus were transfered to the genera Tricholompsis and Boletinellus, respectively, and two new combinations were proposed. 2. Tapinella The genus Tapinella is a small genus with only five species worldwide, of which only two species with DNA sequences. Based on morphological and DNA evidence, this study confirmed that the genus is a monophyletic group containing four species, of which two were known species, namely, Ta. panuoides and Ta. atrotomentosa, the other two species are new to science, namely, Ta. macrocarpa and Ta. nigricans from southwest China. So far, three species, namely, Ta. panuoides, Ta. macrocarpa and Ta. nigricans are found in China. The present study also revealed that the previously reported Ta. atrotomentosa from China is actually either Ta. macrocarpa or Ta. nigricans. In this study, the infrageneric classification of the genus Tapinella was proposed for the first time, and the genus was divided into two sections, namely Ta. sect. Tapinella and Ta. sect. Atrotomentosa. Tapinella sect. Panuoides mainly consists of Ta. Tapinella, while
语种	中文
	2022-05
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kib.ac.cn/handle/151853/75113
专题	昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	刘利荣. 中国具菌褶牛肝菌类的分类及系统发育研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2022.

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