黑珠芽薯蓣（Dioscorea melanophyma）营养价值评估及繁殖体系初探

	黑珠芽薯蓣（Dioscorea melanophyma）营养价值评估及繁殖体系初探
	陈直
导师	陈高
关键词	薯蓣，新型食品，珠芽，繁殖技术，寄生虫 Dioscoreaceae, Novel food, Bulbil, Propagation technology, Parasite
摘要	薯蓣科（Dioscoreaceae）植物广布于全球热带和温带地区，尤以美洲热带地区种类最为繁多。该科全球有5个属，约650–700个种，我国仅有1属，约49种。薯蓣属（Disoscorea）物种因块茎富含淀粉、薯蓣皂甙元等物质，很多成熟的驯化种和有较大潜力的野生种被广泛用作食品、药品和化工用品，一些种类的块茎在非洲及南美地区是当地居民的主粮，在我国多种薯蓣的块茎是菜市场上常见的大宗蔬菜。黑珠芽薯蓣（Dioscorea melanophyma）是一种广泛分布于我国西南地区的野生薯蓣属植物，本课题基于该物种的可食用属性和在西南地区广泛分布的现状，评估将其发掘为新型食品的潜力。首先是对黑珠芽薯蓣进行全国范围内的种质资源调查并引种栽培到中国科学院昆明植物研究所昆明植物园内，分析珠芽与块茎的营养成分，探讨其食用价值。其次是探究黑珠芽薯蓣的繁殖方式，探讨繁殖技术，为进一步的大规模种植提供技术支持。最后评估该物种潜在的病虫害发生并提出控制策略。结果表明，黑珠芽薯蓣广布于我国西南地区，目前分布区有缩小的趋势。黑珠芽薯蓣为先锋物种，在人为干扰较多的次生生境中分布较多，昆明地区为该物种当前的最适生长区。在营养成分方面，黑珠芽薯蓣块茎富含维生素C，营养价值较高，具有推广为风味食品的潜力，但由于其块茎产量较低，想要作为山药的补充或替代还需要通过新品种选育和栽培技术改良。其珠芽各营养成分含量均较低，食用价值较小。萌发实验表明，珠芽于3月底开始快速萌发，不同居群珠芽的萌发率均能超过95 %，其萌发能力和萌发效率较高，对此我们提出可以将珠芽作为载体进行大规模繁殖技术，10月收获珠芽，在3月进行播种，合理密植并保证温湿，即可在5月得到大批种苗。病虫害调查结果表明该物种常见的病虫害包括白锈病、金针虫等，珠芽遭虫害较为严重，大部分珠芽存在寄生现象。寄生虫疑似一种薯蓣属珠芽的寄生新种蛇潜蝇（Ophiomyia sp.），专性寄生于珠芽内部，通过肉眼难以识别。该种寄生虫在昆明地区寄生率超过70 %，其寄生行为导致珠芽滞育60–70天，萌发率降低35 %，影响大规模育苗。为获得高质量的幼苗，我们提出用水选法筛去被寄生珠芽，提升健康珠芽的比例，同时在寄生虫成虫爆发的7–8月于黑珠芽薯蓣植株叶表面喷洒敌百虫、乐果、西维因等杀虫剂以杀死成虫，减少珠芽被寄生的概率。本研究分析了黑珠芽薯蓣珠芽和块茎的营养成分，论证了块茎具有开发成西南地区风味食物的潜力。本研究对丰富居民膳食结构、提高乡土食物多样性、缓解粮食压力、应对食品安全具有一定意义，为黑珠芽薯蓣的食用性开发提供了理论支持，为其他野生植物的食用性发掘提供了借鉴。同时，本实验揭示了珠芽的萌发规律并提出用珠芽进行大规模快繁的方法，对珠芽寄生虫的生活史进行研究并提出防治措施，为该物种进一步的开发利用提供了技术支持，也从生物安全角度为薯蓣物种种质保存和育种提供了参考。; Dioscoreaceae plant species are widely distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world, especially in the tropical regions of the Americas. There are about 650–700 species composing five genus in this family with one genus consists of about 49 species in China. Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea，many domesticated cultivars and some wild species are rich in starch, diosgenin and other substances, and are widely used as food, medicine and chemical products. Some yam tubers are important food resource in Africa and South America. In our country, the tubers of many kinds of yams are common vegetables in the local markets. D. melanophyma is widely distributed in Southwest China. Based on its edible properties and its widespread distribution in Southwest China, this study aims to evaluate the potential of D. melanophyma as a novel food resource. Firstly, the germplasm resources of D. melanophyma were investigated nationwide and were introduced to Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS to analyze its nutritional components of bulbils and tubers, and to explore their edible value. Secondly, the reproduction characteristics of D. melanophyma were studied, and the propagation technology was provided for the further largescale planting. Finally, the occurrence of pest and diseases of D. melanophyma was evaluated and we provided control strategies. Our results showed that D. melanophyma is widely distributed in Southwest China, and the current distribution area is shrinking. D. melanophyma is a pioneer species, which is commonly distributed in secondary habitats with human disturbance. Kunming is the distribution center of this species. In terms of nutritional composition, the tubers of D. melanophyma are rich in vitamin C and have high nutritional value. Thus, D. melanophyma has the potential to be developed as a flavor food. However, due to the low yield of tubers, in order to replace the Chinese yam (D. polystachya), it is necessary to conduct the breeding of new cultivars and to improve cultivation techniques. The nutrient content of the bulbil is relatively low, and the edible value is also low. The germination experiment indicates that the bulbils began to germinate rapidly at the end of March. The germination rate of bulbils from different populations could exceed 95% with a high germination ability and germination efficiency. We suggested that bulbils could be used a main resource to apply in the large–scale propagation. We suggest harvesting the bulbils in October, and planting in March, a large number of seedlings will be reached in May with a reasonable planting density and suitable temperature and humidity. In addition, it is found that there are some common diseases and insect pests such as white rust disease and wireworm from D. melanophyma. We also found bulbils are seriously damaged by a fly species (Ophiomyia sp.), most of the bulbils are parasitized. The parasitism occurs insid
语种	中文
	2022-05
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.kib.ac.cn/handle/151853/75093
专题	昆明植物所硕博研究生毕业学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	陈直. 黑珠芽薯蓣（Dioscorea melanophyma）营养价值评估及繁殖体系初探[D]. 中国科学院大学,2022.

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